近50年阳泉气温时空变化特征

本文就近50年来(1955～2000)阳泉逐月平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温、02时平均气温、14时平均气温5个序列进行了深入细致的诊断分析.结果表明阳泉气温呈非连续的增暖趋势,线性变化约为0.24℃·(10a)-1,90年代较50年代上升了约0.9℃.1985年是一个突变点,这以后增温极为明显.夜间气温增温幅度高于白天增温幅度,冬季气温增温幅度高于夏季增温幅度,表现出明显的不对称性.     

汉中盆地近45年气温变化特征

运用统计诊断方法分析了汉中盆地近45 a平均气温距平的年、季、地域变化特征。结果表明,汉中盆地的年平均气温总体呈上升趋势,上升率为0.1oC/10 a;汉中盆地的增暖幅度小于我国的气温增暖幅度;汉中盆地增温在90年代以后非常明显,增温幅度达0.66oC/10 a,高于全国同期均值。四季气温增暖幅度在不同年代差异很大。盆地内不同地域增温幅度也不相同。通过分析汉中盆地气温变化规律,为短期气候预测和农业生产提供了一定的理论依据。     

20世纪80～90年代我国气候增暖进程的统计事实

运用统计诊断方法分析了近50年来我国年平均及四季的气温变化特征，重点研究了20世纪90年代和80年代气温变化的主要差异及其增暖进程。结果表明，我国年平均气温是呈上升趋势的，但80年代以前年代际变化并不明显, 升温幅度不大。我国气候增暖始于20世纪80年代后期，90年代增暖加速，急剧增暖的主要原因是长江流域以南地区经历了由偏冷向偏暖的趋势转变。我国四季气温变化趋势在80～90年代增暖的进程中存在明显差异:其中冬季增暖开始时间最早、幅度最大、持续时间最长；90年代我国气候增暖急剧加速，其原因除了冬季气温持续攀升作用外，春、夏、秋季气温上升, 特别是春、夏季增暖幅度的加大增暖区域的显著扩展也起到很重要的作用。     

库尔勒1959-2008年冬季气温及负积温变化特征

利用库尔勒市近50a冬季逐日气温资料,分析了库尔勒冬季日平均气温、最低气温、负积温以及低温持续日数的变化趋势和特征,结果表明：库尔勒冬季平均气温自1985年开始发生增暖突变,最低气温、极端最低气温均在波动中逐渐上升,冬季增温主要体现在最低气温和2月平均气温的显著偏高,冬季气温最暖阶段在20世纪90年代;冬季负积温增暖变化早于冬季气温,冬季≤0℃低温持续日数明显减少,但近8a冬季≤-15℃的低温寒冷日数较20世纪80、90年代有明显增加,从而导致近8a负积温绝对值的增加。     

黑龙江气候变暖的时空变化特征

进入80年代以来，黑龙江气温明显变暖，近120年来年平均气温上升1.4℃，春季次之，气温突变在1990年前后，从年、各季平均气温变化趋势与全国北半球及全球气温变化进行比较，年及冬季我国增暖中心在黑龙江，春季增暖中心在内蒙古北部及黑龙江省；夏秋增暖不明显，但仍有上升趋势，近50年来，50～70年代黑龙江省及全国各大区域普遍增暖不明显，80年代开始黑龙江省增暖明显，三北地区次之，90年代黑龙江增暖更加明显，而全国及其他区域上升已达到80年代北方增温幅度，这里从黑龙江变暖的事实，突变时间，与全球、北半球、全国区域的气温及雪盖海温变化关系来揭示黑龙江气候变化的时空特点。     

近50年恩施市气温与浅层地温变化特征及其相关性分析

本文利用恩施市1966～2016年近50年的年平均气温、0～20cm平均地温资料,采用线性倾向估计、统计回归、Mann-Kendall等方法对恩施市年均气温和各层地温的年代际变化、季节变化、突变情况、地气温差变化等进行了研究分析。结果表明:恩施市近50年平均气温和各层地温总体呈显著性上升趋势;年均气温和地温的年代际平均阶段性特征明显,1966～1996年,气温和地温呈下降趋势,从1997年开始,气温和地温呈明显增暖趋势,2006～2016年年均气温和地温是近50年中最暖的10年。恩施市1966年到1980年代初期,气温和地温多波动,从1980年代初到2000年代初,平均气温和各层地温均呈现出明显变冷的趋势,地温变冷趋势更加明显;年均气温在1998年突变为增暖趋势,且近10年增暖趋势十分显著,而各层地温突变为增暖趋势是在2001年,较年均气温晚三年。各层地温与气温的季节变化趋势具有较好的一致性,气温和各层地温从1966～2016年升温幅度在春季最明显,夏季最不明显;春季平均气温较各层地温的升温速率均偏小,夏季平均气温和各层地温有增温趋势,但增温趋势不显著,秋季和冬季,土壤深度越深,气候倾向率越小,增温趋势越不显著。近50年恩施市地气温差为正,除0cm地气温差呈增大趋势外,5～20cm地气温差均呈减小趋势,且随着土壤深度的增加,地气温差减小的幅度越大。      

1961—2010年饶平气温的变化特征分析

利用饶平1961—2010年气温资料,通过线性拟合、M-K突变分析、小波分析等方法,对饶平近50年气温变化进行特征分析。结果表明：近50年饶平气温显著上升,增温速率为0.017 6℃/年,在1995年发生增温性突变,突变前后平均上升0.7℃。近50年秋冬季增温速率明显大于春夏季;冬季在20世纪80年代末发生突变,其他季节都在20世纪90年代发生突变;秋冬季突变前后增温大于春夏季。气候变暖对饶平极端气温及高温（低温）日数的影响：高温日数在1994年发生增加性突变,近50年来呈显著增加趋势,其中进入21世纪以来高温日数明显增多;低温日数在1983年发生减少性突变,极端最低气温呈显著上升趋势。小波分析得出饶平年平均气温在不同时段存在准6、13、20、28年年际变化周期。     

近45年哈密地区温度变化特征

利用1961-2005年近45年哈密地区6个站点的观测资料,分析了该地区的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和平均日较差、炎热日以及寒冷日的年际、年代际的变化特征,同时对降水、云量等要素也进行了分析,揭示其与哈密地区温度变化的可能关系。结果表明,近45年来哈密地区气候显著增暖,平均气温在夏季增暖幅度最大,春季最弱。1990年代以后增暖趋势表现最明显,21世纪以来增幅最大。与平均气温变化趋势相一致,最高温度和最低温度也呈显著升高趋势,其中最低温度的升高幅度远大于最高温度和平均气温的升高幅度。哈密地区近45年平均日较差显著减小,这主要是因为最低气温的升高幅度大于最高气温的升高幅度。在全球增暖背景下,哈密地区的炎热日数显著增加,而寒冷日数显著减少。个别站的气温增温不明显,这与局地的降水、云量增加,日照减少有一定关系。此外,哈密地区冬季平均气温在1980年代中后期有一次明显的突变,突变时间晚于新疆其他地区5~6年左右,表明气候突变在不同地区会有不同的表现。     

1901-2007年澳门地面气温变化的分析

 利用澳门的气温观测资料, 分析了澳门1901-2007年地面气温变化的基本特征。结果表明：近107 a的升温率为0.066℃/10a, 明显低于全球平均升温率。季节平均气温的年代际变化有明显的季节差异,最大的增暖发生在春季和冬季,夏季的增暖最小;冬、夏季的变化分别有明显的时间尺度约为60 a和30 a的振动。年平均最高气温的升温率仅为最低气温的一半左右。最高气温的年代际变化呈缓慢的气候波动现象,20世纪80年代中期以后的升幅与历史上的增暖大致相当;最低气温近20多年来的增暖趋势可能是其长期（变暖）趋势的延续。年平均日较差整体来说是趋于减少的,但近30 a却趋于增加。     

1961—2010年锡林郭勒盟极端气温事件变化分析

根据1961—2010年锡林郭勒盟的平均气温及逐日最高、最低气温资料,详细分析了年平均气温、年季平均最高、最低气温以及极端气温的变化规律和特点。结果表明:锡林郭勒盟的年平均气温与全国同步,呈显著上升趋势;年平均最高、最低气温都呈增温趋势,季平均最高、最低气温的变化存在较大的季节性差异,冬季和秋季的增暖趋势异常明显,日较差整体呈现减小趋势;高温日数呈上升趋势,低温日数均呈下降趋势。     

TEMPERATURE,RAINFALL VARIATIONS AND THEIR ANOMALIES OVER CHINA UNDER THE COLD-WARM BACKGROUND IN THE 20TH CENTURY

In this study,the climate trend of the annual average air temperature and total annual rainfall inChina in the present century has been examined.It is noted that in the Northwest,the Northeast andNorth China the climate has become notably warmer this century but the rainfall trend has not beenevident,mainly negative.In the 1980s China's rainfall and temperature showed noticeable regionalfeatures: warm and dry in North China,cold and dry in the Southwest,warm and wet in theNortheast,cold and wet in the middle-lower reaches of the Changjiang River.Besides,the fourinterdecadal climate change features and ranges of this century have been studied.It is found that onthe scale of several decades there was considerably less rainfall in the most part of China in the warmbackground than in the cold background.The increase of temperature which started from the 1970smainly happened in the Northwest and Northeast,while to the south of the Huanghe River thetemperature increase did not even as great as in 1940s.The corresponding rainfall feature is that mostareas experienced much less rainfall except the area to the south of the Huanghe River and over theChangjiang and Huaihe River basin.     

TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL VARIATIONS AND THEIR ANOMALIES OVER CHINA UNDER THE COLD-WARM BACKGROUND IN THE 20TH CENTURY*

In this study,the climate trend of the annual average air temperature and total annual rainfall in China in the present century has been examined.It is noted that in the Northwest,the Northeast and North China the climate has become notably warmer this century but the rainfall trend has not been evident,mainly negative.In the 1980s China's rainfall and temperature showed noticeable regional features:warm and dry in North China,cold and dry in the Southwest,warm and wet in the Northeast,cold and wet in the middle-lower reaches of the Changjiang River.Besides,the four interdecadal climate change features and ranges of this century have been studied.It is found that on the scale of several decades there was considerably less rainfall in the most part of China in the warm background than in the cold background.The increase of temperature which started from the 1970s mainly happened in the Northwest and Northeast,while to the south of the Huanghe River the temperature increase did not even as great as in 1940s.The corresponding rainfall feature is that most areas experienced much less rainfall except the area to the south of the Huanghe River and over the Changjiang and Huaihe River basin.     

中国近100年来4个年代际的气候变化特征

研究了本世纪中国年平均气温、年总降水量的气候趋势。指出，２０世纪中国西北、东北、华北明显变暖；降水趋势值不大，但以负趋势为主。２０世纪８０年代中国降水、气温的区域特征明显：华北暖干、西南冷干、东北暖略偏湿、长江中下游冷湿。此外，还研究了２０世纪４个年代际的气候变化特征及差异。指出，在数十年尺度的暖背景下，中国的华北、长江下游等大部分地区降水偏少（比冷背景），东北降水偏多。２０世纪７０年代开始的增暖主要发生在西北、东北；黄河以南的增温还达不到４０年代的程度。相应的降水特征：除了黄河以南及江淮流域降水比４０年代多以外，其它大部分地区降水偏少。     

哈尔滨气温的长期变化及基本态特征

利用1881—2009年的气温观测资料,研究了哈尔滨年及四季平均气温的气候基本态和气候变率特征。结果表明,20世纪80年代以来哈尔滨夏季气温变化的异常程度显著增加。在冬季,近期哈尔滨气温处于暖背景及小变率的时段,反映了哈尔滨很长时间内大多数年份还将维持暖冬天气。近49年哈尔滨平均气温、平均最高(低)气温和平均日较差的时间变化特征显示,哈尔滨的年及四季平均气温都呈上升趋势,冬季增暖幅度最大;最高(低)气温变化趋势与平均气温一致,但无论年及四季,平均最高气温的变化速率都小于平均气温,平均最低气温的变化速率都大于平均气温。     

The characteristics of climate change over the Tibetan Plateau in the last 40 years and the detection of climatic jumps

Through analyzing the yearly average data obtained from 123 regular meteorological observatorieslocated in the Tibetan Plateau (T-P), this article studies the characteristics of climate change in T-P inthe last 40 years. From the distribution of the linear trend, it can be concluded that the southeasternpart of T-P becomes warmer and wetter, with an obvious increase of rainfall. The same characteristicsare found in the southwestern part of T-P, but the shift is smaller. In the middle of T-P, temperature andhumidity obviously increase with the center of the increase in Bangoin-Amdo. The south of the TarimBasin also exhibits the same tendency. The reason for this area being humid is that it gets less sunshineand milder wind. The northeastern part of T-P turns warmer and drier. Qaidam Basin and its westernand southern areas are the center of this shift, in which the living environment is deteriorating. Analyzingthe characteristics of the regional average time series, it can be found that in the mid-1970s, a significantsudden change occurred to annual rainfall, yearly average snow-accumulation days and surface pressurein the eastern part of T-P. In the mid-1980s, another evident climatic jump happened to yearly averagetemperature, total cloud amount, surface pressure, relative humidity, and sunshine duration in the samearea. That is, in the mid 1980s, the plateau experienced a climatic jump that is featured by the increase oftemperature, snow-accumulation days, relative humidity, surface pressure, and by the decrease of sunshineduration and total cloud amount. The sudden climatic change of temperature in T-P is later than that ofthe global-mean temperature. From this paper it can be seen that in the middle of the 1980s, a climaticjump from warm-dry to warm-wet occurred in T-P.     

区域气候模式CWRF对我国极端温度时空变化的模拟评估

基于中国均一化气温数据集CN05.1的观测数据,结合暖昼指数（TX90）、冷昼指数（TX10）、暖夜指数（TN90）、冷夜指数（TN10）、暖日持续指数（WSDI）和冷日持续指数（CSDI）6个极端温度指数,从气候平均、概率分布、年际变率和年际趋势方面,系统评估区域气候模式（Climate–Weather Research and Forecasting model, CWRF）对1980～2015年间我国极端温度指数区域分布和年际变化的模拟能力,为改进并利用模式研究我国未来区域极端温度的预测提供科学依据。结果显示:观测的冷暖指数在北方的年际变率幅度高于南方,其中暖指数在我国大部分地区为增暖趋势,冷指数在北方地区的变冷趋势显著,尤其暖夜增暖、冷夜变冷,极端暖事件（WSDI）的持续性比冷事件（CSDI）显著。CWRF模式较好再现了极端温度指数的年均分布和年际变化趋势特征,尤其对暖日和冷日持续指数的模拟优势显著,但仍存在系统性的区域偏差,如低估暖昼和冷夜的极值强度;对华东地区暖（冷）指数变暖（冷）的趋势存在低（高）估;尤其是低估青藏高原地区暖、冷指数的强度,并且高估其暖昼变冷、暖夜变暖的年际变化趋势。因此,该模式对华东及高原地区极端温度的强度和年际变率的模拟仍亟需改善。     

Climate change features along the Brahmaputra Valley in the past 26 years and possible causes

Through analyzing the changes of averaged temperature and precipitation along the Brahmaputra Valley from 1980 to 2005, and investigating the correlation between atmospheric circulation indices and these changes, the respondence of the Brahmaputra Valley to the global warming had been analyzed in this paper. It is found that the Brahmaputra Valley climate became warmer and wetter from 1980 to 2005, and the change magnitude is higher than that over the whole Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, the respondence of the Brahmaputra valley to the global warming is more evident than that of the whole plateau during the period. The relationship between atmospheric circulation indices and the regional climate change is significant. When North Atlantic Oscillation index is higher in summer, the climate of the Brahmaputra Valley becomes warmer and dryer; vice versa. When South Oscillation index is higher, it becomes warmer and wetter; vice versa.Worthy of note, the results in this study only emphasize some evidence of change in temperature and precipitation over the Brahmaputra Valley during 1980–2005.     

Torneträsk tree-ring width and density ad 500–2004: a test of climatic sensitivity and a new 1500-year reconstruction of north Fennoscandian summers

This paper presents updated tree-ring width (TRW) and maximum density (MXD) from Torneträsk in northern Sweden, now covering the period ad 500–2004. By including data from relatively young trees for the most recent period, a previously noted decline in recent MXD is eliminated. Non-climatological growth trends in the data are removed using Regional Curve Standardization (RCS), thus producing TRW and MXD chronologies with preserved low-frequency variability. The chronologies are calibrated using local and regional instrumental climate records. A bootstrapped response function analysis using regional climate data shows that tree growth is forced by April–August temperatures and that the regression weights for MXD are much stronger than for TRW. The robustness of the reconstruction equation is verified by independent temperature data and shows that 63–64% of the instrumental inter-annual variation is captured by the tree-ring data. This is a significant improvement compared to previously published reconstructions based on tree-ring data from Torneträsk. A divergence phenomenon around ad 1800, expressed as an increase in TRW that is not paralleled by temperature and MXD, is most likely an effect of major changes in the density of the pine population at this northern tree-line site. The bias introduced by this TRW phenomenon is assessed by producing a summer temperature reconstruction based on MXD exclusively. The new data show generally higher temperature estimates than previous reconstructions based on Torneträsk tree-ring data. The late-twentieth century, however, is not exceptionally warm in the new record: On decadal-to-centennial timescales, periods around ad 750, 1000, 1400, and 1750 were equally warm, or warmer. The 200-year long warm period centered on ad 1000 was significantly warmer than the late-twentieth century (p < 0.05) and is supported by other local and regional paleoclimate data. The new tree-ring evidence from Torneträsk suggests that this “Medieval Warm Period” in northern Fennoscandia was much warmer than previously recognized.     

天津滨海区50年局地气候变化特征

利用1951～2000年天津滨海新区的气象资料，分析了50年来气温、降水、日照的变化特征，结果显示天津滨海新区年、冬季、夏季气温均呈上升趋势，20世纪50～80年代冬季增温强于夏季，90年代则夏季升温最为明显；降水总体趋势下降，90年代降到50年来的最小值；年平均日照时数也呈总体下降趋势，90年代下降最为显著。表明天津滨海新区气候正在趋向变暖，特别是近10年来气温急剧升高，降水量锐减、日照时数明显减少，使得高温、干旱、少日照成为天津滨海新区气候的突出问题。     

陆地上爆发性温带气旋的暖锋后弯结构分析

温带气旋的暖锋后弯是20世纪80年代末从北大西洋爆发性气旋现场科学试验中发现的一个重要科学成果, 修正了 经典温带锋面气旋模式中锢囚锋的概念。在地球同步卫星云图上, 经常可以观测到欧亚大陆的气旋云系也存在与暖锋后弯 非常类似的演变过程。利用常规的高空、地面观测, NCEP的1°×1°再分析场和FY-2E 水汽图像等资料, 通过分析2012年5 月11-14日一次蒙古气旋强烈发展的结构特征, 揭示了在内陆地区温带气旋发展过程中若暖锋锋区增强而冷锋锋区减弱, 则 该类气旋也存在暖锋后弯和暖核被隔离的事实。分析结果还表明该类蒙古气旋中暖核强度虽不如海洋爆发性气旋, 但其厚 度可伸展到600hPa,在对流层低层850hPa低压中心附近不仅有暖核, 而且存在与暖核近乎重合的干中心, 但干暖中心与气 旋中心并不重合。另外, 单站探空及垂直剖面的分析显示, 在后弯的暖锋锋区附近存在强的湿上升运动, 干暖核内以干空气 和下沉运动为主, 在边界层内后弯暖锋锋区比冷锋锋区强;在冷锋后部的干输送带中对流层中高层锋区明显, 且总体上相对 湿度较小、上升运动微弱, 最显着的干区位于锋区上方下沉的暖空气中。