2019年5月影响三亚的一次雷雨大风过程分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料、三亚雷达资料、NCEP再分析数据和GFS预报场数据对2019年5月9日影响三亚的一次雷雨大风天气过程进行分析,得到如下结论:高空干冷槽与低层西南暖湿空气配合,三亚东部陆地的东北风与西南弱海风形成的中尺度地面辐合线,为本次过程提供良好的水汽、热力不稳定、动力抬升和触发条件。中尺度对流辐合线的发展与合并是整个对流维持的关键,对流后侧大风入流和前侧零散弱回波线,为雷雨大风的发生提供较好的预警。海南岛西南部海上生成的强对流带移向海南岛时伴随着向东北方向倾斜的下沉气流,该气流下沉到达近地面后向两侧涌升,涌升气流与背景风辐合促进了中尺度对流加强。强对流带经过三亚前后,三亚区域近地面出现西南风向东北风的转变,低层垂直风切变和涡度增加,有利于对流进一步发展加强。风廓线雷达对中尺度对流辐合线内部风场有较好的指示作用。     

河南省一次致灾强对流天气的中尺度分析

利用常规观测资料、中尺度分析产品和雷达资料对2013年8月1日凌晨发生在河南省西部、北部的一次致灾强对流天气过程进行分析.结果表明:这次强对流是在上干冷下暖湿的不稳定大气层结条件下产生的,较大的垂直风切变出现在强对流发生后,可能与强对流天气产生时间较晚有关;地面辐合线是这次强对流产生的触发机制,强对流发生在地面等温线和等露点线的密集区内.云图亮温的低值中心对应地面的强雨区.1日凌晨,对流回波东移加强,先后形成的两条弓形回波,均存在明显的低层弱回波区和中高层的悬垂回波结构,大风发生在弓形带状回波后侧;对流回波带低层有很强的西南风急流,使得强对流回波形成弓形带状回波;强回波带的前沿速度场上,有中尺度辐合线、辐合区、逆风区存在,它们的出现和维持是产生局地强降水的一个有用指标,中尺度系统的存在是强对流风暴产生、维持、发展的必要条件;较大垂直液态含水量的维持为产生强降水提供了有利条件,垂直液态含水量的增减,预示着地面强对流天气的开始和减弱.     

冷涡背景下不同类型强对流天气的成因对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、卫星、雷达和NCEP再分析资料,针对2015年8月22日冷涡背景下华北东北部和黄淮地区同时出现的不同类型强对流天气,对比分析引发不同天气的两种中尺度对流系统的演变过程及冷涡背景下不同强对流天气的成因。具体结论如下:(1)同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部位于冷涡中心外围西南象限和地面冷高压前沿,触发的分散性多单体风暴位于冷涡外围的涡旋云系中,引发以短时强降水为主的强对流天气;黄淮地区位于冷涡后部和地面冷锋前,槽后晴空区的多个对流单体,合并后形成人字形飑线系统引发短时强降水、冰雹和雷暴大风天气;(2)环境热力和水汽的差异为形成不同的强对流天气提供了前提条件:华北东北部受高层暖脊影响,地面高压后部的偏东气流带来水汽输送,整层暖湿的条件利于产生强降水;黄淮地区高层有补充干冷空气,利于热力不稳定条件发展,但黄淮地区低层水汽不足,风雹天气在较干环境场中不易被触发;(3)引发不同强对流天气的对流触发机制不同,两处的初始对流均受同一地面辐合线影响,但华北东北部在地形抬升与辐合线共同作用下不断新生单体;黄淮地区的初始局地热对流形成后,其前沿的辐散出流与环境风形成新的辐合,使原辐合线断裂和转向;(4)出现不同强对流天气时垂直风切变不同,黄淮风雹区的中层垂直风切变更显著,有利于形成持续性的强风暴;强对流天气发生时,华北东北部中低层风场的演变与天气尺度系统的变化有关,黄淮地区中低层风的垂直分布与中尺度对流系统的发生发展有关。     

甘肃靖远“8·10”致洪短时强降水成因分析

利用ERA-interim再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图、多普勒雷达资料以及常规气象观测资料,对2018年8月9—10日甘肃靖远致洪致灾短时强降水的成因进行了诊断分析。结果表明：此次短时强降水天气具有空间尺度小、持续时间短、强度大的特点;在西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬、伊朗高压北上东伸的大尺度环流背景下,甘肃中部处于两高压之间的弱切变辐合区;强降水发生前,低层暖湿平流的增温增湿使不稳定层结发展;低层正涡度辐合加强了水汽的垂直输送,地面气旋性风场、次级环流为强对流提供了有利的动力条件;强降水过程中没有高空槽、低空急流的配合,垂直风切变较弱,在副热带高压边缘高温高湿环境下,中小尺度热低压使该区域热力不稳定增加,中低层弱冷空气入侵、地面辐合线对强对流天气的发生起到了触发和组织作用;造成此次强降水天气的中-γ尺度对流云团,生成在地面热低压和中尺度辐合线附近,具有明显的低质心强降水雷达回波特征。     

2000-05-11河南强对流天气过程分析

对2000-05-11河南省出现的雷雨大风、冰雹天气的影响系统、稳定度参数、高空风切变、3θ曲线、云中负温区、雷达回波特征分析结果表明下滑槽及西路冷空气为强对流天气提供了动力条件;低层高温、高湿及低层暖平流、高层冷平流,为强对流提供了层结条件;高空风的垂直切变有利于对流天气的加强和维持.强对流天气在速度场上表现为中尺度辐合线、风向风速辐合区、风速辐合区、大风区等中尺度系统.     

合肥机场一次低空风切变机理分析

应用地面、探空、机场自动观测、NCEP再分析资料、多普勒雷达等资料,重点分析了多普勒雷达数据产品,探讨了机场低空风切变形成原因。结果表明:(1)机场低空风切变的主要原因是γ中尺度对流单体底部的紊乱气流造成,此对流单体由北阵风锋与地面中尺度辐合线交汇诱发生成,多个γ中尺度对流单体迅速消亡后产生的下沉气流加强了地面中尺度辐合线,阵风锋和辐合线引起机场低空风切变的产生;(2)风切变过程发生前,皖北地区为不稳定大气层结,925hPa的风场辐合为强对流天气提供触发机制,流经黄海的偏东气流为低层带来充足水汽,皖北强对流风暴的发展和消亡是北阵风锋发生的根本原因;(3)风暴后侧中层干冷空气的侵入阻碍了风暴前沿上升的暖湿气流,促进了风暴内部冷空气的下沉和垂直动量交换,增强了近地层出流强度,两次强反射率因子核高度的迅速下降是北阵风锋发生的直接原因。     

广东省开汛期一次连续强对流过程动力热力条件分析

2014年3月底广东省开汛期间,出现了大范围的多灾种连续强对流天气。利用区域加密地面自动站资料、风廓线雷达资料、常规观测和NCEP再分析资料,分析了此次连续强对流发生期间大尺度环流背景条件和动力热力条件,重点讨论了大气层结不稳定维持的原因。动力分析发现,强对流天气出现在低空急流的中尺度大风速中心前方强烈的辐合区和上升气流中,垂直风切变在强对流天气发生前迅速增大,具有一定的预报指示意义。中尺度低压和地面辐合线在对流落区预报中具有较好的指示性;热力分析和热流量方程诊断表明,低空西南急流由北部湾附近暖区沿温度梯度方向不断向广东输送强暖平流,使得不稳定能量得到补充,是导致广东大气层结不稳定维持的根本原因;对于广东开汛期间的强对流天气,业务预报中需要特别关注低空急流的演变及其与温度场的配置。     

湖南娄底“6·20—21”强降水的中尺度特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和FY-2G的逐小时TBB资料,从卫星云图、环流背景、切变线的中尺度系统的演变以及产生的物理条件对娄底2015年6月20—21日强降水天气过程进行研究。结果表明:该次强降水天气过程主要是由中尺度对流系统活动造成的;强降水与地面风场辐合有很好的对应关系,强降水中心出现在辐合中心附近,但强降水发生要滞后于地面风场辐合形成。高空低槽发展、高低空急流的配合,西南低涡东出加强,是该次强降水天气发生的有利环流背景场,低空急流发展最旺盛时期对应着降水最旺盛时期,此外,中尺度对流系统持续长时间的影响是在有利的动力、热力和水汽条件下形成的。     

2000—05—11河南强对流天气过程分析

对2000－05－11河南省出现的雷雨大风、冰雹天气的影响系统、稳定度参数、高空风切变、3θ曲线、云中负温区、雷达回波特征分析结果表明：下滑槽及西路冷空气为强对流天气提供了动力条件；低层高温、高湿及低层暖平流、高层冷平流，为强对流提供了层结条件；高空风的垂直切变有利于对流天气的加强和维持。强对流天气在速度场上表现为中尺度辐合线、风向风速辐合区、风速辐合区、大风区等中尺度系统。     

一次暖区强降水的热力动力条件

利用地面自动站观测资料、雷达资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了2009年4月19日福建中南部强降水过程的热力动力条件。结果表明:这次降水过程具有明显的中尺度雨团特征,直接影响系统是地面中尺度辐合线;低空西南急流为暖区强对流发生、发展提供了必要的水汽条件;低层暖平流、高层冷平流的上下层配置,使不稳定能量得以聚集,为对流发展提供必要的能量。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.