中国近千年石笋-树轮集成温度记录

分析北京石笋年层和祁连山树轮标准化指数及二者的合成指数与气候的关系,探索对响应不同季节温度变化的不同代用指标进行集成的方法。根据集成序列与中国大区域器测资料的相关计算,建立了年分辨率的跨区域千年温度序列。讨论了中国近千年气温变化的一些特点,发现近千年来年代际温度变化低谷与几个重要的太阳活动极小期非常吻合,大区域平均气候在Sporer Minimum期间响应太阳的突然"冷却",气温下降的速率和幅度比Maunder Minimum期间更为显著。     

近千年全球温度变化研究的新进展

结合国内外有关研究,综合评述了美国国家科学院国家研究理事会的报告 --"近两千年地面温度的重建"。重点介绍了气候变暖的新证据,3个特征时期即20世纪气候变暖、小冰期（LIA）、中世纪暖期（MWP）和近千年温度变化模拟的结果。     

中国冷冬的气候特征

2008年1月中国发生了低温、雨雪、冰冻天气,对南方的交通、通讯和输电等造成了严重的影响,也极大地提高了人们研究冷冬的兴趣.气候资料表明,这个冬季的温度负距平可能接近或小于冷冬的标准(-1.5℃),远低于寒冬的标准(-2.5℃).但是,这是1977年以来最冷的冬季.近千年的资料表明,寒冬之后,夏季在中国出现东部多雨或北方多雨的概率会超过气候值.温度分布的EOF分析表明,2008年1月的温度变化可能是年际变化的反映,因此,未来短时间内再次出现这种类型冷冬的可能性不大.     

近百年我国地表气温趋势变化的可能原因

多套观测资料检测表明,近百年来中国气候明显变暖,变暖趋势达到0.2～0.8℃/100a,近50年变暖趋势更达到0.6～1.1℃/50 a.气候代用资料研究表明,中国20世纪的变暖在近千年中属于明显的,但对于20世纪是否为近千年中最暖的百年,还有待更多的观测研究验证.气候模式归因分析表明,20世纪中国的变暖与太阳活动、火山活动和人类活动有关,近50年的明显变暖可能与人类排放引起的大气中温室气体浓度增加有一定联系.但是,目前这一结论仍然存在着不确定性,尚需更多的研究工作.由于中国区域辽阔,不同区域气候差异较大,而且20世纪前50年观测资料匮乏,近千年的代用资料分布不广,因此,应该进一步考证中国20世纪的气温变化和在近千年中的地位.     

中国气候变化的研究

总结了近10余年对中国气候变化的研究,重点对不同时间尺度的气温变化进行了分析.讨论了大暖期千年尺度气候振荡,中世纪暖期、小冰期及现代气候变暖等问题.     

中国气温变化研究最新进展

总结了"十五"攻关课题有关中国温度变化研究的若干进展.在资料质量控制和序列非均一性检验及订正的基础上,更新了中国地面近50年、100年和1 000年气温序列.研究表明,不论是近54年还是近100年全国年平均地面气温升高趋势一般比原来分析结果表明的要强,分别达到0.25℃/10 a和0.08℃/10 a.中国现代增暖最明显的地区包括东北、华北、西北和青藏高原北部,最显著的季节在冬季和春季.近50多年中国近地面气候变暖主要是平均最低气温明显上升的结果,全国范围内极端最低气温也显著升高,而极端最高气温升高不多.中国与温度相关的极端气候事件强度和频率一般呈降低趋势或稳定态势.研究发现,城市化因素对中国地面平均气温记录具有显著影响,但在现有的全国和区域平均温度变化分析中一般没有考虑,因此需要在将来的研究中给予密切关注.在增温明显的华北地区,1961～2000年间城市化引起的年平均气温增加值达到0.44℃,占全部增温的38%,城市化引起的增温速率为0.11℃/10 a.中国其他地区的增温趋势中也或多或少反映出增强的城市热岛效应影响.20世纪60年代初以来中国对流层中下层温度变化趋势不明显,仅为0.05℃/10 a,比地面气温变化小一个量级;对流层上层和平流层底层年平均温度呈明显下降趋势,变化速率分别为-0.17℃/10 a和-0.22℃/10 a;整个对流层平均温度呈微弱下降趋势.中国对流层温度与地面气温变化趋势存在明显的差异,但这种差异在20世纪80年代初以后趋于减小.近千年来中国地面气温变化史上可能确存在"中世纪温暖期"和"小冰期"等特征性气候阶段,但"中世纪温暖期"的温暖程度似乎没有过去认为的那样明显.从全国范围看,11世纪末和13世纪中的温暖程度可能均超过了20世纪30～40年代暖期,表明20世纪的增暖可能并非史无前例.中国20世纪气候增暖的原因目前还不能给出明确回答.一些迹象表明,人类活动可能已经对中国的地面气温变化产生了影响,但太阳活动及气候系统内部的低频振动对现代气候变暖可能也具有重要影响.     

近50a贵州气候变化分析

利用贵州省15个代表站1951～2000年的温度、降水资料,通过计算气候趋势系数、30a滑动平均和29a滑动均方差,研究了贵州各季及年平均温度、降水的长期变化趋势及气候基本态的变化特征和气候变率的长期变化,并用蒙特卡洛显著性检验方法对温度、降水的长期变化进行统计检验.研究指出近50a来贵州除春季降水显著减少外,各季及年平均温度、降水变化均不明显,属于自然振动.     

耦合模式ICM模拟的近千年气候特征

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所季风系统研究中心发展的气候模式(Integrated Climate Model,ICM)开展了近千年气候模拟试验,考察了模式对过去千年温度和大气涛动变化的模拟,并分析了全球季风百年到千年尺度的变化。结果表明:模式对百年尺度气候变率有较好的模拟能力,900~1200年北半球平均表面温度偏高,1500~1800年温度偏低,模拟的北半球、南半球平均表面温度都呈现出了19世纪至2000年的快速增暖。模式对大气涛动百年尺度变化的模拟与重建资料存在较大的不同。全球季风在850~1050年、1150~1200年和1300~1420加强,在1210~1300年和1600~1850年减弱。1875~2000年全球季风指数呈直线上升趋势。中世纪气候异常期(MWP)季风强度在全球大部分季风区域增加,小冰期(LIA)则相反。20世纪暖期(PWP)全球季风强度显著增加,其中赤道西太平洋增加超过1 mm/d。     

中国冷冬的气候研究

2008年1月中国发生了低温、雨雪、冰冻天气,对南方的交通、通讯和输电等造成了严重的影响,也极大地提高了人们研究冷冬的兴趣。气候资料表明,这个冬季的温度负距平可能接近或小于冷冬的标准（-1.5℃）,远低于寒冬的标准（-2.5℃）。但是,这是1977年以来最冷的冬季。近千年的资料表明,寒冬之后,夏季在中国出现东部多雨或北方多雨的概率会超过气候值。温度分布的EOF分析表明,2008年1月的温度变化可能是年际变化的反映,因此,未来短时间内再次出现这种类型冷冬的可能性不大。     

南极地区温度和海冰的变化特征及相互关系

对南极地区温度和海冰的时空变化特征及相互关系进行的初步研究结果表明:近30余年来南极地区有显著的变暖趋势，时空差异比较明显。 其中以南极半岛地区的变暖趋势最大，为整个东南极沿岸增温率的2～3倍。近20年来，整个平均的南极海冰和温度的变化趋势相反，年际变化的相关关系不显著。经过聚类分析划分出不同的气候区，能清楚地显示出某些区两者的关系。海冰与同区沿岸温度距平相关信号最强区在南大西洋至西南太平洋海域。     

全球和中国区域近50年气候变化检测归因研究进展

回顾了近年来国内外对全球和中国区域气候变化的检测归因研究,主要集中在对20世纪中期以来温度、降水和主要极端事件变化的检测归因研究进展,而不涉及更长时间尺度历史气候变化的检测归因。分析表明,国际上近年来在气候变化检测归因研究领域发展迅速,从全球尺度气温变化的检测归因发展到区域尺度和多变量的检测归因。但在中国,虽然也有一些研究探讨了中国东部南涝北旱等发生的原因,但在以数理统计推断方法为基础的气候变化事实归因领域的研究仍然亟待加强。一些重要的问题,如中国不同区域的变暖、不同区域的变干或变湿的归因分析,以及这些因子和引起全球气候变化因子的异同等,都是迫切需要回答的科学问题。     

植被覆盖变化对区域气候影响的研究进展

陆面植被覆盖变化作为全球及区域气候变化的重要影响因素之一，在近几十年来逐渐受到科学家们的关注，特别是通过大量的数值模拟研究了不同陆面覆盖状况对大气和气候变化的影响，取得了重要进展。研究结果普遍认为，植被覆盖变化通过改变地表反照率、粗糙度和土壤湿度等地表属性，从而影响辐射平衡、水分平衡等过程，最终可以导致区域降水、环流形势及大气温度、湿度等气候变化。总结了近十年国内外的相关研究及初步成果，尤其是植被变化对中国区域气候的影响，大部分研究认为，大范围植被退化使我国地表温度升高，东亚夏季风环流减弱，降水减少，使华北干旱加剧。同时指出了研究中存在问题及今后的工作重点。     

Tree ring-based winter temperature reconstruction for Changting, Fujian, subtropical region of Southeast China, since 1850: linkages to the Pacific Ocean

Until recently, there have been very few tree-ring studies in southeast China due largely to the scarcity of old trees and the complexity of relationships between tree growth and climate in subtropical regions of China. Recent studies on the conifers in southeast China revealed that tree ring-based climate reconstructions are feasible. Here, we describe a reconstruction (AD 1850–2009) of November–February maximum temperatures for Changting, Fujian, southeast China based on tree ring width data of Pinus massiniana which considerably extends the available climatic information. Calibration and verification statistics for the period 1956–2009 show a high level of skill and account for a significant portion of the observed variance (32.9%) irrespective of which period is used to develop or verify the regression model. Split sample validation supports our use of a reconstruction model based on the full period of reliable observational data (1956–2009). Warm periods occurred during 1854–1859, 1868–1880, 1885–1899, 1906–1914, 1920–1943, 1964–1975 and 1994–present; while the periods of AD 1850–1853, 1860–1867, 1881–1884, 1900–1907, 1915–1919, 1944–1963 and 1976–1993 were relatively cold. The climate correlation analyses with gridded temperature dataset and SST revealed that our season temperature reconstruction contains the strong large-scale climate signals. Our results suggest that some warm winters of Changting are coincident with El Ni?o events over the past 150?years. In addition, several severely cold winters coincide with major volcanic eruptions.     

Multi-scale analysis of global temperature changes and trend of a drop in temperature in the next 20 years

Summary A novel multi-timescale analysis method, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), is used to diagnose the variation of the annual mean temperature data of the global, Northern Hemisphere (NH) and China from 1881 to 2002. The results show that: (1) Temperature can be completely decomposed into four timescales quasi-periodic oscillations including an ENSO-like mode, a 6–8-year signal, a 20-year signal and a 60-year signal, as well as a trend. With each contributing ration of the quasi-periodicity discussed, the trend and the 60-year timescale oscillation of temperature variation are the most prominent. (2) It has been noticed that whether on century-scale or 60-year scales, the global temperature tends to descend in the coming 20 years. (3) On quasi 60-year timescale, temperature abrupt changes in China precede those in the global and NH, which provides a denotation for global climate changes. Signs also show a drop in temperature in China on century scale in the next 20 years. (4) The dominant contribution of CO₂ concentration to global temperature variation is the trend. However, its influence weight on global temperature variation accounts for no more than 40.19%, smaller than those of the natural climate changes on the rest four timescales. Despite the increasing trend in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, the patterns of 20-year and 60-year oscillation of global temperature are all in falling. Therefore, if CO₂ concentration remains constant at present, the CO₂ greenhouse effect will be deficient in counterchecking the natural cooling of global climate in the following 20 years. Even though the CO₂ greenhouse effect on global climate change is unsuspicious, it could have been excessively exaggerated. It is high time to re-consider the trend of global climate changes.     

近50年中国风速变化多气候模式模拟检验

近年来,随着气候模式研究的快速发展,全球气候模式在模拟20世纪气候和气候变化特征,尤其是在模拟温度、降水等要素特征和变化及其人类活动对这些要素的影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果.然而,全球气候模式对近地层风速的模拟情况如何,目前仍缺少分析和检验.本文利用中国区域近地层风速观测资料,检验评估了参与IPCC AR4"20世纪气候耦合模式模拟"(20C3M)的19个伞球气候模式和国家气候中心新一代伞球气候模式(BCC_CSM1.0.1)模拟的1956-1999年中国近地层(10m)风速及其变化的模拟能力.研究发现,20个伞球气候模式基本上都能模拟出中国多年年(或季)平均风速分布状况,但模式模拟的平均风速一般小于观测值,尤以观测风速较大的北部和西北部地区模拟值偏小显著.气候模式模拟秋冬季风速分布的能力强于模拟夏春季的能力.模式基本上能模拟出冬、春季平均风速大于夏、秋季平均风速,但是模拟不出春、冬、夏、秋季平均风速依次减小的季节变化特征.模式及模式集成难以模拟出观测到的近50年中国年(或季)平均风速明显减小的变化趋势,少数模式能模拟出年(或季)平均风速略呈减小的变化趋势,但与观测值比相差约一个量级.模式对北部和西南部地区平均风速的变化模拟效果较好,而模式难以模拟东南-南部地区风速变化特征.     

Detection, Causes and Projection of Climate Change over China： An Overview of Recent Progress

This article summarizes the main results and findings of studies conducted by Chinese scientists in the past five years.It is shown that observed climate change in China bears a strong similarity with the global average.The country-averaged annual mean surface air temperature has increased by 1.1℃over the past 50 years and 0.5-0.8℃over the past 100 years,slightly higher than the global temperature increase for the same periods.Northern China and winter have experienced the greatest increases in surface air temperature.Although no significant trend has been found in country-averaged annual precipitation, interdecadal variability and obvious trends on regional scales are detectable,with northwestern China and the mid and lower Yangtze River basin having undergone an obvious increase,and North China a severe drought.Some analyses show that frequency and magnitude of extreme weather and climate events have also undergone significant changes in the past 50 years or so. Studies of the causes of regional climate change through the use of climate models and consideration of various forcings,show that the warming of the last 50 years could possibly be attributed to an increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases,while the temperature change of the first half of the 20th century may be due to solar activity,volcanic eruptions and sea surface temperature change.A significant decline in sunshine duration and solar radiation at the surface in eastern China has been attributed to the increased emission of pollutants. Projections of future climate by models of the NCC(National Climate Center,China Meteorological Administration)and the IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences),as well as 40 models developed overseas,indicate a potential significant warming in China in the 21st century,with the largest warming set to occur in winter months and in northern China.Under varied emission scenarios,the country-averaged annual mean temperature is projected to increase by 1.5-2.1℃by 2020,2.3-3.3℃by 2050, and by 3.9-6.0℃by 2100,in comparison to the 30-year average of 1961 1990.Most models project a 10% 12% increase in annual precipitation in China by 2100,with the trend being particularly evident in Northeast and Northwest China,but with parts of central China probably undergoing a drying trend.Large uncertainty exists in the projection of precipitation,and further studies are needed.Furthermore,anthropogenic climate change will probably lead to a weaker winter monsoon and a stronger summer monsoon in eastern Asia.     

由最高最低气温求算的平均气温对我国年平均气温序列影响

针对研究全国近百年平均气温长期变化的实际需要，利用603个测站1961—2002年气温观测资料，比较分析了最高最低平均气温距平序列和4次观测记录平均气温距平序列的差异，讨论了最高、最低气温变化趋势。结果表明:两种统计方法得到的平均气温距平序列及增温速率的差异均不明显，在一定条件下两者可以互相替换。此外，最高、最低气温变化普遍存在不对称现象，且可分为4种类型，这种不对称性对平均气温变化速率并没有明确一致的影响。     

Numerical simulations of anomalies of precipitation and surface air temperature in china in the summer of 1997

1.IntroductionStatisticalstudiesdemonstratedthatinEINinoyearstheprecipitationinsummerintheChangjiangRiverandHuaiheRiverBasinsisprobablyabovethenormalwhileitispossiblybelowthenormalinthenorthernChinaandtheHetao(theGreatBendoftheHuangheRiver)region.ThetemperatureinsummerisusuallylowerthannormalinEastAsia,especiallyinNortheastChina.Therewere6yearswithseverelowtemperaturesince1951,andtheyare1954,1957,1964,1972,1976and1983,whichareallrelatedtotheEINinoyears(seeHuangetal.,1989,1992;Xiangand…     

Observational evidence of the cooling effect of agricultural irrigation in Jilin, China

China features the second largest irrigation area in the world. Several modeling studies on a global scale have shown the irrigation impact in China, but no direct observational evidence has been reported. In this paper, we evaluated the impact of irrigation on temperature in Jilin province, China, using meteorological and satellite observations. The results show that the temperature difference between highly and lightly irrigated sites is statistically significant and highly correlated to the effective irrigation area and crop sown area over the past 53 years. The magnitude of the difference in maximum air temperature was almost twice that of the difference in minimum air temperature. The linear regression coefficient of the time series difference in maximum air temperature was more than three times that of the minimum air temperature. Moreover, both meteorological and satellite observations show that the temperature difference is amplified during drier years. The difference in the magnitude of daytime land surface temperature (LST), between areas with irrigation percentages of more than 50 and less than 50, is as high as 2.7 K during the driest year. Overall, this study may provide evidence that an irrigation cooling effect exists in China.     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.II: In uence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed signi cantly. These changes have signi cant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to di erent mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sealand distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters.