气象用玻璃液体温度表测量结果的不确定度评定方法

气象用玻璃液体温度表检定结果的不确定度,直接影响温度量值传递的检定结果。根据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》规范的分析方法,以0.2分度温度表为例,利用检定实验数据,对现用玻璃液体温度表检定结果进行不确定度评定。通过对检定结果的不确定度评定,梳理出一套清晰的分析步骤和科学方法,为省级气象计量部门提供误差分析范例。     

温度计量标准检定装置不确定度的评定

本文根据测量不确定度的评定方法,分析和计算了温度计量标准检定装置测量不确定度,通过对检定结果的不确定度评定,更加了解和掌握温度计量标准检定装置的计量性能、误差来源及减小误差影响的方法,同时也为接受技术监督部门的计量标准考核,提供不确定度评定的依据。     

省级气象计量所在温度检定中不确定度的评定

根据国家计量技术规范(JJF1033—2001)的要求和国家气象计量站对省级气象计量所计量标准的量值传递所作的规定，使用二等水银标准温度表标准装置检定台站仪器时，必须对检定结果的不确定度进行分析、评定。     

DYC1型数字气压传感器检定结果的不确定度分析

测量不确定度是表示测量结果可信度的参数。DYC1型气压传感器是DZZ4新型气象自动站中采集大气压力的数字型压力传感器,在常年的使用过程中存在零点漂移,根据JJG(气象)001—2015《自动气象站气压传感器检定规程》,使用3MS(Meteorology Metrology Management System)省级气象计量检定业务系统,以DYC1型气压传感器为分析对象,通过被测量数学模型,对其检定结果进行不确定度评估,通过实验分析得出DYC1型数字气压传感器检定结果的扩展不确定度为0.102h Pa,对其他类型传感器的检定结果不确定度评定有指导意义。     

PTB220型压力传感器检定结果不确定度评估

测量不确定度是表明测量结果可信程度的参数。为了保证气压传感器检定结果的准确可靠,依据JJG(气象)001-2011《自动气象站气压传感器检定规程》及JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》的要求,使用省级压力标准器745,以VAISALA的PTB220型压力传感器为研究对象,通过建立被测量的数学模型,分析并列出了对测量结果有明显影响的不确定度来源,并定量评定了各标准不确定度分量,通过实验分析及验证得出其检定结果的扩展不确定度为0.2hPa,对其他类型压力传感器的检定结果的不确定度评定具有指导意义和参考价值。     

铂电阻温度传感器检定结果的不确定度评定

根据《JJG(气象)002-2015自动气象站温度传感器》检定规程和国家计量技术规范JJF1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》中的要求,对铂电阻温度传感器做了一次详尽的检定过程,分析检定过程中的不确定度来源,对检定结果的不确定度进行了较为科学的评定。     

高原空盒气压表测量结果不确定度评定

高原空盒气压表是气压测量较为常用的仪器之一,使用比较广泛,根据国家计量技术规范JJF1059—1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》,本文对该类型仪器测量结果不确定度进行了评定,为省级高原空盒气压表的计量检定工作中推行使用不确定度评定方法提供参考。     

气象计量标准装置的误差分析及总不确定度的验证

为加强气象计量标准的法制管理,按照国家《计量法》的要求,重庆市气象计量检定所1991年建立了温、压、湿、风四项计量标准装置,并通过市技术监督局认证。考核合格。取得了进行气象计量量值传递和气象仪器的检定合法权利,在建立各项标准的技术工作中、其难点和核心问题就是误差分析。本文就建立二等水银温度计标准装置的误差分析及总不确定度验证的方法进行探讨。 1 二等水银温度计标准装置误差来源 1.1 A类不确定度分量:本标准装置的(标准偏差)重复性误差S≤0.004℃。 1.2 B类不确定度分量:     

铂电阻温度传感器现场检定和实验室检定不确定度评定对比分析

目前我国自动气象站铂电阻温度传感器的检定方式有现场检定和实验室检定两种。根据《JJG(气象)002-2015自动气象站铂电阻温度传感器检定规程》的指导方法,分别对相同的铂电阻温度传感器开展现场检定和实验室检定,并通过GUM法对两种检定方式的检定结果进行测量不确定度评定,对比两种检定方式的测量不确定度,结果表明现场检定中测量重复性引入的不确定度和测量设备引入的不确定度较实验室检定更高。分析两种检定方式的测量不确定度产生差异的原因,建议国家级自动气象站的铂电阻传感器采用实验室检定的方式开展计量检定工作。     

HMT333温湿度变送器湿度示值误差测量不确定度的分析与评定

为评估湿度传感器计量业务质量,提高HMT333温湿度变送器（以下简称温湿度变送器）湿度测量结果的可信度。依据JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》和JJG(气象)003-2011《自动气象站湿度传感器检定规程》,对温湿度变送器各检定点湿度示值误差进行测量不确定度的分析与评定。评定得出温湿变送器湿度测量误差的扩展不确定度最大值为1.0%RH。为温湿度变送器测量结果的可靠性提供了依据,确保其量值溯源的准确可靠。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.