2002年南海夏季风爆发期间南海北部海气通量分析与比较

基于2002年南海夏季风期间西沙海气通量观测试验, 采用梯度廓线法计算了观测期间的动量通量、潜热通量、感热通量及其相关要素, 并进行了分析与对比.结果表明: 南海夏季风爆发前后, 南海北部海气通量及其相关要素等都存在显著差异, 不同天气形势下也有较大变化; 南海北部海域在全球海气相互作用中的影响可能不如西太平洋显著; 平均而言, 三次试验的南海北部海气通量变化较小, 感热通量与潜热通量之间存在比较稳定的比例关系, 鲍恩比(Bowen Ratio)维持在大约0.05.     

利用船测近海层湍流热通量资料验证OAFlux数据集

美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WHOI)的客观分析海气通量(Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes,OAFlux)数据集中的近海层湍流热通量数据被公认为最可信,并被广泛地用于气候模式模拟结果检验。利用NOAA ETL(Environmental Technology Laboratory)两个固定观测站点的科学试验的船测通量数据库(TOGA COARE试验观测资料和KAWJEX试验观测资料),对OAFlux的热通量进行验证。结果表明:OAFlux的潜热通量普遍高于船测值,并且风速较大时,两者差异较大。风速对潜热通量的变化趋势起主导作用,海表和大气湿度差影响甚微。低风条件下,OAFlux的潜热通量和船测值差异则很小。海面湍流感热交换很弱,通量值本身依然受到风速的主导作用,但由于感热通量值与观测仪器误差十分接近,导致比较分析异常困难。分析结果表明:在上述两个观测试验期内,由于海表空气湿度和大气的湿度差变化不显著,海气相互作用的强度主要取决于海面风速的变化。     

湍流通量计算方法和误差的比较研究

近地层的风、温、湿梯度以及辐射和土壤热通量资料在过去的几十年间被广泛地用于计算陆-气感热、潜热通量.然而,不同的计算方法之间存在一些差异,随意的选用可能会造成计算结果存在较大的误差.文中利用绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验的2005年6月甘肃金塔绿洲中部观测资料,在分析了观测期间近地层微气象特征的基础上,对鲍恩比法、空气动力学法(包含两种不同计算方案)和变分法计算的绿洲农田下垫面的湍流通量进行了比较,并通过敏感性实验和理论分析探讨了不同方法间计算结果的差异和误差的来源.结果表明:不同方法计算的湍流通量特征存在明显差异.鲍恩比法从理论上满足能量平衡关系,但在昼夜交替和夜晚时出现了计算不稳定现象,因此在这些时段不适用.变分法避免了鲍恩比法计算夜间湍流通量的不稳定性,而且二者计算的白天湍流通量有较好的相关性;同时变分法由于加入了辐射和土壤热通量信息,明显改善了空气动力学法白天的能量平衡状况;变分法计算得到的潜热通量对辐射和微气象条件有较为合理的响应;对数据误差的敏感性试验表明,鲍恩比法和空气动力学法应用于绿洲下垫面上对观测误差较为敏感,而变分法相对比较稳定.进一步的分析表明,鲍恩比法在-2<β<0的范围内由于方法本身局限而适用性较差;而空气动力学方法计算结果的差异和误差来源于所应用的相似性函数.因而与鲍恩比法和空气动力学法计算的湍流通量值相比较,变分法的计算结果更加合理和稳定,在绿洲下垫面有较好的适用性.该文研究方法和结果可为这些方法的使用提供参考.     

南海夏季风期间海-气通量整体输送系数分析

利用 2 0 0 0年南海海 气通量观测资料 ,建立了南海季风期间海 气通量整体输送系数的计算公式 ;同时 ,利用2 0 0 0和 2 0 0 2年观测资料与邻近海区同类公式进行了对比试验研究。结果表明 ,使用邻近海区的同类公式计算的海 气通量的误差高于新建立公式所得结果。因此 ,开展南海海 气通量观测试验对建立适合于南海的整体输送系数的计算公式是必要的     

1998年SCSMEX期间南海夏季风海气交换的主要特征

根据1998年“南海季风试验（SCSMEX）”强化观测期间“实验3号”和“科学1号”科学考察船船基大气海洋自动观测系统两点连续观测的大气、海洋资料,使用考虑到风速和大气层结影响的整体输送公式计算海-气间的湍流通量交换。根据计算结果分析南海夏季风期间海表大气要素和海温日均值的逐日变化、海洋向大气输送的潜热通量和感热通量以及大气向海洋输送的动量通量等。结果表明：这次夏季风于5月21日从南海南部开始爆发,然后向北部扩展全面爆发。夏季风期间南海南部和南海北部的大气、海洋结构和海气交换特征等都有明显差别。此外,海表温度的变化除了与太阳总辐射有关外,主要是与海洋向大气输送的潜热通量变化有关,对本次夏季风发生较晚、强度较弱作了海-气交换的物理解释,并与1992～1993年西太平洋热带海域西风爆发过程作了比较。     

利用变分法计算西北典型干旱区地表通量的研究

利用2000年5～6月在敦煌进行的陆面过程野外观测试验加强期的观测资料,采用变分法计算了西北干旱区荒漠戈壁的地表感热通量和潜热通量,并与Bowen比能量平衡方法(简称BREB法)的结果进行了对比.结果表明:变分法由于同时应用了地表能量平衡方程和相似性廓线方程,充分利用了边界层观测资料的信息,避免了BREB法中出现在Bowen比接近于-1时产生的计算不稳定和虚假的峰值,使计算的通量结果更趋合理和稳定.同时也计算了动量和感热的总体输送系数,与已有结果比较表明也具有合理性.     

平台障碍物对海气通量观测影响的数值分析

基于计算流体动力学模型（CFD）模拟了背景风风速为2 m·s-1、4 m·s-1、6 m·s-1下通量观测平台周围的风场分布,确定了不同风速下平台障碍物对观测影响最小的风向范围。发现风速不同,平台对背景风的影响范围不同,风速越大,平台对背景风的影响越大。运用涡动相关法计算不同风向条件下的湍流通量,定量分析由于平台干扰对海气通量计算的影响,发现选取迎风条件下的数据计算得到的海气通量会比实际偏低。     

全球海洋CFC-11吸收对传输速度的敏感性

本文在中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的全球海洋模式(LICOM)中使用五个不同的海气交换的气体 传输速度公式对CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)在海洋中的分布和吸收做了模拟。讨论了不同气体传输速度的差异, 发现差异最大的两个公式得到的全球年平均传输速度相差81%。对CFC-11的海表浓度分布、海气通量、水柱总量、海水累积吸收量以及在大洋断面的垂直浓度分布进行了分析。分析结果显示, 使用Liss and Merlivat (1986) 的传输速度公式的试验在海气通量和海洋吸收总量的模拟上均小于其他试验, Nightingale et al. (2000)、Ho et al. (2006) 和Sweeney et al. (2007) 等的公式虽然全球年平均值相近, 但在高风速地区Nightingale et al. (2000) 公式的传输速度要小于后两者, 导致了使用该公式的试验模拟结果在主吸收区和存储区的强度比后二者偏小。Wanninkhof (1992) 的公式在形式上与Ho et al. (2006) 以及Sweeney et al. (2007) 的公式一致, 但在系数上存在差别, 这使得模拟的水柱总量在南大洋的分布明显好于其他试验, 尽管其最大值仍比观测资料略小。在海洋累积吸收量的计算上, 使用Wanninkhof (1992) 传输速度公式得到的模拟结果比观测资料小8%左右。计算了Liss and Merlivat (1986) 和Wanninkhof (1992) 的传输速度公式模拟的单年吸收量相对差, 其总体上一直保持持续下降的趋势, 到2007年仅为2%。从该相对差变化趋势看, 在最初的前10年, 海气CFC-11交换通量对海气交换传输速度的敏感性更强, 而在更长时间的模拟上, 海洋对CFC-11的吸收则更依赖于物理模式的通风速率。通过对CFC-11垂直断面分布的分析可知, 不同的传输速度在主要吸收区的不同导致了一定的垂直分布差异。基于本文的结果可以认为Wanninkhof (1992) 的海气气体传输速度公式更适合本模式对CFC-11的模拟。     

应用通量方差法估算戈壁绿洲下垫面湍流通量的研究

利用“绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验” 2005年绿洲、戈壁点的观测资料, 分析与讨论了温度、水汽的归一化标准差随稳定度变化的通量方差关系, 应用通量方差法对感热、 潜热通量进行了计算, 并同涡动相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。不稳定条件下, 戈壁点温度归一化标准差随稳定度变化的通量方差关系优于下垫面非均匀性更强的绿洲点, 绿洲点水汽的归一化标准差随稳定度变化的通量方差关系较温度量表现得更好。对同一站点, 归一化温度标准差的通量方差关系并不总是优于水汽的通量方差关系, 其取决于该站点的温度以及水汽的源汇分布情况; 通量方差法对两个站点的感热、 潜热通量均有较好的再现, 但戈壁点感热通量的计算效果优于非均匀性更强的绿洲点。应用通量方差法对潜热通量计算时若采用直接观测的感热通量, 则潜热通量的计算效果具有一定程度的改善。     

青岛市海雾海气通量观测及其作用初探

概述１９９３年６月下旬－７月上旬在青岛市小麦岛东侧进行的风、温、湿梯度观测。其资料经迭代计算得到了黄海北部、青岛市近海平流雾季节海气间动量、热量和水汽的通量。并对７月１—２日的一个海雾过程进行了微物理分析。     

THE SENSITIVITY TEST STUDY OF AIR-SEA SURFACE FLUX MODEL

In this article, a sensitivity test of air-sea surface flux model was carried out with the field observation data of Project “South China Sea Air-Sea Flux Measurement in 2000”. The results show that sensible heat fluxes are sensitive to observation errors, increasing the error of model calculation; In contrast, the latent heat flux and momentum flux are not as sensitive to observation errors as the sensible heat, and their calculated results are reliable. The test result also verifies…     

The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models

Backward Lagrangian stochastic models calculate particle trajectories in the atmosphere upstream of an observation point. A feature of these models is the ease with which the vertical flux contribution from surface area sources can be calculated. The flux contribution at an observation point P is found by summing the ratio of the particle vertical velocity at P to the touchdown velocity for particles which impact the ground within the source boundary.     

内蒙古半干旱草原土壤－植被－大气相互作用综合研究

为深化对中纬度半干旱草原气候-生态相互作用过程、机制及其对全球变化的响应与贡献的认识,一项名为“内蒙古半干旱草原土壤-植被-大气相互作用(IMGRASS)”的基金重大项目于1997~2001年在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原执行。IMGRASS计划在1998年草原生长季节在所选定的以典型草原为主,包括草甸草原、稀疏沙地草原等在内的中尺度试验区开展了多点、多要素的综合观测。观测内容包括土壤、植被、大气的相关要素和发生于地-气界面的潜热、感热通量,还包括N2O,CH4,CO2等微量气体交换量、辐射与降水分布。除1998年中尺度观测试验外,1999~2001年在代表性地点进行了微量气体收支、遥感和沙尘天气相关的专项观测,结合草原站已进行的长期监测资料,分析气候-生态长期相互作用,特别是人类活动干预的影响。在分析观测结果的基础上,对该地区的气候-生态相互作用进行了数值模拟研究。文章简要介绍IMGRASS计划目标和初步成果,包括:计划目标与实验区背景;半干旱草原不同地表陆气相互作用特征;浑善达克沙地及其沙尘气溶胶特征;半干旱草原温室气体收支与碳循环测量分析;人类活动干预下半干旱草原生态退化与恢复演替规律;半干旱草原的遥感测量。     

广州番禺地区草地陆气相互作用观测研究

介绍了2004年在广州番禺进行的陆气相互作用观测试验。观测研究表明:新型的超声风温仪虽然带有雨滴防护沙网, 但雨滴对超声观测的误差影响显著, 尤其是对u, w方向。雨天情况下与z/L相关系数很低, 湍流强度与稳定度不存在1/3次方关系。涡动相关法和能量平衡法计算的感热通量及潜热通量比较接近, 感热、潜热通量相关系数分别达到0.8699和0.8633, 两种方法带来的误差主要发生在近地层稳定度发生明显变化的时刻, 即在午间热通量的峰值或傍晚或晚间热通量的低值, 其中能量平衡法计算的感热、潜热普遍具有较大的正负峰值。涡动相关法计算的Q_h+Q_e普遍偏小, 与可用能量R_n-Q_g多数情况下存在能量不平衡, 说明了忽略热存储项的地表能量平衡方程的局限性。番禺夏、秋季近地层各能量具有与太阳辐射相似的日变化特征, 但夏季的潜热大于感热, 而秋季则相反。近地面二氧化碳从5—8月是一个减低过程, 尔后上升到12月份浓度最高, 总体浓度值在350×10-6~400×10-6之间变化。     

Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis

The contribution of upwind sources to measurements of vertical scalar flux density as a function of fetch (footprint) is predicted using a Markovian simulation of fluid particle trajectories. Results suggest that both footprint peak position and magnitude change dramatically with surface roughness, thermal stability and observation levels. Results also indicate that the much used 100 to 1 fetch-to-height ratio grossly underestimates fetch requirements when observations are made above smooth surfaces, in stable conditions or at high observation levels.     

Accounting for CO_2 Variability over East Asia with a Regional Joint Inversion System and Its Preliminary Evaluation

A regional surface carbon dioxide(CO_2) flux inversion system, the Tan-Tracker-Region, was developed by incorporating an assimilation scheme into the Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ) regional chemical transport model to resolve fine-scale CO_2 variability over East Asia. The proper orthogonal decomposition-based ensemble four-dimensional variational data assimilation approach(POD-4 DVar) is the core algorithm for the joint assimilation framework, and simultaneous assimilations of CO_2 concentrations and surface CO_2 fluxes are applied to help reduce the uncertainty in initial CO_2 concentrations. A persistence dynamical model was developed to describe the evolution of the surface CO_2 fluxes and help avoid the "signal-to-noise" problem; thus, CO_2 fluxes could be estimated as a whole at the model grid scale, with better use of observation information. The performance of the regional inversion system was evaluated through a group of single-observation-based observing system simulation experiments(OSSEs). The results of the experiments suggest that a reliable performance of Tan-Tracker-Region is dependent on certain assimilation parameter choices, for example, an optimized window length of approximately 3 h, an ensemble size of approximately 100, and a covariance localization radius of approximately 320 km. This is probably due to the strong diurnal variation and spatial heterogeneity in the fine-scale CMAQ simulation, which could affect the performance of the regional inversion system. In addition, because all observations can be artificially obtained in OSSEs, the performance of Tan-Tracker-Region was further evaluated through different densities of the artificial observation network in different CO_2 flux situations. The results indicate that more observation sites would be useful to systematically improve the estimation of CO_2 concentration and flux in large areas over the model domain. The work presented here forms a foundation for future research in which a thorough estimation of CO_2 flux variability over East Asia could be performed with the regional inversion system.     

Estimation of sensible heat flux by a hybrid method of temperature profile and light-beam deflection

A new method of sensible heat flux estimation by a hybrid use of temperature profile and light-beam deflection is proposed and tested over an asphalt pavement on fine days.A helium-neon gas laser with wavelength 0.6328 m was used as a light-beam source. Temperature gradient near the surface was measured by the deflection of a light-beam propagated nearly horizontally at a distance of 25 m. Measurement of the air temperature profile in the upper part of the surface layer was made by means of a copper-constantan thermocouple thermometer. The sensible heat flux was estimated from the temperature profile using profile-flux relationships.The surface temperature of the asphalt pavement rose to as high as 63 °C in the daytime and never decreased below the air temperature even in the morning in summer. The maximum value of heat flux obtained from this observation attained 365 W m^-2, which was about 48% of incoming solar radiation.     

Heat flux apportionment to heterogeneous surfaces using flux footprint analysis

Heat flux data collected from the Baiyangdian Heterogeneous Field Experiment were analyzed using the footprint method. High resolution （25 m） Landsat-5 satellite imaging was used to determine the land cover as one of four surface types： farmland, lake, wetland, or village. Data from two observation sites in September 2005 were used. One site （Wangjiazhai） was characterized by highly heterogeneous surfaces in the central area of the Baiyangdian： lake/wetland. The other site （Xiongxian） was on land with more uniform surface cover. An improved Eulerian analytical flux footprint model was used to determine “source areas” of the heat fluxes measured at towers located at each site from surrounding landscapes of mixed surface types. In relative terms results show that wetland and lake areas generally contributed most to the observed heat flux at Wangjiazhai, while farmland contributed most at Xiongxian. Given the areal distribution of surface type contributions, calculations were made to obtain the magnitudes of the heat flux from lake, wetland and farmland to the total observed flux and apportioned contributions of each surface type to the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Results show that on average the sensible heat flux from wetland and farmland were comparable over the diurnal cycle, while the latent heat flux from farmland was somewhat larger by about 30-50 W m-2 during daytime. The latent and sensible fluxes from the lake source in daytime were about 50 W m-2 and 100 W m-2 less, respectively, than from wetland and farmland. The results are judged reasonable and serve to demonstrate the potential for flux apportionment over heterogeneous surfaces.     

Heat Flux Apportionment to Heterogeneous Surfaces Using Flux Footprint Analysis

Heat flux data collected from the Baiyangdian Heterogeneous Field Experiment were analyzed using the footprint method. High resolution (25 m) Landsat-5 satellite imaging was used to determine the land cover as one of four surface types: farmland, lake, wetland, or village. Data from two observation sites in September 2005 were used. One site (Wangjiazhai) was characterized by highly heterogeneous surfaces in the central area of the Baiyangdian: lake/wetland. The other site (Xiongxian) was on land with more uniform surface cover. An improved Eulerian analytical flux footprint model was used to determine "source areas" of the heat fluxes measured at towers located at each site from surrounding landscapes of mixed surface types.In relative terms results show that wetland and lake areas generally contributed most to the observed heat flux at Wangjiazhai, while farmland contributed most at Xiongxian. Given the areal distribution of surface type contributions, calculations were made to obtain the magnitudes of the heat flux from lake, wetland and farmland to the total observed flux and apportioned contributions of each surface type to the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Results show that on average the sensible heat flux from wetland and farmland were comparable over the diurnal cycle, while the latent heat flux from farmland was somewhat larger by about 30-50 W m-2 during daytime. The latent and sensible fluxes from the lake source in daytime were about 50 W m-2 and 100 W m-2 less, respectively, than from wetland and farmland. The results are judged reasonable and serve to demonstrate the potential for flux apportionment over heterogeneous surfaces.     

Footprints and Fetches for Fluxes over Forest Canopies with Varying Structure and Density

A stochastic trajectory model was used to estimate scalar fluxfootprints in neutral stabilityfor canopies of varying leaf area distributions andleaf area indices. An analytical second-order closure model wasused to predict mean wind speed, second moments and the dissipationrate of turbulent kinetic energy within a forest canopy.The influence of source vertical profile on the flux footprint wasexamined. The fetch is longer for surface sourcesthan for sources at higher levels in the canopy. In order tomeasure all the flux components, and thus the total flux, with adesired accuracy, sources were located at the forest floor in thefootprint function estimation. The footprint functions werecalculated for five observation levels above the canopy top. Itwas found that at low observation heights both canopy density andcanopy structure affect the fetch. The higher abovethe canopy top the flux is measured, the more pronounced is the effectof the canopy structure. The forest fetch for flux measurements isstrongly dependent on the required accuracy: The 90% flux fetchis greater by a factor of two or more compared to the 75% fetch. Theupwind distance contributing 75% of flux is as large as 45 timesthe difference between canopy height and the observation heightabove the canopy top, being even larger for low observationlevels.