气象卫星

气象卫星是通过其携带的仪器装置进行气象观测和气象通信的卫星,目前有两个基本的类型：极轨气象卫星和静止气象卫星。极轨气象卫星是近极地太阳同步轨道卫星的简称。它对地球的观测,南北方向靠卫星在轨道上的运行完成,东西方向靠卫星上仪器横向扫描完成;而一圈接着一圈村地球的观测,则是通过地球的自转逐步实现的,一颗极轨卫星12小时可观测全球一遍,两颗星正交配置（卫星轨道平面互成90度正交状态）则6小时可观测地球一遍。静止气象卫星是对地球相对静止轨道卫星的简称,静止气象卫星位于地球赤道近36000km的上空,自西向东,以同地…     

气象卫星

气象卫星也是一种观测工具,分为静止卫星和极地轨道卫星两种。在赤道上空均匀地安放五个静止卫星,就可以固定地监视50°S～50°N间的气象变化。极轨卫星通过极地附近上空的轨道绕地飞行。一个卫星每天经过同一地点上空两次,一对卫星每日经过同一地上空四次。     

气象卫星资料

气象卫星资料确实给热带气象引起了深刻的变化。在较高纬度上(可译:在中、高纬度),卫星云图没有给人们带来巨大的令人惊奇的变化。因为与锋面和温带气旋相联系的典型云型的分布从相当稠密的地面观测网中已经确定了。卫星资料进一步证实了早期的极锋概念,修改不大。相反,在热带地区,卫星云图资料大大地增加了我们对主要云系的认识(即它们的发展、运动、典型分布等等)。这些资料,对紧迫需要了解的,有关云的分布与环流型的关系的研究,提供了坚实的基础。(待续)     

漫谈气象卫星

自从1957年10月苏联首先成功地发射第一颗人造地球卫星以来,到1983年底,全世界已发射3041颗人造天体(包括载人宇宙飞船、飞行探测器等).万里长空数以千计的卫星,按其构造及用途可分为下述几种: 科学研究卫星:用于天文学和高能物理中,对于进行中、长期地震预报、天体观测、洲际导弹的发射航测等,都有实用的意义. 天文观测卫星:对研究天体和太阳系的     

气象卫星云图

1981年1月26日14时GMS—1可见光云图。图中AB是一条由层状云组成的静止锋云系,范围大,边界整齐,纹理均匀,色调白亮。由于北方冷空气向南扩散,造成江南大范围阴雨冰凌天气。     

气象卫星云图

1982年3月2日06时GMS—2可见光云图:西北太平洋上有一成熟的温带气旋,其西侧洋面出现大范围细胞状云糸,是冷空气平流到暖洋面上产生对流混合造成的。一条条细积云线的方向,可以代表大气低层气流的走向。A为气旋中心,B处为气流过济州岛后绕流产生的一串中小尺度涡旋,B′是图中方框内放大图,取自相近时刻的高分辨率NOAA—7极轨卫星云图。另外,C处可以看到鄂霍次克海海冰。     

气象卫星云图

1987年9月9日06时G MS红外云图。在西北太平洋上,同时出现了三个强台风,从左至右的顺序为:Gerald、Freda、Holly。它们都具有清晰的台风眼。圆形对称的台风云系,中心附近最大风力分别为45、50、60m·S~(-1),中心最低气压为955、945、905hPa。三个强台风同时     

Radiation transfer in finite cylindrical clouds

Summary An analytical method is developed for determining radiation transport in finite cylindrical clouds. The cylindrical form is taken as the idealized shape of cumulus clouds. In the shortwave part of the spectrum illumination by the direct solar beam is considered. In the infrared the cloud's emission as well as the radiation emitted by an underlying ground is taken into account. Numerical computations are carried out to illustrate the applicability of the technique developed in the present study. For a cloud in an absorbing midlatitude summer atmosphere results are shown for the shortwave region including spectral integration. Cloud transmission and albedo are presented as a function of solar zenith angle and as a function of the cloud's dimensions. The results are in agreement with published results from Monte Carlo calculations as far as a comparison is possible. Vertical profiles of the solar heating rate in the cylindrical cloud indicate the effect of the cloud's finite dimensions. Similarity as well as differences are found from comparison with results obtained for a cuboidal cloud from a finite analytical model that was tested successfully against Monte Carlo calculations.With 5 Figures     

SVD方法在气象场诊断分析中的普适性

本文首次从理论上推导证明两个气象场的奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）在气象场时空分布耦合信号的诊断分析中具有普适性。结果表明，两个场的ＳＶＤ求解准则不同于典型相关分析（ＣＣＡ），且ＣＣＡ模型可视为ＳＶＤ之特例，尤其当各个场经ＰＣＡ滤波后，其ＣＣＡ完全与ＳＶＤ等价。ＳＶＤ分析的结果不但可完全代替ＣＣＡ，且计算更简便，所得耦合信号的物理解释更清晰，特别适合于大尺度气象场的遥相关型研究。     

从实测径流看华北地区水资源

简述了华北地区主要河流水系（滦河、海河、黄河中下游）地表水的现状,地重要径流控制站的年均径流量作了年代际的统计分析。结果表明：降水随年代际有升有降,径流也随着降水的起伏而变化,但是径流与降水的区别在于７０年代之后充随年代际的递减趋势十分明显。     

沙坡头人工植被区和流动沙丘上热量平衡观测研究

采用流动沙丘上人工植被和裸露流动沙丘下垫面近地层微气象实测资料，应用波文比法，计算了近地层感热和潜热通量＾２），并与作者在防风林干旱裸田和湿润小麦植被农田的结果进行比较分析。结果表明：在雨季的沙坡头地区流动沙丘人工植被上净辐射通量较强，可达６００Ｗ。ｍ＾－２以上，而净辐射的７０％左右的能量用于地表的蒸散，而感热散失和土壤贮存能量各占１５％左右；裸露流动沙丘上由于地表反射率大而净辐射通量小于植被区，     

春季格陵兰海冰与夏季中国气温和降水的关系

采有英国Hadley中心的GISST海冰面积资料，NCFP／NCAR再分析资料以及中国160站气温和降水资料，分析了春季格陵兰海冰面积与夏季中国区域气温和降水的关系。初步研究表明，春季格陵兰海冰面积变化和随后夏季我国黄河长江中下游之间地区气温以及8月份华北和西南地区降水呈明显正相关，而和6月黄河中上游地区降水则具有明显的负相关。同时，春季格陵兰海冰异常时期对应着北半球大气环流的明显主为化，表明海冰与我国气温及降水之间的联系具有一定的环流背景。     

一种电费管理系统的设计与实现

针对供电部门所辖范围内的用户,开发出一种能完成电费管理、信息管理等功能的综合管理系统.该电费管理系统采用B/S模式(浏览器/服务器模式),面向对象语言Java作为编程开发语言,动态网页采用JSP技术来制作,网络数据库则使用MySQL,同时采用JDBC接口连接MySQL数据库,Tomcat作为Web服务器,集成开发环境选择MyEclipse6.6.该系统可以较大地降低电力部门的管理成本,减轻供电系统日常管理的压力.     

Drought assessment for the potential of precipitation enhancement in northern Greece

The paper is part of a series earlier studies in which the precipitation enhancement potential in central and northern Greece is assessed. A drought analysis is performed in this study. In particular, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is used for the quantitative estimation of droughts on a monthly basis. Emphasis is placed on drought identification and estimation as well as the severity and areal extent of the phenomenon. The results indicate that there are several drought periods which are common to all stations in central and northern Greece, characterized by significant severity and time duration. There are also a large number of drought periods during the summer months as well as during the winter months.With 7 Figures     

Food system sustainability: Questions of environmental governance in the new world (dis)order

In a time of climate emergency, the question of environmental governance is not only critical, but also epistemic. How ‘environment’ is represented is as critical as how environmental crisis is managed. This essay addresses a debate of this kind by considering the complementary and contradictory relations between the concepts of ‘multi-functionality’ and ‘food sovereignty,’ as they define the global landscape. The juxtaposition of these concepts and their practical implications for political economy and ecology has its formative origins in a European-led debate over the role of agriculture, as a critical dimension of environmental governance. In this chapter I examine this debate as posing questions with broader, global significance.     

内蒙古高原中部主要气候因子及地表覆盖对沙尘暴影响分析

通过对内蒙古中部不同地表覆盖类型和土地利用方式下降水、气温、0 cm地温等气候因子和地表植被对沙尘暴频率和强度的影响分析, 认为:气温、降水等气候因子与地表植被覆盖对沙尘暴频率和强度的影响不具有普遍性, 降水影响相对明显, 地表植被覆盖的影响仅在农牧交错区和牧区草甸草原亚区表现明显。通过防治荒漠化来减少沙尘暴的危害需要因地制宜, 农牧交错区应该是植被恢复的重点区域。     

Heat budget of the upper Arctic Ocean under a warming climate

The heat budget of the upper Arctic Ocean is examined in an ensemble of coupled climate models under idealised increasing CO₂ scenarios. All of the experiments show a strong amplification of surface air temperatures but a smaller increase in sea surface temperature than the rest of the world as heat is lost to the atmosphere as the sea-ice cover is reduced. We carry out a heat budget analysis of the Arctic Ocean in an ensemble of model runs to understand the changes that occur as the Arctic becomes ice free in summer. We find that as sea-ice retreats heat is lost from the ocean surface to the atmosphere contributing to the amplification of Arctic surface temperatures. Furthermore, heat is mixed upwards into the mixed layer as a result of increased upper ocean mixing and there is increased advection of heat into the Arctic as the ice edge retreats. Heat lost from the upper Arctic Ocean to the atmosphere is therefore replenished by mixing of warmer water from below and by increased advection of warm water from lower latitudes. The ocean is therefore able to contribute more to Arctic amplification.