台湾海峡海陆风数值模式与数值模拟试验

研制了一个包括水平及垂直扩散、牛顿冷却的二维46层非弹性运动方程组的台湾海峡海陆风数值模式,并用此模式来模拟及研究台湾海峡两岸海陆风的生成与变化特征.模式中考虑了太阳辐射、长波辐射及其日变化、地表向大气的感热与潜热输送以及向土壤层的热传导等.数值计算中采用了分解算法及隐式时间差分方案.用此模式得出的模拟结果与闽东南及台湾海陆风的观测事实比较吻合,表明了此模式能够较好地描述海峡两岸的海陆风变化规律.     

江苏地区夏季一次辐射雾的数值模拟及生消机理分析

利用地面观测资料、秒级探空资料结合WRF中尺度数值模式,对2016年6月25—26日江苏南部地区一次影响范围广、持续时间长的罕见辐射雾过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)雾区范围和气象要素数值模拟结果与实况基本一致;(2)低层超薄超强逆温为此次夏季雾的形成、发展和维持提供了稳定条件;(3)成雾前江苏南部地区白天出现的降水是夜间浓雾形成的重要水汽来源;(4)夜间地表辐射冷却作用是浓雾形成的重要因素;地面风速稳定低于2 m·s^-1,有利于浓雾的维持;日出后随着短波辐射增强风速增大、稳定层结破坏促使浓雾减弱消散。     

对流边界层中过山气流的数值模拟

采用ARPS4.0非静力中尺度气象模式模拟了对流边界层中气流过山引起的地形波,讨论了地形及大气条件改变对其的影响.模拟表明,当大气边界层是对流边界层时,气流过山引起的地形强迫,仍能在上部稳定层结中造成足够的垂直扰动,产生向上传播的重力内波,重力内波引起的波动阻力仍不可忽略.     

白天谷地逆温层生消过程的数值模拟

本文用二维数值模式模拟了谷地白天边界层的发展过程.通过求解大气动力.热力学方程组.模拟出了谷地上空的温度场、流场以及在两种不同层结条件下的湍流动能q~2的分布特征.从而对白天谷地上稳定层结(或逆温层)的生消机制进行了初步探讨.模拟出的温度分布廓线等与有关实测资料基本一致.     

三维非静力中—β尺度动力学预报模式的应用研究Ⅲ:关中地区边界层结构的数值模拟

本文利用已建立的三维非静力中－β尺度动力学预报模式［1］以1996—3—31和6—1为实例，模拟研究关中地区地形的动力和热力效应对边界层结构的影响。模拟结果表明：起伏地形对垂直流场及低层风场影响较大；迎风坡空气抬升，背风坡空气下沉；层结稳定时易形成背风波，层结不稳定时，在背风波和水平温度梯度（地表性状不同）的共同作用下，在地形边界处易形成局地环流；除迎风坡空气抬升和背风坡引起上升运动外，还有地形加热引起的上升运动，它们对于水汽、能量等的垂直输送起着重要作用。     

2008年初南方雨雪冰冻灾害天气的大气层结和地面特征的数值模拟

冬季的雨雪预报,尤其是冻雨的预报涉及多种尺度系统与复杂物理因素的影响。为了探讨这方面的问题,作者采用中尺度数值模式MM5对2008年初我国南方持续性雨雪、冰冻灾害天气中的1月26～29日过程做了模拟试验研究,并根据模拟结果对1月26～29日期间的水汽条件、地面特征和大气层结条件等重要环境条件进行了分析。分析指出,模拟结果能基本再现冬季这种持续性过程的降水带分布;长江或江南地区的准静止锋的存在,水汽在锋前对流层低层辐合,并沿锋面向上爬升凝结,爬升到达的高度和强水汽带的宽度与观测基本一致。模式还能再现有利于冻雨产生的层结条件,包括中层冻结层、暖层、逆温层和地面温度0℃线的位置;研究指出,利用模式输出的层结、地面条件以及降水状况可以大致得到冻雨可能发生的范围。     

二维海陆风环流的数值研究

本文对Nickerson的中尺度模式作了一些修改,加入了地表热量平衡方程和一个13层的土壤层模式,并对Therry等的行星边界层参数化形式作了调整.使之较好地模拟出太阳辐射和地表温度的日变化.对不同地形、纬度和夏、冬季海陆风的模拟表明,本模式具有较强的海陆风模拟能力.     

河南省2005年7月22日大暴雨过程数值模拟与诊断分析

利用MM5V3.6版中尺度非静力模式,对2005年5号台风海棠减弱为低压倒槽后于7月22日在河南造成的大暴雨天气进行数值模拟和诊断分析,结果表明:强降水发生前大暴雨区上空深厚湿层和不稳定层结已经形成;在高低层同时出现的正负涡度柱、散度柱耦合结构及其互耦配置和剧烈的上升运动,导致不稳定能量快速释放,产生大暴雨。     

混合层厚度、风速和稳定度对地面SO2浓度分布影响的数值试验

利用Euler平流扩散方程和K模式闭合方案的数值解,讨论了混合层厚度、风速和稳定度3因子对银川市冬季地面SO₂浓度分布的影响。结果表明,在极不稳定层结(A级)下混合层厚度增加250m时能使地面SO₂浓度减少40%～75%,而在稳定层结下混合层厚度增加200m时仅减少20%的浓度;而当混合层厚度和风速分别增加250m和3.8m·s^-1、层结由稳定(F)变为极端不稳定(A),并且当混合层最大厚度和最大风速分别限制在650m和4m·s^-1时,老城西部地面浓度减少了90%,稀释效应最显着。     

河南省2005年7月22日大暴雨过程数值模拟与诊断分析

利用MM5V3.6版中尺度非静力模式,对2005年5号台风海棠减弱为低压倒槽后于7月22日在河南造成的大暴雨天气进行数值模拟和诊断分析,结果表明:强降水发生前大暴雨区上空深厚湿层和不稳定层结已经形成;在高低层同时出现的正负涡度柱、散度柱耦合结构及其互耦配置和剧烈的上升运动,导致不稳定能量快速释放,产生大暴雨.     

采用隐式立方样条计算平流过程的数值模式及理想实验

本文介绍了一种用隐式立方样条求解平流方程的数值方法,并从理论上对其无条件稳定性进行了证明,在此基础上建立了一个在地形坐标系下的两维原始方程模式,模式在行星边界层参数化中引入了湍流动能方程,在模式顶部引入了吸收层.数值实验表明:模式有较好的计算稳定性,对较高的模式水平分辨率和复杂地形均有较强的适应能力;对复杂地形和下垫面非均匀热源条件下中尺度系统的模拟能获得合理的结果,并具有较高的精确度.     

The water-bearing numerical model and its operational forecasting experiments part I: the water-bearing numerical model

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Retrieval of Atmospheric and Oceanic Parameters and the Relevant Numerical Calculation

It is well known that retrieval of parameters is usually ill-posed and highly nonlinear, so parameter retrieval problems are very difficult. There are still many important theoretical issues under research, although great success has been achieved in data assimilation in meteorology and oceanography. This paper reviews the recent research on parameter retrieval, especially that of the authors. First, some concepts and issues of parameter retrieval are introduced and the state-of-the-art parameter retrieval technology in meteorology and oceanography is reviewed briefly, and then atmospheric and oceanic parameters are retrieved using the variational data assimilation method combined with the regularization techniques in four examples： retrieval of the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient; of the turbulivity of the atmospheric boundary layer; of wind from Doppler radar data, and of the physical process parameters. Model parameter retrieval with global and local observations is also introduced.     

气旋形成与扰动发展机理的数值试验

应用六层全隐式原始方程模式,对地面气旋形成与扰动发展的机制进行了数值试验. 首先,构造了接近实际的理想带状温压场和相应的扰动场.试验表明在带状环流上如果在低空加上一个类似锋区的扰动,便会有锋面气旋很快地发展起来,并逐渐趋于锢囚阶段,和实际大气的锋面气旋生命史很相似.但若扰动在对流层中层,则地面气旋形成过程较慢,强度也弱.如果初始扰动位于对流层高层,则地面形成的气旋在结构上和切断低压类似,不像锋面气旋.     

High-resolution numerical simulation of the Pacific Ocean

The present study developed Pacific Ocean models from the Research Institute for Applied Mechanics Ocean Model (RIAMOM) with very high horizontal (1/6° and 1/12°) and vertical (70 levels) resolutions. The hydrographic features of the simulations show good agreement with observed climatological features. Solution differences between the 1/6° and 1/12° models are small for general features of various physical components, but large for eddy fields and the strengths of western boundary currents and their extensions. However, the two high-resolution models show realistic climatological features of Pacific Ocean circulation patterns. Volume transports through major straits in the northwestern Pacific Ocean were also simulated and compared with previous observational results.     

A numerical experiment of cyclogenesis and the development of disturbances

A numerical experiment has been carried out to study the mechanism of cyclogenesis and the develop-ment of disturbances. First, an idealized field of temperature and pressure is designed, which is very similar to the actual synoptic situation, consisting of the jet-like zonal circulation with some nonzonal waves superim-posed on it. Prediction is made by using a six-level splitting primitive model with the idealized field as an initial one. The results show that if a disturbance like a frontal zone in the lower troposphere is superim-posed on the zonal circulation, a frontal cyclone will quickly develop and then gradually become an oc-cluded one. Its life cycle is similar to that of the actual frontal cyclone on the synoptic map. However, if there is a disturbance superimposed on the zonal circulation in the middle troposphere, the cyclone with weaker intensity will be slowly formed near the surface. Finally, if the initial disturbance is located at the high-level, a situation like a cut-off low rather than a frontal cyclone will develop.     

A two-dimensional and steady-state numerical model of the planetary boundary layer

In this paper, a two-dimensional and steady-state numerical model of the planetary boundary layer is developed. It includes the horizontal deformation of the eddy exchange coefficients and horizontal turbulence exchange. The difference between the structure of the heat island and cold island is analysed using this model.     

Modification of fronts by the Alps: Simulations and numerical experimentation

Summary An isentropic limited area model is used to simulate and investigate the frontal passages of 3 May and 8 October 1987. It is demonstrated that a southward outbreak of air with high potential vorticity on 3 May 1987 affected the propagation of the front to the north of the Alps and the related formation of an orographic jet. Moreover, the outbreak plays a crucial role in the genesis of a lee cyclone. On the other hand, no such outbreak occurred on 8 October 1987 and it is shown that the propagation of the front near the ground was hardly affected by the flow at upper levels.With 10 Figures     

Dynamic and Numerical Study of Waves in the Tibetan Plateau Vortex简

In terms of its dynamics, The Tibetan Plateau Vortex （TPV） is assumed to be a vortex in the botmdary layer forced by diabatic heating and friction. In order to analyze the basic characteristics of waves in the vortex, the governing equations for the vortex were established in column coordinates with the balance of gradient wind. Based on this, the type of mixed waves and their dispersion characteristics were deduced by solving the linear model. Two numerical simulations with triple-nested domains--one idealized large-eddy simulation and one of a TPV that took place on 14 August 2006---were also carried out. The aim of the simulations was to validate the mixed wave deduced from the governing equations. The high-resolution model output data were analyzed and the results showed that the tangential flow field of the TPV in the form of center heating was cyclonic and convergent in the lower levels and anticyclonic and divergent in the upper levels. The simulations also showed that the vorticity of the vortex is uneven and might have shear flow along the radial direction. The changing vorticity causes the formation and spreading of vortex Rossby （VR） waves, and divergence will cause changes to the n~otion of the excitation and evolution of inertial gravity （IG） waves. Therefore, the vortex may contain what we call mixed ：inertial gravity-vortex Rossby （IG-VR） waves. It is suggested that some strongly developed TPVs should be studied in the future, because of their effects on weather in downstream areas.     

数值天气预报中的不一致性问题综述

近年来随着数值天气预报的不断发展,数值天气预报中出现了一个新的值得注意的问题:预报不一致性,即连续多次预报中,前后两次预报所做出的预报结果之间差异较大的现象。本文较系统地概述了这一问题,总结了预报不一致性的概念、定量分析方法、产生的可能原因及其与预报误差的关系等方面的研究成果。目前预报不一致性的定量分析方法还较少,其适用性和客观性等还需进一步研究。在预报不一致性产生的原因方面,现有的研究仅限于理论上的简要分析,初始误差和模式误差在预报不一致性形成过程中的具体作用等尚不清楚。最后阐述了在预报不一致性研究中存在的一些问题及可能的研究方向。