广西区域霾过程高低空大气环流型影响分析

利用1980—2015年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和广西80个地面气象站资料,采用Lamb-Jenkinson方法对广西区域霾过程的大气环流进行分型,并探讨高低空环流型配置与区域霾过程的关系。结果表明:当地面东南风型、高空西风型时,广西出现霾过程的频率最高;地面东风型配合高空西风型对年霾过程的贡献最大,地面东南风型配合高空西风型主要出现在冷暖气流转换的春季、地面低压型配合高空高压脊型出现在西太平洋副热带高压明显加强、地面处于弱低压环境场的夏季、地面东风型配合高空西风型出现在环流稳定平直的秋季、地面东风型配合高空高压脊型出现在环流经向度明显增强的冬季,霾过程具有冬季多发、夏季少发的特点。近36年来,地面东风型配合高空高压脊型是广西霾过程呈偏多趋势的主导环流型。     

常德市2010年6月19日暴雨过程分析

利用常规天气图资料、NCEP1°×1°FNL分析场资料和卫星TBB资料等,分析了2010年6月19日发生在常德地区的一次区域性暴雨天气过程。分析发现,高空低槽及中低层低涡切变是造成该过程的主要影响系统;高低空风场的配置和通气管指数可判断垂直风切变的大小;而高空风的垂直切变又能判断不稳定能量聚集的多少,高空急流高度下降,加速了低层扰动,从而增强了垂直上升运动,使得对流发展旺盛,云顶亮温TBB最低值中心及强度指示了强降水的落区和移动方向,湿Q矢量锋生函数与暴雨落区的对应关系较好,南北向山脉走向对东风气流的阻挡有利于气流的抬升和辐合,使得强降水云团在同一地区得以维持。     

台风云娜陆上维持原因浅析

利用台风年鉴、日本气象厅最佳路径资料、T213分析资料、卫星云图和高空观测资料对台风云娜登陆后长时间维持不消之原因进行了天气和动力学诊断分析。结果表明：低层水汽源源不断的输送、中纬度天气系统与云娜相互作用在其北侧低层建立偏东风急流和力管场,并且它始终处在高层强辐散流场东南侧或南侧的流出气流以及垂直切变小值区中是云娜在陆上维持的条件。     

热带风暴“米克拉”异常路径特征及原因分析

利用高空和地面常规资料、地转引导气流及热带风暴受力平衡中各力的分解，对“米克拉”异常路径进行分析，指出东移的西风槽影响着副高的进退，热带风暴移动路径主要受大型气压梯度力所牵引，并在台风内力作用下右偏于地转引导气流方向；热带风暴沿着高空正涡度的长轴移动。     

100毫巴低纬度环流季节变化的初步分析

低纬度100毫巴流场的季节变化东半球比西半球明显。在东半球低纬度冬季为绕极西风,而到夏季为强东风气流,并在亚非高空产生强大的副热带大陆高压。流场变化过程与东亚季节转换有一定程度的联系,作者建议这种现象可称为“大型季风”。沿30°N波数为1的振幅与位相的变化可作为大型季风转换的一个表征。     

基本气流对赤道Rossby波和重力波的影响

应用考虑基本气流作用的赤道β平面线性模式，分析了基本气流对赤道Rossby波和重力波的影响。分析表明，基本西风气流中西传的赤道Rossby波和西传重力波仍有混合现象，基本西风气流将使Rossby波出现不稳定增长，而基本东风气流中的Rossby波和重力波是完全可分的。     

2018年汛期两次暴雨过程成因对比分析

2018年入汛以来绥化出现多次暴雨过程,本文利用Micaps常规资料、自动站资料及物理量分析场对8月23-25日、9月2-4日两次暴雨过程进行对比分析,两次过程都有较好的水汽输送条件和动力抬升条件,但两次过程的环流背景和水汽输送带不同,8月23-25日过程是受台风"苏力"与高空低涡的共同影响,水汽主要来源于台风"苏力"外围云系携带的偏东风、偏北风气流,9月2-4日过程主要受高空低涡的影响,水汽输送有黄海、渤海湾的西南风和来自日本海的东南风两条水汽输送带。     

2018年汛期两次暴雨过程成因对比分析

2018年入汛以来绥化出现多次暴雨过程,本文利用Micaps常规资料、自动站资料及物理量分析场对8月23-25日、9月2-4日两次暴雨过程进行对比分析,两次过程都有较好的水汽输送条件和动力抬升条件,但两次过程的环流背景和水汽输送带不同,8月23-25日过程是受台风“苏力”与高空低涡的共同影响,水汽主要来源于台风“苏力”外围云系携带的偏东风、偏北风气流,9月2-4日过程主要受高空低涡的影响,水汽输送有黄海、渤海湾的西南风和来自日本海的东南风两条水汽输送带。     

达州气候分析之二

“达州气候分析之一”一文中对达州气候特征进行了详细的分析,本文将继它之后,对达州的气候形成因作出分析５　气候成因分析川东、达州气候的形成和变化,除与太阳辐射、下垫面影响有关外,主要还与西风急流、平流层东风气流等高空大气环流影响有关。其环流的年际变化和异常活动将会引起川东、达州的天气季节,天气气候的变化和异常的表现。急流是高空风场的一个突出特征。实际上无论在高空,还是在低空,无论是中高纬度的西风带,还是低纬度的东风带都存在着急流。本文将重点讨论高空西风急流对我市各天气季节和降水的影响,附图１—２是…     

1979年东亚夏季风环流建立过程的分析

本文用1979年5—7月低纬地区的格点风资料,对东亚季风地区的逐日平均经圈环流进行了分析,发现东亚夏季风环流的建立过程和印度季风有很大不同。东亚夏季风环流建立时间较早,它是由副热带季风环流和南海热带季风环流组成的。副热带季风环流与源于南亚副热带地区的偏南风,北支高空东风相联系;而南海热带季风环流与源于澳大利亚的跨赤道气流,南支高空东风相联系。印度夏季风环流建立时间较晚,它与索马里低空急流,北支高空东风急流相联系。在季风环流的结构上,两者也是不同的,东亚季风环流是一个准经向环流圈,而印度季风环流则是一个准纬      

Climatic study on the summer tropical easterly jet at 200 hPa

The low latitude easterlies at 200 hPa in summer (May-October) is analysed climatically during the 13-year period from 1968 to 1980, with a special emphasis on the relationship between the anomalous tropical easterly jet stream over South Asia and the low latitude atmospheric circulation, and also the summer monsoon precipitation in India. The compositing analysis shows that the tropical easterly jet stream over South Asia has five anomalous patterns at 200 hPa i.e. the western pattern, middle pattern, eastern pattern, two-branch pattern and multi-core pattern. Evidence has shown that the precipitaion in India anomalously increased during the anomalous period of the western pattern and the middle pattern, but reverse case is true in the eastern pattern. Some different anomalies of the precipitation in different area of India were found during the other two anomalous pattern.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PERSISTENT WARMER SEASURFACE TEMPERATURE IN TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN ONATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN THE EARLY SUMMERIN EAST ASIA IN 1991

By employing the CCM1（R15L12）long-range spectral model, study is undertaken of the effects of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) for tropical Indian ocean on circulation transformation in the early summer in East Asia in 1991. The results indicate that warmer SSTA contributes to the increasing of the temperature over the Plateau in early summer, resulting in the intensification of tropical easterly jet on 100 hPa and northward shift of Northern Hemisphere subtropical westerly jet in May. It is obviously favorable for the subtropical high enhancement over western Pacific Ocean in May and subtropical westerly jet maintaining at 35～40 °N in June, making the Mei-Yu come earlier and stay over the Changjiang basin in 1991. Furthermore, warmer SSTA is also advantageous to averaged temperature rise in East Asia land region and Nanhai monsoon development. These roles are helpful in accelerating the seasonal transition for East Asia in early summer.     

索马里急流与南亚高压年代际变化的可能联系

索马里急流是北半球夏季最为强盛的越赤道气流,南亚高压则是出现在对流层高层、平流层低层最大最稳定的反气旋环流系统,基于近60年NECP/NCAR再分析资料,本文研究了年代际尺度上夏季索马里急流与南亚高压的联系。研究结果表明:年代际尺度上,索马里急流与南亚高压存在显著的正相关关系,当索马里急流偏弱(强)时,夏季南亚高压偏弱西退(偏强东进)。对不同年代际背景下南亚高压东西部的经向垂直环流的分析发现,当索马里急流处于偏弱位相时,南亚高压西半部(20°~70°E)经向垂直环流偏强,而其东半部(75°~120°E)经向垂直环流减弱;反之亦然。南亚高压南北两侧的纬向垂直环流的变化也有差异,索马里急流偏弱(强)时,北部南亚高压(27.5°~35°N)的青藏高原上空纬向垂直环流显著减弱(增强),而南部南亚高压(20°~27.5°N)的伊朗高原上空纬向垂直环流减弱(增强)明显。进一步的研究发现,年代际尺度上索马里急流与南亚高压的联系受到PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)年代际变化的调制。PDO正负位相的转折,首先改变了对流层高层副热带西风急流的强弱变化,从而使得位于其南部的南亚高压强度和热带东风急流发生相应的改变,热带东风急流的变化又通过热带印度洋上空的局地纬向垂直环流将异常信号传递到对流低层,改变热带地区索马里急流的强弱变化。     

Characteristics of the Asian–Pacific Oscillation in Boreal Summer Simulated by BCC_CSM with Different Horizontal Resolutions

The summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation(APO) is a major teleconnection pattern that reflects the zonal thermal contrast between East Asia and the North Pacific in the upper troposphere. The performance of Beijing Climate Center Climate System Models(BCC CSMs) with different horizontal resolutions, i.e., BCC CSM1.1 and BCC CSM1.1(m), in reproducing APO interannual variability, APO-related precipitation anomalies, and associated atmospheric circulation anomalies, is evaluated.The results show that BCC CSM1.1(m) can successfully capture the interannual variability of the summer APO index. It is also more capable in reproducing the APO's spatial pattern, compared to BCC CSM1.1, due to its higher horizontal resolution. Associated with a positive APO index, the northward-shifted and intensified South Asian high, strengthened extratropical westerly jet, and tropical easterly jet in the upper troposphere, as well as the southwesterly monsoonal flow over North Africa and the Indian Ocean in the lower troposphere, are realistically represented by BCC CSM1.1(m), leading to an improvement in reproducing the increased precipitation over tropical North Africa, South Asia, and East Asia, as well as the decreased precipitation over subtropical North Africa, Japan, and North America. In contrast, these features are less consistent with observations when simulated by BCC CSM1.1. Regression analysis further indicates that surface temperature anomalies over the North Pacific and the southern and western flanks of the Tibetan Plateau are reasonably reproduced by BCC CSM1.1(m), which contributes to the substantial improvement in the simulation of the characteristics of summer APO compared to that of BCC CSM1.1.     

An Asian–Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability

We identified the Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) and its associated index, a zonal teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Asian–Pacific region. This was done through the correlation and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses on the summer mean tropospheric eddy temperature from the monthly European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast reanalysis. The APO reflects an out-of-phase relationship in variability of the eddy temperature between Asia and the North Pacific and is associated with the out-of-phase relationship in atmospheric heating. The APO index shows a decadal variation, tending to a high-index polarity before 1975 and afterward to a low-index polarity. Moreover, the APO index has a quasi-5-year period. With higher APO-index conditions in the upper troposphere, the summer South Asian high and the North Pacific trough are stronger, while the westerly jet stream over Asia and the easterly jet stream over South Asia strengthen. Also, the Asian low and the North Pacific subtropical high are stronger in the lower troposphere. The anomalous southerlies prevail at the midlatitudes of East Asia, accompanied by a more northward Mei-yu front, and the anomalous westerlies prevail over South Asia. Summer rainfall increases in North China, South China, and South Asia, while it decreases from the valley of the Yangtze River to southern Japan, and near the Philippines.     

Impact of the Western Pacific Tropical Easterly Jet on Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency over the Western North Pacific

Although it is well known that the tropical easterly jet(TEJ)has a significant impact on summer weather and climate over India and Africa,whether the TEJ exerts an important impact on tropical cyclone(TC)activity over the western North Pacific(WNP)remains unknown.In this study,we examined the impact of the TEJ on the interannual variability of TC genesis frequency over the WNP in the TC season(June-September)during 1980-2020.The results show a significant positive correlation between TC genesis frequency over the WNP and the jet intensity in the entrance region of the TEJ over the tropical western Pacific(in brief WP_TEJ),with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.66.The intensified WP_TEJ results in strong ageostrophic northerly winds in the entrance region and thus upper-level divergence to the north of the jet axis over the main TC genesis region in the WNP.This would lead to an increase in upward motion in the troposphere with enhanced low-level convergence,which are the most important factors to the increases in low-level vorticity,mid-level humidity and low-level eddy kinetic energy,and the decreases in sea level pressure and vertical wind shear in the region.All these changes are favorable for TC genesis over the WNP and vice versa.Further analyses indicate that the interannual variability of the WP_TEJ intensity is likely to be linked to the local diabatic heating over the Indian Ocean-western Pacific and the central Pacific El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation.     

夏季东亚高空急流与太平洋-日本遥相关型的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR和NOAA月平均资料,采用奇异值分解方法分析了夏季东亚高空纬向风场和西北太平洋海表温度(SST)的耦合关系,并据此研究了东亚副热带高空急流和太平洋-日本(Pacific-Japan,PJ)遥相关型的可能联系。合成分析结果表明,东亚副热带高空急流正模态年,急流偏南偏强,对流层上层南亚高压增强东进,中层西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,菲律宾周边海域SST升高,中纬度黑潮延伸体区SST降低,菲律宾海和热带西太平洋地区对流活动偏弱,日本海和黑潮延伸体海区对流活动增强,对应PJ遥相关型的负位相;而东亚副热带高空急流负模态年,急流偏北偏弱,对流层上层南亚高压减弱西退,中层西太平洋副热带高压减弱东撤,菲律宾周边SST降低,中纬度黑潮延伸体区SST升高,菲律宾海和热带西太平洋地区对流活动强盛,日本海和黑潮延伸体海区对流活动减弱,对应PJ遥相关型的正位相。由于夏季东亚副热带高空急流活动与PJ遥相关型存在关联,PJ遥相关型可能是东亚副热带高空急流响应太平洋海温异常的纽带。     

新疆夏季两例塔什干低涡天气过程对比分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对新疆夏季两次塔什干低涡天气过程进行对比分析,从天气尺度环流系统配置、动力和水汽输送的角度探讨造成南疆不同降水强度的塔什干低涡特征差异。结果表明:当南亚高压中心位于70°E,南疆位于200 hPa急流轴出口辐散区,500 hPa塔什干低涡东移携带强西南气流时,700 hPa盆地有显著东风急流,偏西地区中低层切变辐合长时间维持,同时通过接力输送的阿拉伯海水汽与中低层东风急流携带的水汽强烈辐合,导致大范围暴雨,高层正MPV1、负MPV2向下伸展,中低层不稳定性、斜压性增强,配合700 hPa以下负MPV1、正MPV2激发垂直涡度增长,对流性降水加强;当南亚高压中心始终维持偏东(90°E),南疆位于200 hPa急流轴上,500 hPa里海脊和新疆东部高压脊势力相当时,塔什干低涡减弱为槽影响南疆,700 hPa南疆盆地东风气流弱且位置偏西,南疆地区无明显高层辐散、中低层切变辐合,不利于垂直上升运动的发展和水汽的集中辐合,难以造成显著降水。     

东亚的梅雨期与亚洲上空大气环流季节变化的关系

本文根据气候的资料以及1951—1957年的高空资料,对东亚的梅雨期气候特点,以及梅雨期跟亚洲上空大气环流季节变化的关系,作了分析.作者发现,东亚梅雨期的开始和结束是很有规律性的,梅雨期与亚洲上空大气环流的季节变化有着很密切的关系.这个时期是发生在亚洲上空行星风带向北突然推进的时期.东亚梅雨期开始的日期跟印度季风在印度加尔各答建立的日期是相一致的.梅雨期的结束跟日本馆野高空西风急流消失并且东风出现的日期很接近.这种在亚洲上空出现的大气环流季节变化,在年与年之间,虽然在时间上有一些出入,但变化的型式却是一致的.这种现象的揭露,对于东亚梅雨的了解及预报问题是有帮助的.     

Easterly wave regimes and associated convection over West Africa and tropical Atlantic: results from the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses

 NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF daily reanalyses are used to investigate the synoptic variability of easterly waves over West Africa and tropical Atlantic at 700 hPa in northern summer between 1979–1995 (1979–1993 for ECMWF). Spectral analysis of the meridional wind component at 700 hPa highlighted two main periodicity bands, between 3 and 5 days, and 6 and 9 days. The 3–5-day easterly wave regime has already been widely investigated, but only on shorter datasets. These waves grow both north and south of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). The two main tracks, noted over West Africa at 5 °N and 15 °N, converge over the Atlantic on latitude 17.5 °N. These waves are more active in August–September than in June–July. Their average wavelength/phase speed varies from about 3000 km/8 m s^-1 north of the jet to 5000 km/12 m s^-1 south of the jet. Rainfall, convection and monsoon flux are significantly modulated by these waves, convection in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) being enhanced in the trough and ahead of it, with a wide meridional extension. Compared to the 3–5-day waves, the 6–9-day regime is intermittent and the corresponding wind field pattern has both similar and contrasting characteristics. The only main track is located north of the AEJ along 17.5 °N both over West Africa and the Atlantic. The mean wavelength is higher, about 5000 km long, and the average phase speed is about 7 m s^-1. Then the wind field perturbation is mostly evident at the AEJ latitude and north of it. The perturbation structure is similar to that of 3–5-days in the north except that the more developed circulation centers, moving more to the north, lead to a large modulation of the jet zonal wind component. South of the AEJ, the wind field perturbation is weaker and quite different. The zonal wind core of the jet appears to be an almost symmetric axis in the 6–9-day wind field pattern, a clockwise circulation north of the AEJ being associated with a counter-clockwise circulation south of the jet, and vice versa. These 6–9-day easterly waves also affect significantly rainfall, convection and monsoon flux but in a different way, inducing large zonal convective bands in the ITCZ, mostly in the trough and behind it. As opposed to the 3–5-day wave regime, these rainfall anomalies are associated with anomalies of opposite sign over the Guinea coast and the Sahelian regions. Over the continent, these waves are more active in June–July, and in August–September over the ocean. GATE phase I gave an example of such an active 6–9-day wave pattern. Considered as a sequence of weak easterly wave activity, this phase was also a sequence of high 6–9-day easterly wave activity. We suggest that the 6–9-day regime results from an interaction between the 3–5-day easterly wave regime (maintained by the barotropic/baroclinic instability of the AEJ), and the development of strong anticyclonic circulations, north of the jet over West Africa, and both north and south of the jet over the Atlantic, significantly affecting the jet zonal wind component. The permanent subtropical anticyclones (Azores, Libya, St Helena) could help initiation and maintenance of such regime over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. Based on an a priori period-band criterion, our synoptic classification has enabled us to point out two statistical and meteorological easterly wave regimes over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses are in good agreement, the main difference being a more developed easterly wave activity in the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, especially for the 3–5-day regime over the Atlantic. Received: 28 May 1998 / Accepted: 2 May 1999