河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴的典型个例及气候特征分析

应用1971—2016年河西走廊东部代表站的地面观测资料、NCEP 2.5°×2.5°月均地面至300 hPa高空资料,2006—2016年民勤逐日07和19时每隔10 m加密高空资料,分析了近45年河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴天气的年际变化特征。同时选取2016年11月两次沙尘暴天气过程从天气学成因、物理量场及近地面边界层特征等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明:近45年河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴日数呈减少趋势,产生大风沙尘天气的主要原因不仅与大型冷暖空气强度及环流形势有关,还与冷锋过境时间、日变化、近地层风速和干湿程度关系密切。夜间至早晨近地面逆温厚且强,大气层结稳定,削弱沙暴强度,而午后到傍晚,逆温薄而弱,大气层结不稳定性强,加强了动量下传和风速,增强沙暴强度。近地层越干,风速越大,沙暴越强。     

沙尘暴热力结构的个例研究

利用民勤站L波段探空雷达2004年5月23—24日的一次强沙尘暴过程加密探测资料,从气象要素的垂直廓线和能量天气学两个方面,分析了沙尘暴发生发展过程中大气层结及其演变特征。结果表明：沙尘暴过境前,500hPa以下的高空风速较小,低层800hPa以下基本为偏东气流,中高层为偏西气流,沙尘暴过境时近地层风速明显加大,700hPa以下为西北气流,高层为西南气流;相对湿度在沙尘暴过境前,高层明显高于低层,而过境后,整层大气的湿度明显增加,且800hPa附近出现逆湿现象,沙尘暴过境前后整层大气相对湿度在垂直方向上的变化趋势基本一致。沙尘暴发生前,近地层气温较高,200hPa附近存在超低温现象,250hPa附近存在比较厚的下沉逆温层,随着沙尘暴过境,低层的气温显著下降,近地层约800hPa处出现逆温层,而250hPa处的逆温层逐渐减弱;地面气象要素的变化为：沙尘暴过境之前,地面气压比较低,温度较高,风速也比较小,而沙尘暴一到,顿时气压升高,风速猛增,温度下降;沙尘暴过境前,500hPa以下处于对流不稳定,过境期间饱和能差逐渐减小,不稳定能量由高层向低层传递,单站的垂直运动发展加剧;沙尘天气结束后．整层大气的结构基本稳定．不稳定能量衰竭,饱和能差进一步减小,整层大气湿度有了较大的增加。     

沙尘暴天气的高空急流统计特征及动力学分析

利用M icaps常规资料,对2000—2004年30~50°N之间的沙尘暴日与高空急流的关系进行了统计,把与沙尘暴相伴的高空急流分为2类:单急流型和双急流型;沙尘暴多发生在高空西南和西北急流的左侧及其右后方,与西北 西南型高空双急流相伴的沙尘暴多出现在西北急流中心的左前方和西南急流中心的左后方以及西北急流中心的右前方和西南急流中心的左后方。还对沙尘暴典型个例的风场结构的垂直分布、环流场的垂直结构等进行了动力学分析,结果表明:影响沙尘暴的高空急流有单急流、双急流、甚至三急流;一般北支高空急流高度较低,中心多在300 hPa,南支高空急流高度一般在200 hPa,中心风速多大于北支急流,北支急流多随高度升高向南倾斜,南支急流随高度的升高向北倾斜,单急流型沙尘暴多发生于北支急流下沉支的南侧,双急流型沙尘暴发生于双急流合并下沉支的下方;不论是上升气流还是下沉气流均有可能产生沙尘暴:低层辐合、高层辐散导致的抽吸作用,可在近地层形成大风和沙尘暴,强的下沉气流可导致高层动量有效下传有利于沙尘暴的产生;在南、北支高空急流之间往往会形成一支环流促进沙尘暴的形成,所以不仅是北支急流,南支急流也对沙尘暴的发生和发展产生作用。     

水平螺旋度在沙尘暴预报中的应用

为了更准确地预报中国北方沙尘暴的强度和范围,应用2002—2010年3—6月逐日08和20时高空流场资料、高空图资料和地面每3 h的天气图资料,计算近地面至500 hPa的水平螺旋度。结果表明,螺旋度负值中心值越大,辐合上升运动越强,风速越大,对应沙尘暴的强度就越强。螺旋度负值中心常常在河西走廊附近最强,沙尘暴发生在螺旋度负值中心附近或下游。在沙尘关键区(40°—48°N,84°—120°E)当出现螺旋度≤-600 m2/s2的负值中心时,6 h内该区或其下游将产生能见度低于500 m的强沙尘暴,螺旋度负值中心与下游沙尘暴发生区有良好的对应关系。通过对中国北方区域性强沙尘暴典型个例、甘肃省河西走廊东部沙尘天气的对比分析,螺旋度有较强的日变化,白天强于夜间,对冬春季中国北方干旱区的冷锋型沙尘暴天气有较强的预报能力。     

河西走廊东部“2018.3.19”强沙尘暴特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料和ECMWF数值预报产品初始场资料,对2018年3月19日河西走廊东部的大风强沙尘暴天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:500 hPa蒙古西部到新疆东部低槽是此次区域性大风沙尘暴发生的影响系统,700 hPa河西走廊东部变形场是大风沙尘暴的触发系统,午后气温日变化加大了地面冷锋前后的气压梯度和温度梯度,冷锋前后Δp3达8.3h Pa,造成冷锋移至河西走廊东部产生强烈锋生是沙尘暴爆发的直接原因;随着河西走廊东部上空高空西风急流风速增大、高度降低,风速为14 m·s~(-1)的强风速带伸展到地面,将高空动量向下传播,加之北风前锋到达之处,沙尘暴爆发;沙尘区低层辐合、高层辐散,以及无辐散层和-52.6×10~(-3)hPa·s~(-1)的强上升运动一致,有利于增大近地面沙尘浓度;V-3θ曲线显示强垂直风速切变和上干下湿的状态,为此次沙尘暴的发生发展提供了不稳定的环境条件;前期降水稀少,气温异常偏高的气候背景和边界层逆温层破坏,中低层干热及地面风速增大,为沙尘暴天气爆发提供了前期气候背景和不稳定及动力条件。     

2010年一次浙江省暴雪过程的诊断分析

利用常规的地面和高空观测资料,结合雷达资料和MM5中尺度数值模拟结果对发生在2010年12月15日08时-16日20时的浙江暴雪过程进行了分析.结果表明,本次降雪过程由北方强干冷空气与稳定加强的暖湿西南风气流交汇造成.冷空气南压使浙江省自北向南强烈降温,西南气流的稳定维持则提供了源源不断的水汽和能量,加上低层700 hPa出现强烈的逆温,这些都有利于降雪的产生和维持,最终达到大到暴雪的级别.利用雷达和数值模拟结果进行进一步分析还发现,浙中北地区降雪的主要影响系统是对流层低层的中尺度切变线.对流层低层的暖平流和对流层中下层的冷平流构成"上冷下暖"的层结.在这种不稳定的层结条件下,风场的切变配合低层气流的辐合,一起造成了浙江中北部地区的强降雪.浙中南部的降雪则主要是由于山区地形使得近地面空气堆积产生强辐合,配合高空较强的辐散气流,促使气流形成强烈的上升运动引发的.此外,对流层高层的正涡度输送对降雪的形成和维持十分有利,当高空出现正涡度时会有降雪形成,高空涡度的强度越强,降雪的强度也越强.     

河西走廊一次强沙尘暴天气的螺旋度诊断

应用NCEP再分析资料计算了螺旋度,通过总螺旋度、螺旋度的水平和垂直分布特征对河西走廊一次区域性强沙尘暴天气进行了诊断分析。结果表明:沙尘区位于总螺旋度负值区或零线附近;沙尘暴爆发区水平螺旋度高层300 hPa为负螺旋度控制,低层700 hPa为正螺旋度控制;在沙尘暴发生时,高层负螺旋度中心有一个明显增大的过程,沙尘暴爆发区对应高空低层螺旋度强梯度区内;沙尘暴爆发区的垂直螺旋度分布特征是上负下正;螺旋度对沙尘暴爆发区有较好的指示意义。     

湖北省西南气流型暖区暴雨相关特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和其他常规观测资料,对湖北省西南气流型暖区暴雨相关特征进行分析,结果表明:该类暖区暴雨主要发生在鄂东南地区,容易形成极端暴雨;低空急流是最主要的一个影响系统,低层强烈暖平流配合中层小股弱干冷空气,形成上干冷下暖湿层结,是本类暖区暴雨主要的不稳定建立机制;主要水汽输送通道有3条,水汽输送高度主要位于850 hPa附近,水汽辐合高度则位于850 hPa以下;暴雨发生过程中,0～1 km和0～3 km垂直风切变增长明显,其中0～3 km垂直风切变平均值可达11.6 m/s以上,对暴雨区的指示作用更显著;主要动力启动机制是低层风速辐合,而动力加强机制则来自于高低空急流耦合,在这个过程中,高空辐散加强,次级环流形成,从而形成强烈上升运动。     

河西走廊一次夏季强沙尘暴的影响系统分析

使用NCEP再分析资料以及高空、地面观测资料和张掖CINRAD-CC天气雷达观测数据对2008年6月13日发生在河西走廊中部的一次强沙尘暴天气进行了连续监测和分析.结果表明:高空冷空气快速东移叠加到地面热低压之上形成对流不稳定,使得中尺度对流系统快速发展;T-LnP图上500～540 hPa干暖盖有利于对流层低层不稳定能量的存储和积累,干暖盖是强对流天气发生的重要征兆;沙尘暴发生前对流系统先从低层发展,然后迅速向中层发展;沙尘暴发生后中低层雷达回波减弱;中层回波开始增强,并向下发展,降水增大后,沙尘暴减弱消失;沙尘暴发生在紧邻强回波前面弱回波区域内;地面观测沙尘暴发生、发展、消亡时间与逆风区生消演变密切相关,沙尘天气发生在逆风区范围内,强沙尘暴天气发生在逆风区外层风速大值区的强辐合上升气流中.     

东亚副热带急流的空间结构及其与中国冬季气温的关系

本文利用1950～2012 年NCEP/NCAR 逐月再分析风场资料和中国542 个台站逐日观测资料研究东亚副热带急流(EAJ)的空间结构及其与中国冬季气温的关系。结果表明,东亚副热带急流在空间呈不规则管状结构,冬季急流体积最大,垂直厚度范围自500 hPa 至100 hPa;夏季急流体积最小,仅存在于200 hPa 附近。急流管在秋、冬、春季略呈西南—东北走向,在夏季呈西—东走向。不同高度上的最大风速轴线在南北方向的移动不尽一致,春、秋季低层风速轴比高层偏北。东亚急流管不同区域下方的垂直运动及其年变化存在差异。冬季东亚副热带急流强度与同期中国气温关系密切,特别是高原上空的急流越强时,中国大部分地区冬季气温偏低。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.