层状云中垂直线源的扩散问题

下投式飞机和火箭焰弹分散的催化剂一般都形成若干条垂直线源。该文利用湍流扩散的梯度输送理论,提出了层状云中垂直线源催化剂扩散的理论模式,并给出了顺风向和垂直于风向发射的多条线源催化剂浓度叠加效应的计算公式。     

飞机播撒催化剂的叠加效应

在文章[1]中我们曾计算和讨论了一条线源的扩散规律和冰晶浓度分布,然而在实际的人工影响云和降水的作业中飞机並非只做一条线的播撒,而往往是在线源的下风方向的同高度上以一定时间间隔进行若干条线的催化剂作业(见图1)。这样就构成了数条线源催化剂的扩散问题。显然,其扩散规律和催化剂质点的空间分布要比一条线源时为复     

层状云中非垂直多条撒播线源催化剂扩散的数值模拟

首先建立了一个模拟层状云中催化剂扩散的三维时变烟团轨迹模式。该模式能够模拟层状云中多条（与风向）非垂直撒播线源的催化剂扩散特征。在模式中,详细考虑了地形、垂直风切变对催化剂扩散的影响以及催化剂播散参数的时空变化和催化剂的湿清除效应以更接近于实际过程。其次建立了一个细网格三维非静力中－β尺度动力学预报模式,用于模拟大气流场和湍流场,以其作为烟团轨迹模式的背景场。最后根据１９９６年３月３１日０８时实测常规气象资料和１４时飞机实际播撒参数,对陕西省关中地区飞机人工增雨作业中的催化剂扩散进行了数值模拟,对不同的大气层结和扩散参数做了敏感性试验分析。模拟结果表明：（１）在非均匀、非定常及非垂直直线源情况下,层状云中催化剂扩散的浓度等值线空间分布较复杂,不满足高斯分布。（２）催化剂的扩散与湍流扩散系数、风场分布相对应,水平扩散范围大于垂直扩散范围。（３）不稳定层结有利于催化剂扩散和多条线源的合并,扩散系数越大,扩散范围越大,线源间合并越早,撒播的线源间距可以大些。（４）陡峭地形对低层风场和湍流场影响较大。     

非轴对称对流云中点源爆炸（前倾梯度）催化剂的叠加浓度的计算方法

对流云，特别是强对流云就其生成条件和类型的不同，有的是输对称结构，有的是非轴对称结构。但无论对哪种结构的对流云进行人工影响作业时，每次都以不同射击组合形式发射几十发至上百发炮弹．这些炮弹在空中爆炸后就会形成众多的点源，而且每个点源在环境风场和湍流场的影响下互不干涉地扩散，这样在它们扩散的空间范围内必然会形成叠加的催化剂浓度场，但是高炮发射炮弹的射击组合有多种形式，本文仅在作轴对称对流云中点源爆炸催化剂扩散的基础上来探讨高炮以前倾梯度射击组合形式发射时多点源产生的催化剂叠加浓度场的计算方法，初步得到了对流云中点源的扩散规律和特点。     

对流云点源催化剂扩散模拟系统及应用

基于对流云云中催化剂扩散理论建立了一个适用对流云的云中点源催化剂扩散模拟系统,介绍了该系统的设计思想和应用情况.讨论了催化剂扩散与扩散时间、风速、湍流系数、垂直速度等因素的关系,得到以下结论:对流云中催化剂的扩散速度较快,几分钟后就能扩散到一个相对稳定的范围;风速和湍流系数越大水平扩散范围越大;在垂直方向上催化剂扩散主要集中在爆炸层高度之上附近的地方.这些研究结果可为对流云的增雨作业方案的确定提供科学依据,同时对增雨效果的评估也有意义.     

飞机增雨催化剂水平输送与扩散速率的研究

研究了飞机增雨中催化剂的水平输送与扩散速率，为设计播云间距，估算影响区大小，位置，影响时间提供科学的定量依据。根据飞机人工增雨作业个例，利用层状云中催化剂输送扩散的三维时空变模式，对播云催化剂水平输送和扩散速率进行了模拟研究。结果表明，云中催化剂水平输送仅与风场有关，1h的平均值达到65km，催化剂扩散速率与风、温、湍流有关，1h平均为0.82m/s。     

内蒙古中西部层状云中飞机播撒催化剂扩散过程的数值模拟

文章利用自由大气中扩散方程的解析解，对内蒙古中西部春夏季层状云中飞机播撒催化剂的扩散过程进行了数值模拟。在计算过程中考虑了催化剂质点下落速度和湍流系数不同时对扩散的影响，并对结果进行了比较。     

气象卫星资料在飞机人工增雨效果评估中的应用

在2000年3月14日飞机人工影响天气作业过程中，极轨气象卫星实时遥感探测提供了人工增雨情况的一些证据。分析了作业后催化剂扩散情况，并且就风对催化剂的输送，地面增雨效果进行了探讨。初步结果：（1）本次过程在作业1小时23分钟后，最大自由运动扩散宽度11km，催化剂自由运动扩散区约为2508km^2，在云顶形成约1505km^3的塌陷区。（2）卫星资料分析，风的输送作用区约为7500km^2，为自由运动扩散区的3倍，是催化剂扩散的主要因素。     

无界大气中催化剂扩散模拟试验

利用无界大气瞬时点源扩散的高斯模式。对飞机线性播撒的催化剂进行了扩散模拟试验，为飞机人工增雨作业提供了1种简单、易于使用的催化剂扩散模拟方法。     

基于掌上电脑(PDA)的人工影响天气扩散模拟系统

简要介绍了一种基于掌上型计算机的人工影响天气中催化剂扩散模拟系统及开发方法,其系统设计思想和技术要点。系统着眼于把催化剂扩散的理论研究成果转化为计算机应用技术,能够通过快速可视化计算处理,模拟人工影响天气催化剂的扩散过程,提供作业方案辅助设计等功能,并且使用操作比较简便。系统开发中针对人工影响天气作业需求,进行系统分析和设计,具有合理的数据结构、软件结构及可视化和方便的人机交互界面。     

A Three-Dimensional Model of Transport and Diffusion of Seeding Agents within Stratus

1. IntroductionMany projects and experiments of rain enhancement are carried out abroad. Most seeded cloud bodies are the convective or topographic clouds. The seeding agents are usually released near their bases and brought into the clouds by the updrafts. Whether the seeding material can reach the areas where cloud liquid water presents is emphasized. Tzivion et al.(1989) demonstrated that effective dispersal of seeding material strongly depends on the seeding altitude and the stage (time) …     

Effect of wind vertical shear on diffusion characteristics in the mesoscale range

Using the turbulent statistical form of the vertical vortex diffusion coefficient K, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Ekman spiral wind profile, the three-dimensional diffusion equation is solved by the numeri-cal method. The influences of vertical shear of both wind direction and wind speed on pollution trajectory and horizontal diffusion parameters σy are numerically analysed. The expressions of both pollution trajectory and σy, including the factor of wind shear, are obtained. The results show that the vertical shear of wind is important among all factors affecting the mesoscale dispersion. Specifically, from neutral to stable atmospheric conditions, vertical shear of wind makes greater contribution to σy than turbulence, thus it is the most important factor. In this paper, we have compared horizontal dispersion pattern with both Pasquill's dispersion pattern considering wind direction shear, and experimental data collected at 9 different sites rang-ing from 10 to 100 km, and the results show that our dispersion pattern is closer to the experimental values than Pasquill's results, and his correction to shear of wind direction is too large under the stable conditions.     

层状云播云线源非均匀、非定常输送扩散数值模拟

大多数层状云播云线源输送扩散模式常采用一些不合理的假设，使得输送扩散过程中起重要作用的一些物理过程被忽略。烟团轨迹模式能够处理源参数和气象要素的时空变化，适用于各种尺度和各类源的输送扩散模拟。因此，本文建立了一个模拟层状云播云线源输送扩散的三维时变烟团轨迹模式，并考虑了地形，垂直风切变作用，播云参数的时空变化和线源的湿清除效应。增雨作业实例我的数值模拟研究结果表明：模拟的播云线源输送扩散特征与输送扩散的基本理论和一般规律相吻合，并且再现了非垂直（与风向上）多条播云线源非均匀非定常的输送扩散特点。浓度等值线水平，垂直分布均不规则，比均匀定常点源更为复杂，整体不满足高斯浓度分布，表明在这种情况下均匀定常模式已不适用。另外，模式能够精确地模拟出播云线间的精细结构。     

云南安宁市辐射雾大气扩散参数研究

利用三向风标探测资料，分析了安宁县辐射雾中的扩散参数，结果表明：平均风速对水平风向脉动标准差起着重要作用，是影响水平湍流扩散的关键因子；雾中的横向和铅直方向扩散参数分别相当于ＰａｓｑｕｉｌｌＢ类和Ｄ类稳定度下的扩散参数，表明在辐射雾出现期间，虽然铅直方向上的扩散能力不强，但有较强的水平扩散能力。     

ANALYSIS ON THE SOURCE AND SINK OF KINETIC ENERGY OF ATMOSPHERIC 30-60 DAY PERIOD OSCILLATION AND THE PROBABLE CAUSES*

Based on ECMWF daily grid point data in summer(May-August),1981,the distribution features of the source and sink of kinetic energy of atmosphere 30-60 day oscillation,including its horizontal distribution characteristics and its vertical structure characteristics,are investigated systematically with diagnostic analysis methods over a latitude belt between 80°N and 60°S.Also,the probable reasons for the existence of the source and sink of low frequency kinetic energy(LFKE) are discussed preliminarily.Results show that the horizontal distribution of the sources and sinks of kinetic energy of atmospheric 30-60 day oscillation is extremely different.The significant sources and sinks of LFKE mainly exist in the oceans and the coastal regions of continents or islands in the mid-high latitudes.It is also found that,in the vertical direction,the sources and sinks of kinetic energy of 30-60 day oscillation display barotropic structure in the mid-high latitudes of both hemispheres,but dispaly baroclinic structure in the equtorial region,and in the horizontal direction,the sources and sinks mainly display zonal wave-like distribution.The source and sink of LFKE are determinded by ageostrophic wind effect,frictional effect,interaction between sub-grid-scale systems,nonlinear interaction,and the flux-divergence of LFKE transported by transient wind.There are some regional reasons for the generation of sources and sinks which are not completely identical in different areas.     

Three-Dimensional Wind Field Retrieved from Dual-Doppler Radar Based on a Variational Method: Refinement of Vertical Velocity Estimates

In this paper,a scheme of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational method is proposed and performed in two steps.First,the horizontal wind field is simultaneously recovered through minimizing a cost function defined as a radial observation term with the standard conjugate gradient method,avoiding a weighting parameter specification step.Compared with conventional dual-Doppler wind synthesis approaches,this variational method minimizes errors caused by interpolation from radar observation to analysis grid in the iterative solution process,which is one of the main sources of errors.Then,through the accelerated Liebmann method,the vertical velocity is further reestimated as an extra step by solving the Poisson equation with impermeable conditions imposed at the ground and near the tropopause.The Poisson equation defined by the second derivative of the vertical velocity is derived from the mass continuity equation.Compared with the method proposed by O’Brien,this method is less sensitive to the uncertainty of the boundary conditions and has better stability and reliability.Furthermore,the method proposed in this paper is applied to Doppler radar observation of a squall line process.It is shown that the retrieved vertical wind profile agrees well with the vertical profile obtained with the velocity–azimuth display(VAD)method,and the retrieved radial velocity as well as the analyzed positive and negative velocity centers and horizontal wind shear of the squall line are in accord with radar observations.There is a good correspondence between the divergence field of the derived wind field and the vertical velocity.And,the horizontal and vertical circulations within and around the squall line,as well as strong updrafts,the associated downdrafts,and associated rear inflow of the bow echo,are analyzed well.It is worth mentioning that the variational method in this paper can be applied to simultaneously synthesize the three-dimensional wind field from multiple-Doppler radar observations.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL VORTICITY INDUCED BY VERTICAL SHEAR AND VERTICAL MOTION DURING A SQUALL LINE PROCESS

The horizontal vorticity equation used in this study was obtained using the equations of motion in the pressure coordinate system without considering friction, to reveal its relationship with vertical shear. By diagnostically analyzing each term in the horizontal vorticity equation during a squall line process that occurred on 19 June 2010, we found that the non-thermal wind term had a negative contribution to the local change of upward movement in the low-level atmosphere, and that its impact changed gradually from negative to positive with altitude, which could influence upward movement in the mid- and upper-level atmosphere greatly. The contribution of upward vertical transport to vertical movement was the largest in the low-level atmosphere, but had negative contribution to the upper-level atmosphere. These features were most evident in the development stage of the squall line. Based on analysis of convection cells along a squall line, we found that in the process of cell development diabatic heating caused the subsidence of constant potential temperature surface and non- geostrophic motion, which then triggered strong convergence of horizontal acceleration in the mid-level atmosphere and divergence of horizontal acceleration in the upper-level atmosphere. These changes of horizontal wind field could cause a counterclockwise increment of the horizontal vorticity around the warm cell, which then generated an increase of upward movement. This was the main reason why the non-thermal wind term had the largest contribution to the strengthening of upward movement in the mid- and upper-level atmosphere. The vertical transport of large value of horizontal vorticity was the key to trigger convection in this squall line process.     

“黄蜂”边界层风速分析—— 台风平均风速的时距选取与强度估计

通过对热带风暴(TC)"黄蜂"登陆的一次边界层观测所得到风速资料的分析计算,取得不同时距下平均风速序列.比较不同时距选取时登陆TC的平均风速、风向和台风强度,发现1 min平均比10 min平均水平最大风速大25.30%,风向变化不大,TC强度指数1 min与10 min相差2%～4%.时距选取较小时,TC平均风速和强度变大,所测得风速区域也变大,而风向与时距的选取没有明显关系.只是在阵风变化比较大的情况下选取小的时距可以更好的表示这种特征.所以时距选取需要对所研究问题的需要进行分析,对不同的问题选取不同的时距以得到更好的结果.