2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成特征

利用观测资料和NCEP再分析资料分析2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成维持机制, 结果表明, 2003年淮河梅汛期亚洲中高纬地区阻塞高压的异常活动中, 波流作用十分显著。6月上旬, 阻高建立前期和维持过程中, 上游地区天气尺度波动活跃, 欧洲斜压区不断有瞬变动能生成, 并在阻塞区向阻高平均流转化。从瞬变涡动的作用来看, 上游传播而来的瞬变波不断将较低纬度的低位涡空气向阻塞区输送, 有利于阻塞高压的建立维持; 平均流则使位涡呈相反形势发展, 引导阻塞高压向东频散, 削弱了扰动位涡输送的作用, 对阻高的维持起到耗散作用。阻高建立前, 瞬变涡位涡输送作用强于平均流位涡平流, 造成阻塞区位涡降低, 有利于阻高生成; 阻高维持期间, 瞬变涡位涡输送与平均流位涡平流输送量相当; 6月25～30日, 阻塞高压明显西退, 该阶段瞬变涡动明显强于平均耗散作用, 引导低位涡场向西移动。研究表明, 大气内部的波波作用对阻高的建立维持也十分重要。1波与5波在一定范围内的共同作用可能是阻高建立维持的决定因素, 而天气尺度波动扰动则对阻塞高压的建立、 维持和崩溃起到重要的作用。波波作用表明, 2003年6月份阻塞高压建立、 维持时, 尺度较长的波一般从平均动能得到扰动动能的转化, 尤其5波, 斜压能的转换不但是其能量的来源, 同时非线性作用也使得尺度更小或更长的波向其提供能量; 阻高衰退时, 5波则通过非线性作用向其他波动输送能量, 同时也存在斜压耗散, 能量逐渐失去。     

东亚夏季两类阻塞高压维持的诊断分析

文章对两类东亚阻塞高压维持进行了诊断分析,结果表明:两类阻高的准地转位涡的平均流输送和瞬变扰动气流输送的分布是不同的,阻高维持机制也可能不同;两类阻高的瞬变扰动在分流区呈现南北向拉长,产生形变,对阻高维持有一致的作用;天气尺度扰动在东移过程中尺度缩小,当能量转化服从双向转化原则时,有大量扰动动能向平均场转化,使阻高维持。     

瞬变天气涡旋对北大西洋涛动的增强效应

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算了冬季北大西洋瞬变涡旋活动强度与北大西洋涛动(NAO)逐日指数的时间序列,结果发现:当涡旋活动强度出现峰值后会伴随NAO模态增强现象;而随着NAO的增强,涡旋能量同落.为了判断是否涡流相互作用将天气尺度的能量转换为低频尺度的能量,使用瞬变涡度通量来研究涡度与能量的传输.通过分析瞬变涡...     

三次超级单体风暴雷达产品特征及气流结构差异性分析

2002年9月27日、2003年6月28日和2004年6月24日山东部分地区遭受了不同程度的灾害性天气,雷达观测分析表明是3次超级单体风暴所致,0927风暴尺度和天气现象次于0628和0624风暴.利用济南多普勒雷达探测资料,结合天气形势,对这3次典型超级单体强度结构、流场结构及其演变过程进行了仔细的分析,结果表明:地面中尺度辐合触发了不稳定能量的释放,引发了强对流天气发生;风暴形成阶段表现为不同的演变特征,0927风暴表现为多单体传播型,0628风暴表现为单体自身发展型,0624风暴表现为群发单体合并型;移动路径相似,都属于右移风暴,偏离风暴承载层平均风右侧30°-70°,移动速度约为风暴承载层平均风速的45%-70%;发展成熟阶段最大强中心高度表现不同,0927风暴位于单体底部,0628风暴位于单体中下层,0624风暴位于单体中层以上,最大反射率因子和垂直积分液态含水量(VIL)表现也有差别,0624风暴最强,0628风暴次之,0927风暴相对较弱.风暴旺盛成熟阶段表现为典型的超级单体特征,有界弱回波区(BWER)和中气旋;风暴旺盛成熟阶段风暴垂直流场结构有相似性,低层气旋性辐合,中层近似于气旋性旋转上升,高层气流辐散;中层水平流场结构存在较大差异,0927和0624.风暴为双涡管式旋转结构,0628风暴为单涡式的气旋旋转结构.     

低层流场非线性相互作用的中尺度特征

本文着重讨论环境流场自身非线性动力结构产生涡散场之间的相互作用,它使涡散场能量趋于集中,其水平分布也呈现中尺度特征。通过实例分析指出,在对流层低层两个非线性量-ξD和的时、空变化特征与暴雨有一定的关系,说明它们对环境流场初始扰动的形成有不可忽视的作用。为此作者建议可作为暴雨诊断量作用。     

最敏感扰动的演变与夏季乌拉尔地区的持续性异常环流

通过数值实验对初始扰动不稳定发展建立异常环流型的过程进行了分析。选择了东亚夏季风异常的１９９１年和１９８５年两个典型年份的平均环流作为基流,以共轭敏感性分析得到的最敏感扰动作为初始扰动,分析其在不同的环流背景下的发展情况。结果说明,１９９１年欧亚地区的基流不稳定性较强,且初始扰动结构有利扰动发展,因而通过能量频散在乌拉尔地区激发扰动并强烈发展,建立起阻塞形势。而１９８５年的扰动在乌拉尔地区形成正涡度距平,不利于阻高的建立。从而导致１９９１年和１９８５年夏季乌拉尔地区几乎相反的异常环流。一系列对比实验说明,异常环流型的建立,不仅依靠能量的频散,更依靠扰动通过正压不稳定过程从基流吸收能量而发展。它既有赖于基流自身的不稳定,又取决于初始扰动的结构以及相对于基流的位置。基流选择了具有特定结构的初始扰动型,只要在有利位置上给予扰动,就能够激发出扰动波列,建立强的持续异常环流型。不论初始波列的位相在一定范围内如何改变,扰动总是倾向于在基流的特定不稳定区域发展。     

大气对黑潮延伸区中尺度海洋涡旋的响应——冬季暖、冷涡个例分析

采用动态合成、带通滤波等方法,通过对冬季黑潮延伸区暖、冷两个中尺度海洋涡旋的分析,研究了大气对中尺度海洋涡旋的响应特征。结果表明,海表温度（SST）与近海面风速的正相关关系在涡旋的动态合成图上清晰可见,暖（冷）涡上空对应10 m风速的极大（小）值,即海洋对大气的强迫作用在日时间尺度上表现显著;SST高低值中心基本对应10 m风无辐散区,暖（冷）涡上空为异常正（负）涡度分布;暖（冷）涡上空潜热、感热通量增大（减小）,降低（增大）大气稳定度,从而加强（减弱）边界层垂直混合作用,使得海洋大气边界层增厚（变薄）。暖（冷）涡旋上空对应摩擦速度极大（小）值,反映了湍流粘性力在高（低）海温中心增大（减小）的特征,表明动量垂直混合机制在中小尺度海气相互作用中起着主要作用。中尺度海洋涡旋能够影响大气瞬变扰动,大气瞬变扰动强度在暖（冷）涡下游上空出现极大（小）值,该影响不仅表现在海洋大气边界层,在自由大气中低层也有较为清晰的反映。此外,从能量转换的角度入手,发现斜压能量转换在中尺度海洋涡旋影响大气瞬变扰动强度中贡献明显。     

低涡影响下的西北地区东部暴雨个例分析

利用常规气象观测资料、陕西区域自动站观测资料、多源融合逐小时0.05°×0.05°格点降水资料、 NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和卫星探测资料对2019年8月2—4日西北地区东部一次由低涡向东北方向移动引发的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：500 hPa中纬度低槽、副热带高压、低槽携带的弱冷空气及来自台风外围和副高外围的暖湿空气为此次暴雨过程提供了非常有利的条件;大气整层水汽通量及水汽通量散度在本次低涡暴雨预报中具有一定的意义,水汽通量的突增对应降水的增强,水汽通量大值中心叠加强水汽通量辐合区对应强降水落区;500 hPa正涡度平流使低涡移动发展,对暴雨的发展和移动有很好的指导意义,对流层低层温度平流对低涡移动路径方面有良好预报指示作用;对流层上层高位涡向下伸展,分裂的高值扰动可促使中低层气旋涡度发展,影响低涡加强,对流层中低层700 hPa附近上正下负的分布形态促进了不稳定能量的释放,有利于低涡暴雨的发生;暴雨期间卫星云图上表现为逗点型云带,与低涡系统对应良好。     

西北涡和登陆台风共同影响的一次暴雨过程分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2E卫星资料,对2010年7月22—25日青藏高原东侧出现的暴雨、大暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明:该次区域性大暴雨是高原上生成的西北涡在断裂的副热带高压的阻挡下东移南压加深,与中低层偏南急流相互作用产生的;高空急流右侧强辐散气流的抽吸作用是西北涡生成的重要原因;暴雨产生时存在强垂直上升中心与近似饱和的气柱互耦;登陆台风通过参与低空急流的形成,将台风外围的水汽和能量输送到暴雨区,是本次暴雨过程水汽的输送者和能量的提供者;从地面能量比对冷空气的放大作用来看,本次过程先后有两股强弱不同的冷空气从不同方向入侵Ω系统暖区,一股为自甘肃东南入侵四川东部的西北路冷空气,另一股为沿河南中部入侵陕西东南部的东北路冷空气。气旋性辐合中心是高原上西北风引导的冷空气和"灿都"台风西行外围西南暖湿气流汇合形成的;南北两环副热带高压形成的反气旋环流阻挡了α中尺度气旋的移动,使气旋稳定少动,从而使强降雨稳定维持。     

影响重庆暴雨的三类西南低涡浅析

利用自动站资料,常规探空资料和NCEP再分析资料对2008—2010年重庆地区的西南低涡暴雨进行了统计,并按照西南低涡的移动路径,将影响重庆暴雨的西南低涡分为偏东路径型、东北路径型和停滞少动型。综合分析以上三种类型天气背景后发现,影响重庆暴雨的西南低涡移动路径主要受大尺度环流形势场影响。利用中尺度数值模式(AREM)对此三种类型典型个例进行模拟和分析发现,不同移动路径的西南低涡具有一些相似的结构特征:西南低涡造成的降水落区通常位于低涡中心附近(以东侧为主),整个降水过程雨带分布与低涡移动路径相一致。垂直运动强度与低层位势高度的大小成反比。低涡发展增强阶段,垂直运动最强,低层大气以东南风为主,大气稳定度也最低。最大辐合辐散出现时间与垂直速度极大值出现时间相一致,最大涡度出现时间略滞后于最强辐合出现时间。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.