城市化对局地气候的影响分析

选取位于中等城市城区的湖南省常德气象观测站地面气象观测资料和位于小城市城郊的湖南省临澧气象局地面气象观测资料,利用统计方法,对比分析了各气候要素的变化态势。结果表明：常德站和临澧站在气候变暖大背景下,平均气温和最低气温呈线性递增趋势,相对湿度呈线性递减趋势,且递增（减）幅度常德站大于临澧站。常德城市人口大幅度增加年的前后,气候要素变化存在明显的突变,且以气温、湿度最为剧烈,显现出明显的热岛、干岛效应。针对显现出的城市发展对局地气候的影响,提出了减缓城市化影响的初步建议。     

城市化对局地气候的影响分析

选取位于中等城市城区的湖南省常德气象观测站地面气象观测资料和位于小城市城郊的湖南省临澧气象局地面气象观测资料,利用统计方法,对比分析了各气候要素的变化态势。结果表明：常德站和临澧站在气候变暖大背景下,平均气温和最低气温呈线性递增趋势,相对湿度呈线性递减趋势,且递增（减）幅度常德站大于临澧站。常德城市人口大幅度增加年的前后,气候要素变化存在明显的突变,且以气温、湿度最为剧烈,显现出明显的热岛、干岛效应。针对显现出的城市发展对局地气候的影响,提出了减缓城市化影响的初步建议。     

呼和浩特城市发展对气候的影响

研究了呼和浩特城市的发展对局地气候的影响，发现呼和浩特城郊气温差值、降水量差值有逐渐增大的趋势，而市区日照时数、太阳总辐射则有明显减小的趋势。     

济南的城市发展对气候的影响

研究了济南城市的发展对局地气候的影响，发现济南城郊气温差值，降水日数差值有逐渐增大的趋势，而市区日照时数，太阳直接辐射量，总辐射量有明显减小的趋势，天空散射辐射量增加趋势明显。     

光伏电站对局地气候的影响研究进展

清洁能源的快速发展有效降低了人类对传统化石能源的依赖,并为缓解全球气候变暖做出显著贡献。随着各地光伏装机规模的不断扩大,光伏电站这一人工设施对气候环境的影响日益引起人们的关注。针对这一问题,国内外学者自2000年陆续开展了相关研究。综合国内外现有研究成果,对研究方法、影响机理及光伏电站对气候的影响等方面进行总结。大量研究表明：光伏电站布设会在荒漠地区产生“光伏热岛效应”,从而引起局部区域气温上升,在城市地区布设能够在降低能源消耗的同时减少“城市热岛效应” 。此外,光伏组件还会对反照率、地表辐射平衡等产生影响,进而对局地甚至全球气候产生作用,其影响范围和程度尚无准确结论,还需要进一步深入探索。     

昆明市城市发展因子的变化对气候产生的影响

利用昆明市１９６１～１９９８年的气候资料和１９８５～１９９８年的城市发在子资料,应用对比分析、相关分析方法,分析了昆明市城市供水量、道路面积、城市人口、城建区面积、房屋建筑面积、城市绿地面积等城市 因子发生变化后,明明市的气候要素、气候特点随之发生的变化。结果表明：昆明城市发展因子的变化对城市的的气温、相对温度、平均风速有明显的影响,对日照、降水量的总体影响不显著。     

风电场会使夜间气温升高

一项新研究表明,大型风电场会使夜间气温明显升高,从而影响局地气候。研究人员利用辨别城市热岛气温趋势的分析技术,审察了德克萨斯州中西部1万km2的卫星图像,该地区有着世界上最大的4个风电场。研究小组     

夏季太湖局地气候效应的数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式,通过数值模拟试验研究了夏季太湖的局地气候效应,揭示了太湖对局地降水、温度等气象要素的影响,并探讨了内在的物理机制。结果表明:太湖主要在局地尺度上引起夏季地面气温降低和降水的减少,影响强度从湖区向周边地区逐渐减弱;太湖引起的夏季降水减少主要来源于对对流性降水的减弱作用;太湖对湖区及邻近区域夏季地面气温和降水的影响表现出明显的日变化特征,白天影响程度明显强于夜间且在午后的影响最强;太湖在午后引起湖区及邻近地区低层大气显著降温和异常辐散,抑制了该区域的大气对流活动并引起对流降水的明显减少,进而造成夏季太湖及邻近地区降水的减少。     

大规模城镇化对黄淮海地区气候及水资源影响的数值试验

黄淮海地区是我国传统的农耕区,也是经济快速发展、城镇化进程快速推进的区域之一,使得该地区植被覆盖发生了明显变化。为研究城镇化对气候与水资源的影响,应用RegCM3区域气候模式,通过控制试验和敏感性试验,在保证积分时间（2001-2005年）的情况下,输出降水、蒸发、温度、湿度、土壤水分、径流、整层水汽含量等资料,利用敏感性试验和控制试验输出量的差值,来分析黄淮海地区城镇化对气候和水资源要素的影响情况。结果表明,城镇化对研究地区气候及水资源造成的影响主要表现在使局地风场减弱、降水减少、地面气温增加、空气湿度减小、水资源总量减少、土壤含水量减少和地表径流增加等方面,从而对气候和水资源造成影响。     

青海湖夏秋季局地气候效应数值模拟研究

由于水陆热力性质差异,湖泊对局地天气气候具有显著影响,占中国湖泊总面积一半以上的高原湖泊对区域天气气候的影响不可忽视,但目前对高原湖泊局地气候效应的研究依然存在不足。本研究利用WRF-FLake动态耦合模式,设计了有湖与无湖两组实验,对高原最大湖泊青海湖的局地气候效应进行了整年的模拟研究。结果表明,耦合模式的模拟性能良好,青海湖在1-6月使得区域气温降低,而7-12月使得区域气温升高,且青海湖的存在降低了1-9月的日最高气温,增加了6-12月的日最低气温,使得气温日变化减小,白天青海湖为冷湖效应,而夜间青海湖为暖湖效应。2-6月青海湖轻微减少区域降水量,7-12月明显增加了区域降水量,且8月增加量最显著。青海湖对局地年降水量的贡献率在湖面上最大可达50%～60%,而在周边陆地为10%～30%,夏季青海湖增加的降水量最多,而秋季青海湖对总降水的贡献率最大,青海湖增加的降水在20:00(北京时,下同)至次日02:00最多,而14:00-20:00最少,夏季增加的对流性降水较多,秋季增加的对流性降水较少。白天青海湖的冷湖效应使湖面产生下沉辐散气流,抑制对流的发展和水汽的扩散,导致湖泊降水效应减弱,而夜间青海湖的暖湖效应使湖面产生辐合上升气流,促进对流的发展和水汽的扩散,导致湖泊降水效应增强。     

城市气候效应研究进展

城市是人类社会发展的必然产物.随着城市的快速发展,城市气候效应凸显,并对社会经济可持续发展和人体健康等造成影响.基于国内外已有的研究成果,综述了城市气候效应,包括城市热岛效应、雨岛效应、混浊岛效应、于岛效应和雷暴岛效应的研究历史、现状及其与城市化、天气气候变化的相互关系,并对未来城市气候效应的研究方向及技术方法进行了展望.     

URBANIZATION EFFECTS ON REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CASE OF FOUR LARGE CITIES OF TURKEY

The growing interest in urbanization problems is stimulating detailed studies of their effects on local climate change in the developed world. The absence of such studies in developing countries is restricting many decisions to be made and applied by policymakers. In one developing country, Turkey, results of the study of four urban stations and their neighboring rural sites for the 1951-1990 time period reveal that there is a shift towards the warmer side in the frequency distributions of daily minimum and 21.00 hr temperature difference series. This shift is an indication of urban heat island. The maximum urban heat island intensity trend that is obtained from the temperature differences database agrees well with Oke's (1973) formula for European cities. Seasonal analysis of individual 21.00 hr temperature series suggests that the regional warming is strongest in spring and weakest in autumn and winter. Urban warming is detected to be more or less equally distributed over the year wi th a slight increase in the autumn months. The Mann-Kendall trend test is applied to the temperature difference series, and the urban heat island effect is found to be significant in all urban sites. On the other hand, almost no significant urban effect on precipitation can be detected.     

北京城市热岛效应的流动观测和初步研究

采用车载气象观测仪器结合GPS定位、连续数据采集系统的流动观测方法研究了北京城区内不同城市地表覆盖物对城市局地小气候的影响和气象要素分布,发现城市下垫面分布与城市的温度和湿度有密切关系,一般在城市建筑物密集、水体和植被少的区域具有较高的气温和较低的相对湿度,在建筑物稀疏和植被、水体较多的区域则相反。观测结果表明,流动观测方法是对常规气象观测资料的有益补充,也是城市气候观测中的一种有效方法。     

城市热岛效应及对锡林浩特气候变化的影响

利用气候相似性原理和锡林郭勒盟地区气象站站址变迁造成的温度序列变化差异,分析城市热岛效应对城市气温变化的作用,以及对气候变化趋势的影响。选取锡林浩特为代表城市,采用线性趋势分析、相关分析等方法,分析、讨论了城市与郊区气温差异,城市与草原温度历史演变差异,以及城市热岛效应对气候变化的影响等,结果表明：城市热岛效应对城市增温作用明显,使锡林浩特市区年平均气温比周围郊区增高了0.57℃;城市热岛效应对锡林浩特市气候变暖趋势也有一定影响,使锡林浩特相对草原区有0.07℃/10a的增温趋势。     

Urbanization Impact on Regional Climate and Extreme Weather: Current Understanding,Uncertainties, and Future Research Directions

Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.     

Many roads to Paris: Explaining urban climate action in 885 European cities

Research on urban climate action has identified a broad range of potential factors explaining why and how local governments decide to tackle climate change. However, empirical evidence linking such factors in order to explain actual urban climate action has so far been mixed. To address this roadblock, our paper relies on a novel approach, postulating that different configurations of factors may lead to the same outcome (“equifinality”), through a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). It is based on an available data set of local climate mitigation plans in 885 European cities. We find that urban climate action is systematically associated with four qualitatively different configurations of factors, each with its own consistent narrative (“networker cities”, “green cities”, “lighthouse cities”, “fundraising cities”). Crucially, some factors play a positive role in some configurations, a negative in others, and no role in further configurations (e.g., whether a city is located in a country with supportive national climate policies). This confirms that there is no single explanation for urban climate action. Achieving greater robustness in empirical research about urban climate action may thus require a shift, both conceptual and methodological, to the interactions between factors, allowing for different explanations in different contexts.     

郑州市可持续发展的气候条件分析

分析了太阳辐射、风向、气温等气象因素对郑州的影响,结合气候特点就改善郑州大气环境问题进行了探讨,并从气候的角度提出了郑州可持续发展的应对措施.     

Characteristics of the heat island effect in Shanghai and its possible mechanism

The characteristics of the urban heat island effect and the climate change in Shanghai and its possible mechanism are analyzed based on monthly meteorological data from 1961 to 1997 at 16 stations in Shanghai and its adjacent areas. The results indicate that Shanghai City has the characteristics of a heat island of air temperature and maximum and minimum air temperature, a cold island of surface soil temperature, a weak rainy island of precipitation, and a turbid island of minimum visibility and aerosols, with centers at or near Longhua station (the urban station of Shanghai). Besides theses, the characteristics of a cloudy island and sunshine duration island are also obvious, but their centers are located in the southern part of the urban area and in the southern suburbs. A linear trend analysis suggests that all of the above urban effects intensified from 1961 to 1997. So far as the heat island effect is concerned, the heat island index (difference of annual temperature between Longhua and Songjiang stations) strengthens (weakens) as the economic development increases (decreases). The authors suggest that the heating increase caused by increasing energy consumption due to economic development is a main factor in controlling the climate change of Shanghai besides natural factors. On the other hand, increasing pollution aerosols contribute to the enhancement of the turbid island and cooling. On the whole, the heating effect caused by increasing energy consumption is stronger than the cooling effect caused by the turbid island and pollution aerosols.     

京津冀城市群气候变化及影响适应研究综述

本文对2000年以来京津冀城市群气候变化及影响适应的研究成果进行了综述。研究表明：20世纪60年代以来,京津冀城市群年平均气温和极端高温指数显著升高,年降水量波动减少,到21世纪10年代,极端强降水指数降低。京津冀气候变化是全球变暖和城市化共同作用的结果,城市化加速了京津冀变暖趋势,增加了极端高温和极端强降水的频率和强度,气候风险高。未来京津冀城市群协同发展,面临高温热浪、强降水、水资源短缺和海平面上升等风险将更严峻,气候变化适应是京津冀城市群可持续发展面临的紧迫问题,适应策略等方面研究已取得了明显进展,但适用性和针对性还存在不足。本文提出了未来研究展望：深入研究城市化对气候变化的反馈,发展全球气候变化和城市化共同作用下的气候风险精细化预估技术,系统研究气候变化对城市的影响和不同行业的脆弱性,加强温室气体监测评估技术研究,加强适应气候变化的策略、路径和技术研究。