1982—2000年中国区域地表反照率时空分布特征

利用1982—2000年NOAA-AVHRR数据资料,研究了中国区域地表反照率的空间分布及其随时间的变化规律。结果表明,中国区域年均地表反照率在空间分布上有很大的差异,胡焕庸线以西地区地表反照率明显大于以东地区;年平均地表反照率呈现缓慢下降趋势,但是不同地区的变化趋势有所不同,年均地表反照率显著降低的区域主要集中在华北平原,显著增加的区域主要集中在长白山和大兴安岭北部;不同季节地表反照率存在很大的差异,冬季最大,春、夏季次之,秋季最小,且冬季平均地表反照率波动幅度比较大;不同地表覆盖的地表反照率的年际变化也存在比较显著的差异。     

2000~2016年青藏高原地表反照率时空分布及动态变化

应用MODIS地表反照率产品MCD43C3,结合青藏高原自然带数据、积雪覆盖率和植被指数数据,采用一元线性回归方法分析了2000~2016年青藏高原地表反照率的分布及变化特征,结果表明:1）高原地表反照率空间分布差异大,整体上东南部低、西北部高,受地形和地表覆盖影响较大。2）高原地表反照率四季的空间分布变化明显,高海拔山脉和高寒灌丛草甸是高原地表反照率年内和年际变化的敏感地区。3）高原地表反照率年变化介于0.19~0.26,一定程度上表现为“双峰单谷”型,与地表覆盖类型的季节变化密切相关。4）高原地表反照率年际变化整体呈缓慢波动减小的趋势,平均变率约为－0.4×10-3 a-1,减小的区域约占高原总面积的66%,川西 —藏东针叶林带的西南部地区减小得最快,减小速率超过1.0×10-2 a-1。5）高原地表反照率减小与冰川消融和积雪减少密切相关,高原植被覆盖改善也是一个重要因素。     

地表反照率研究进展

地表反照率是陆面过程模式及气候模拟研究中的一个重要参数,地表反照率的变化会改变整个地气系统的能量收支平衡,并引起局地以至全球的气候变化。不同下垫面地表反照率存在明显的差异,中国区域地表反照率的空间分布也存在明显的区域差异。遥感反演地表反照率在空间上具有较高的精度,但反演结果很难直接应用于陆面过程模式。各种陆面模式对地表反照率计算主要基于陆面土地覆盖分类,包含了许多先验的预定参数,由于某些过程处理中的简化假设,从而对地表反照率的计算带来一定的误差。      

中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演结果的时空分布研究

应用2003—2015年MODIS地表反照率反演质量数据MCD43A2,统计分析中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演质量的时空分布特征,结果表明:1)中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演质量在空间分布上具有明显的差异,高质量全反演结果(质量标记0)主要分布在东北、华北、西北地区和西南地区的中西部;当量反演结果(质量标记3)主要分布在华东、华中、华南地区和西南地区的中东部;填充值(质量标记15)主要分布在华中、华南、华东地区及西南地区的部分区域。2)在东北、华北和西北地区,只有春、夏和秋季才有超过60%的区域可能获得高精度MODIS地表反照率;可能获得高精度M ODIS地表反照率的区域,在西南地区全年各时段都只有40%~60%,在华东、华中和华南地区全年各时段都不足20%。3)各地当量反演结果的比例一般不足50%,华东和华中地区夏季和秋季当量反演结果的比例超过40%;4)华中和华东地区夏季和冬季,以及华南地区春、夏和冬季,填充值的比例超过50%,华南和华中地区最高甚至超过80%。     

基于CERES观测数据的全球行星反照率时空变化特征分析

为了理解行星反照率时空变化规律及成因,基于CERES数据对全球行星反照率的大气（主要为云与气溶胶等）和地表贡献进行了分解,通过Theil-Sen+Mann-Kendall方法得到了2001～2018年全球行星反照率及其大气和地表贡献的时空变化趋势,并基于回归分析方法对典型区域的变化趋势进行了初步解释。研究结果表明:1）在中低纬度区域行星反照率的大气贡献占主导地位,而在高纬度区域地表贡献相对升高,呈现纬向差异大于经向变化的模式;2）全球行星反照率呈现?0.0002/a（p<0.05）的变化趋势,地表贡献和大气贡献呈现?0.00015/a（p<0.05）与–0.00004/a（p<0.05）的变化趋势;3）大气贡献在火地岛西南洋面等区域呈现显著的增长趋势,而在南极洲东部等区域呈现显著的降低趋势;地表贡献在北冰洋等区域呈现显著的降低趋势,而在南极洲东部等区域呈现显著的升高趋势,并且可以基于云覆盖、积雪覆盖和NDVI等参量的变化有效解释典型区域的行星反照率变化。     

利用MODIS卫星资料反演中国地区晴空地表短波反照率及其特征分析

利用MODIS地表双向反照率产品(MOD43B1),结合地表海拔高度和地表覆盖类型资料,计算并分析了中国地区晴空反照率的时空分布,以及地表反照率与地形和地表覆盖的关系.首先,利用改则自动气象站的地基观测对MODIS地表反照率进行了对比验证.验证结果表明卫星观测可以较好地反映反照率随时间的变化,MODIS地表反照率与地表实测反照率符合较好.年平均地表反照率与海拔高度有很好的相关,反照率的高值出现在高海拔山区.冬春季节,我国高海拔山区因积雪覆盖成为反照率的高值区;夏秋季节,地表反照率主要受地表土壤湿度和植被盖度的影响,沙地和沙漠地带反照率最高.最后,计算了中国典型地表类型的反照率随时间的变化,结果表明大部分地表类型的反照率具有较大的时间变化,地表反照率在春秋季节较大,夏季反照率较小.     

青藏高原地表反照率时空分布与统计回归计算

本文在利用NOAA/AVHRR数据反演得到1982～2000年青藏高原地区地表反照率时空分布的基础上,分析了地表反照率的时空变化及其与温度和降水之间的关系,得到地表反照率与温度和降水之间的统计方程,并用此方程计算了青藏高原地区地表反照率的时空分布。研究结果表明：青藏高原地区年均地表反照率的分布与高原自然地理带的分布特征大致吻合;地表反照率与温度和降水均有较好的相关性,相关性因下垫面植被类型的不同而有较大的差异,滞后1个月的温度和滞后2个月的降水的综合作用与地表反照率的相关性最好;月均地表反照率与温度和降水之间的二元曲线回归方程可以比较好的统计回归计算出青藏高原地区地表反照率的空间分布,该模型的系统偏差比较小,回归计算的效果比较好。     

青藏高原MODIS地表反照率和GLASS地表反照率的对比分析

对比分析了青藏高原MODIS地表反照率产品和GLASS地表反照率产品的空间分布连续性、高质量反演结果的比例,应用青藏高原CAMP/Tibet试验期间的高精度观测数据评估了两种产品的精度,通过人工目视解译MODIS地表反射率图像并结合MODIS积雪产品分析了影响两种产品精度的原因,结果表明：1）GLASS地表反照率产品具有比MODIS地表反照率产品更好的空间分布连续性和更高的反演质量;2）绝大多数时段内两种产品都能与地面观测结果保持较好的一致性,能准确地反映地表反照率的异常变化过程;3）局地积雪是影响两种产品精度的重要因素之一;4）积雪条件下,GLASS地表反照率反演算法比MODIS地表反照率反演算法更具优势。研究结果有助于促进人们对地表反照率卫星遥感反演产品的认识,改进青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演算法,提高青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演结果的精度、反演质量和空间分布连续性。     

中国地区三种地表反照率产品比较北大核心

利用2007—2011年MODIS、GlobAlbedo和ERA-Interim的3种地表反照率产品,借助地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)空间化技术,对中国地区3种地表反照率产品进行了对比分析。结果表明:3种产品与气象站观测值的时间分布趋势一致,冬季高夏季低,且相关性较高。3种产品中,MODIS与GlobAlbedo的绝对差异值最小,ERA-Interim与MODIS、GlobAlbedo的绝对差异值较大。3种产品在青藏高原和西北山地区域表现出较大的差异,且差异表现为冬半年高,夏半年低。3种产品之间相关性最高的是MODIS与GlobAlbedo,最低的是MODIS与ERA-Interim,3种产品在40°N以北具有较好的相关性。且在夏季和冬季地表反照率均值的表现说明,ERA-Interim相比MODIS、GlobAlbedo难以反映地表反照率受地形和土地覆被的影响。     

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演 II. 实例分析

由于陆地地表反照率的复杂性,陆地上空气溶胶的反演一直是卫星对地观测的一个难点,针对这个难点,作者提出联合利用偏振反射率和总反射率提取陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率及其区域分布的反演方案,提出了利用NCEP资料订正由海拔高度引起的Rayleigh散射变化的具体方法,并利用POLDER（POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectance）的LEVEL-1B资料进行实际反演计算,给出中国华北地区气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的区域分布。反演结果与地基观测进行了对比验证分析,结果表明,综合利用标量辐射和偏振信息的可以实现区域乃至全球尺度的大气气溶胶和地表反照率的定量反演。     

Numerical simulation of the impact of land cover change on regional climate in China

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) can modify the physical and thermodynamic characteristics of the land surface, including surface roughness, albedo, and vegetation fraction, among others. These direct changes can result in a series of impacts on regional climate. In this paper, the simulated results over China under the scenario of LUCC using weather research and forecasting model are presented. The period for the simulation is from December 2006 to December 2011. Two experiments are initialized by the LUCC datasets derived from the MODIS data of 2001 and 2008, respectively. The results show that the LUCC in most areas of China reduces the surface albedo and increases the surface temperature. Especially in the Hetao Plain, the magnitude of increased surface temperature is above 0.5 °C in winter, and the increase in winter is more obvious than in summer. The precipitation in the Hetao Plain increases. The sensible heat in most parts of East China is reduced, while the latent heat is increased in most areas of China.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETATION COVER, ROUGHNESS AND ALBEDO DISTRIBUTION OVER CHINA*

To build land surface dataset for climate model,with application of remote sensing technique as well as the Geographic Information System(GIS),the data of surface type,roughness and albedo over China in 1997 were retrieved,resolutions being 10 km×10 km.Based on these data,an analysis is conducted on the geographic distributions and seasonal variations of surface vegetation cover and roughness as well as albedo over China.Results show that surface vegetation cover is mainly located to the south of Yangtze River,in Southwest and Northeast China andsparse vegetation cover is in the Northwest.The variation of land surface cover affects the variations of land surface roughness and albedo.High albedo occurred in the north of Xinjiang Autonomous Region,the north of Northeast China and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in winter,in correspondence with the location of snow cover.For most part of China,surface roughness decreases and albedo increases in winter,while the roughness increases and the albedo decreases in summer,which could mainly result from land surface cover(snow cover and vegetation cover)and soil moisture changes.This shows that the geographic distribution and seasonal variation of the albedo are almost opposite to those of the roughness,in agreement with theoretical results.Temporally,the amplitude of surface roughness change is quite small in comparison with the roughness itself.     

Parameterization of snow-free land surface albedo as a function of vegetation phenology based on MODIS data and applied in climate modelling

The aim of this study was to develop an advanced parameterization of the snow-free land surface albedo for climate modelling describing the temporal variation of surface albedo as a function of vegetation phenology on a monthly time scale. To estimate the effect of vegetation phenology on snow-free land surface albedo, remotely sensed data products from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the NASA Terra platform measured during 2001 to 2004 are used. The snow-free surface albedo variability is determined by the optical contrast between the vegetation canopy and the underlying soil surface. The MODIS products of the white-sky albedo for total shortwave broad bands and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) are analysed to separate the vegetation canopy albedo from the underlying soil albedo. Global maps of pure soil albedo and pure vegetation albedo are derived on a 0.5° regular latitude/longitude grid, re-sampling the high-resolution information from remote sensing-measured pixel level to the model grid scale and filling up gaps from the satellite data. These global maps show that in the northern and mid-latitudes soils are mostly darker than vegetation, whereas in the lower latitudes, especially in semi-deserts, soil albedo is mostly higher than vegetation albedo. The separated soil and vegetation albedo can be applied to compute the annual surface albedo cycle from monthly varying leaf area index. This parameterization is especially designed for the land surface scheme of the regional climate model REMO and the global climate model ECHAM5, but can easily be integrated into the land surface schemes of other regional and global climate models.     

Can crop albedo be increased through the modification of leaf trichomes,and could this cool regional climate?

Managing the land surface to increase albedo to offset regional warming has received less attention than managing the land surface to sequester carbon. We test whether increasing agricultural albedo can cool regional climate. We first used the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0) coupled to the Community Land Model (CLM 3.0) to assess the broad climatic effects of a hypothetical implementation of a strategy in which the albedo of cropland regions is increased using high albedo crops. Simulations indicate that planting brighter crops can decrease summertime maximum daily 2 m air temperature by 0.25°C per 0.01 increase in surface albedo at high latitudes (>30°). However, planting brighter crops at low latitudes (<30°) may have negative repercussions including warming the land surface and decreasing precipitation, because increasing the land surface albedo tends to preferentially decrease latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere, which decreases cloud cover and rainfall. We then test a possible method for increasing crop albedo by measuring the range of albedo within 16 isolines of soybeans that differ only with trichome color, orientation, and density but find that such modifications had only minor impacts on leaf albedo. Increasing agricultural albedo may cool high latitude regional climate, but increasing plant albedo sufficiently to offset potential future warming will require larger changes to plant albedo than are currently available.     

植被覆盖变化对区域气候影响的研究进展

陆面植被覆盖变化作为全球及区域气候变化的重要影响因素之一，在近几十年来逐渐受到科学家们的关注，特别是通过大量的数值模拟研究了不同陆面覆盖状况对大气和气候变化的影响，取得了重要进展。研究结果普遍认为，植被覆盖变化通过改变地表反照率、粗糙度和土壤湿度等地表属性，从而影响辐射平衡、水分平衡等过程，最终可以导致区域降水、环流形势及大气温度、湿度等气候变化。总结了近十年国内外的相关研究及初步成果，尤其是植被变化对中国区域气候的影响，大部分研究认为，大范围植被退化使我国地表温度升高，东亚夏季风环流减弱，降水减少，使华北干旱加剧。同时指出了研究中存在问题及今后的工作重点。     

近30年来中国干旱生态区增暖放大现象及其与植被覆盖的联系

利用归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）将中国划分为不同的生态区,在此基础上分析夏季植被状况与不同生态区增暖之间的联系。研究表明,就多年平均而言,中国植被覆盖呈现自东向西逐渐减少的空间分布。1982年以来,植被稀疏的干旱生态区是夏季增暖最明显的区域,平均气温和平均最高气温增速大都位于0.6~1.0℃/10 a,而平均最低气温的升高达到0.8~1.4℃/10 a,明显高于中国其他区域。进一步分析发现,夏季气温的变化与其所处地区的植被疏密程度之间存在很好的负相关关系,即快速增暖主要发生在植被稀疏区,且这种负相关关系在夏季平均最低气温上最为显著。不同植被覆盖区中气温的长期变化趋势,受NDVI变化带来的地表反照率和云量变化的影响,但各生态区不尽相同,主要表现在:植被稀疏的干旱生态区,植被减少,引起地表反照率增加,感热输送增加而潜热输送减小,加速了该地区整体的增温速率;而在植被茂密地区,植被增加造成地表反照率减少,同时由于蒸发冷却,其整体增暖幅度缓于植被稀疏区。所以,植被活动对全球变暖背景下的区域气候变化具有重要作用,尤其表现在干旱生态区的陆面过程上,地表辐射平衡和能量收支的显著改变放大了干旱生态区的增暖速率。     

Effects of Updated RegCM4 Land Use Data on Near-Surface Temperature Simulation in China

Biogeophysical effects of land use and land cover (LULC) changes play a significant role in modulating climate on various spatial scales. In this study, a set of recent LULC products with a spatial resolution of 500 m was developed in China for update in RegCM4 (regional climate model version 4). Two sets of comparative numerical experiments were conducted to study the effects of LULC changes on near-surface temperature simulation. The results show that after LULC changes, areas of crops and mixed woodlands as well as urban areas increase over entire China, accompanied with greatly expanded mixed farming and forests/field mosaics in southern China, and reduced areas of 1) irrigated crops and short grasses in northern China and the Tibetan Plateau, and 2) semi-desert and desert in northwestern China. Improvements in the LULC data clearly result in more accurate simulations of the near-surface temperature. Specifically, increasing latent heat and longwave albedo due to enhanced LULC in certain areas lead to reduction in land surface temperature (LST), while changes in shortwave albedo and sensible heat also exert a great influence on the LST. Overall, these parameter adjustments reduce the biases in near-surface temperature simulation.     

Evaluation of a high-resolution regional climate simulation over Greenland

A simulation of the 1991 summer has been performed over south Greenland with a coupled atmosphere–snow regional climate model (RCM) forced by the ECMWF re-analysis. The simulation is evaluated with in-situ coastal and ice-sheet atmospheric and glaciological observations. Modelled air temperature, specific humidity, wind speed and radiative fluxes are in good agreement with the available observations, although uncertainties in the radiative transfer scheme need further investigation to improve the model’s performance. In the sub-surface snow-ice model, surface albedo is calculated from the simulated snow grain shape and size, snow depth, meltwater accumulation, cloudiness and ice albedo. The use of snow metamorphism processes allows a realistic modelling of the temporal variations in the surface albedo during both melting periods and accumulation events. Concerning the surface albedo, the main finding is that an accurate albedo simulation during the melting season strongly depends on a proper initialization of the surface conditions which mainly result from winter accumulation processes. Furthermore, in a sensitivity experiment with a constant 0.8 albedo over the whole ice sheet, the average amount of melt decreased by more than 60%, which highlights the importance of a correctly simulated surface albedo. The use of this coupled atmosphere–snow RCM offers new perspectives in the study of the Greenland surface mass balance due to the represented feedback between the surface climate and the surface albedo, which is the most sensitive parameter in energy-balance-based ablation calculations.