Interannual meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in summer

On the interannual timescale, the meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream (EAJS) is significantly associated with the rainfall anomalies in East Asia in summer. In this study, using the data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) reanalysis-2 from 1979 to 2002, the authors investigate the interannual variations of the EAJS‘s meridional displacement in summer and their associations with the variations of the South Asian high (SAH) and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), which are dominant circulation features in the upper and lower troposhere, respectively. The result from an EOF analysis shows that the meridional displacement is the most remarkable feature of the interannual variations of the EAJS in each month of summer and in summer as a whole. A composite analysis indicates that the summer (June-July-August, JJA) EAJS index, which is intended to depict the interannual meridional displacement of the EAJS, is not appropriate because the anomalies of the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) in July and August only, rather than in June, significantly contribute to the summer EAJS index. Thus, the index for each month in summer is defined according to the location of the EAJS core in each month. Composite analyses based on the monthly indexes show that corresponding to the monthly equatorward displacement of the EAJS, the South Asian high (SAH) extends southeastward clearly in July and August, and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) withdraws southward in June and August.     

Predictability of the summer East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet in ENSEMBLES multi-model forecasts

The interannual variation of the East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet(EAJ) significantly affects East Asian climate in summer. Identifying its performance in model prediction may provide us another viewpoint,from the perspective of uppertropospheric circulation,to understand the predictability of summer climate anomalies in East Asia. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of year-to-year variability of the EAJ based on retrospective seasonal forecasts,initiated from1 May,in the five state-of-the-art coupled models from ENSEMBLES during 1960–2005. It is found that the coupled models show certain capability in describing the interannual meridional displacement of the EAJ,which reflects the models' performance in the first leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF) mode. This capability is mainly shown over the region south of the EAJ axis. Additionally,the models generally capture well the main features of atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies related to the interannual meridional displacement of the EAJ. Further analysis suggests that the predicted warm SST anomalies in the concurrent summer over the tropical eastern Pacific and northern Indian Ocean are the two main sources of the potential prediction skill of the southward shift of the EAJ. In contrast,the models are powerless in describing the variation over the region north of the EAJ axis,associated with the meridional displacement,and interannual intensity change of the EAJ,the second leading EOF mode,meaning it still remains a challenge to better predict the EAJ and,subsequently,summer climate in East Asia,using current coupled models.     

Subseasonal Reversal of East Asian Surface Temperature Variability in Winter 2014/15

Although there has been a considerable amount of research conducted on the East Asian winter-mean climate, subseasonal surface air temperature(SAT) variability reversals in the early and late winter remain poorly understood. In this study,we focused on the recent winter of 2014/15, in which warmer anomalies dominated in January and February but colder conditions prevailed in December. Moreover, Arctic sea-ice cover(ASIC) in September–October 2014 was lower than normal,and warmer sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies occurred in the Ni ?no4 region in winter, together with a positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO|+) phase. Using observational data and CMIP5 historical simulations, we investigated the PDO|+ phase modulation upon the winter warm Ni ?no4 phase(autumn ASIC reduction) influence on the subseasonal SAT variability of East Asian winter. The results show that, under a PDO|+ phase modulation, warm Ni ?no4 SST anomalies are associated with a subseasonal delay of tropical surface heating and subsequent Hadley cell and Ferrel cell intensification in January–February, linking the tropical and midlatitude regions. Consistently, the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) is significantly decelerated in January–February and hence promotes the warm anomalies over East Asia. Under the PDO|+ phase,the decrease in ASIC is related to cold SST anomalies in the western North Pacific, which increase the meridional temperature gradient and generate an accelerated and westward-shifted EAJS in December. The westward extension of the EAJS is responsible for the eastward-propagating Rossby waves triggered by declining ASIC and thereby favors the connection between ASIC and cold conditions over East Asia.     

冬季东亚中纬度西风急流对我国气候的影响

利用1957—2001年欧洲中期数值天气预报中心再分析资料及地面台站观测资料，分析了冬季东亚西风急流与我国气候的关系。首先定义了冬季东亚西风急流强度指数(区域30°~35°N，127.5°~155°E冬季200 hPa纬向风u₂₀₀平均值的标准化值)和切变指数(区域15°~25°N，100°~115°E与区域30°~40°N，100°~115°E的平均u₂₀₀之差的标准化值)，这两个指数能较好地反映冬季东亚西风急流的强度变化和位置的南北移动，二者相关系数为-0.48，通过99%信度检验。西风急流强度与亚洲和西太平洋大范围的大气环流有密切关系，而西风急流位置移动则与印度洋、中东太平洋的大气环流有密切关系，并分析了冬季急流强度指数和切变指数与我国温度和降水的关系。结果表明:当西风急流强度偏强时，西风急流位置偏北，此时在急流入口区左侧由于气流辐合造成低层气压上升，在出口区左侧则由于气流发生强烈辐散，引起低层气压下降，所以西伯利亚地区上空从对流层低层到中层高度值升高，北太平洋高度值降低，东西向气压差加大的形势，同时东亚大槽偏强，海陆气压差加大和东亚大槽偏强，导致冬季风强度偏强，引起我国从北到南的陆面降温，同时30°~40°N低层有下沉气流，使得华北、华中和长江中下游地区降水偏少；当西风急流强度偏弱时，西风急流位置偏南，整个东亚地区存在南风异常，东亚冬季风较弱，在25°N附近有上升气流，此时华南和内蒙古、华北降水偏多，内蒙古地表温度偏高。     

Impacts of the leading modes of tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly on sub-seasonal evolution of the circulation and rainfall over East Asia during boreal spring and summer

The two leading modes of the interannual variability of the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly are the Indian Ocean basin mode (IOBM) and the Indian Ocean dipole mode (IODM) from March to August. In this paper, the relationship between the TIO SST anomaly and the sub-seasonal evolution of the circulation and rainfall over East Asia during boreal spring and summer is investigated by using correlation analysis and composite analysis based on multi-source observation data from 1979 to 2013, together with numerical simulations from an atmospheric general circulation model. The results indicate that the impacts of the IOBM on the circulation and rainfall over East Asia vary remarkably from spring to summer. The anomalous anticyclone over the tropical Northwest Pacific induced by the warm IOBM is closely linked with the Pacific–Japan or East Asia–Pacific teleconnection pattern, which persists from March to August. In the upper troposphere over East Asia, the warm phase of the IOBM generates a significant anticyclonic response from March to May. In June and July, however, the circulation response is characterized by enhanced subtropical westerly flow. A distinct anomalous cyclone is found in August. Overall, the IOBM can exert significant influence on the western North Pacific subtropical high, the South Asian high, and the East Asian jet, which collectively modulate the precipitation anomaly over East Asia. In contrast, the effects of the IODM on the climate anomaly over East Asia are relatively weak in boreal spring and summer. Therefore, studying the impacts of the TIO SST anomaly on the climate anomaly in East Asia should take full account of the different sub-seasonal response during boreal spring and summer.     

El Nino事件对其衰减阶段夏季中国降水季节内演变的影响及其机理

利用1979—2007年NOAA重建海温逐月资料和中国160站夏季降水资料,使用扩展奇异值分解（extended singular value decomposition,ESVD）方法,研究了冬季热带太平洋海温异常与次年夏季中国降水异常季节内演变型之间的关系,指出前冬El Nino事件是与次年夏季中国降水季节内变化相联系的最重要的热带太平洋海温异常模态。相应的降水异常季节内变化情况为：6月在长江以南为正异常,江淮流域有负异常;7月在华南沿海有负降水异常,而正异常北进到长江流域,华北地区也出现正降水异常;8月在长江南北分别为少雨和多雨。进一步研究前冬El Nino事件与次年春夏印度洋、太平洋海温异常、对流层低层风场异常以及副热带高压等的联系,结果表明：El Nio事件发生的次年春夏,热带西太平洋周边存在东负西正的海温异常分布;西太平洋反气旋异常较强;副高在6月、7月偏西偏北,但在8月迅速南退。虽然与El Nino事件相联系的6月与7月、8月的降水型不同,但是西太平洋反气旋异常带来的充沛水汽造成7月长江流域雨季多雨,8月副高迅速南退带来的又一次长江流域降水,造成了El Nino事件发生次年夏季长江流域涝而华南沿海旱的夏季平均降水异常型。     

东亚中纬度干旱/半干旱区降水年际变化及其可能成因

基于NOAA的全球陆地降水资料(PREC/L)1948～2003年56年的月平均降水资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料以及英国气象局哈德莱中心的海温(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料,并根据多年降水平均图选定了东亚中纬度干旱/半干旱区,对该区域夏季(6～8月)降水进行了经验正交分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)。EOF第一模态呈现出全区一致的变化类型,第二模态则呈现出以100°E为界东西相反的分布类型。通过分析干旱/半干旱区以及以100°E为界的东西两部分降水异常年的环流形势和海温并加以对比,结果表明:在环流场上,对应于东亚中纬度干旱/半干旱区降水偏多年,对流层中下层环流异常在中高纬度呈现为一个东西向波列,乌拉尔山东侧为正的高度异常,贝加尔湖附近乃至以东地区为低压槽所控制;不同的是,对应于100°E以西的干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多年,波列有所东移,并且西太平洋副热带高压有显著北抬;而对应于100°E以东干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多年,环流形势异常基本与整个干旱/半干旱区降水偏多年一致,只是在里海附近有一高度负异常。在200hPa纬向风场上可以看到,当西亚副热带急流偏南加强时,对应于100°E以西的干旱/半干旱区降水偏多;而当东亚、西亚风急流都有显著北抬且加强时,对应于100°E以东干旱/半干旱区的夏季降水偏多,这可能与急流所激发的次级环流有关。进一步对SST的分析表明,海温与100°E以东或以西干旱/半干旱区降水异常的关系也不一样。当前冬、前春赤道中东太平洋都有正的海温异常,而到夏季转换为负的海温异常,且南太平洋在前冬和前春呈现显著负海温异常时,整个干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多;当赤道中东太平洋海温在前冬、前春有正的海温异常并一直减弱,但能维持到夏季,并且北印度洋海温也存在类似的海温异常时,100°E以西的干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多;而当前冬中东太平洋海温较暖但其南部海域偏冷,到了前春这些异常维持,并发展到同期为大范围弱的异常冷海温时,有利于100°E以东的干旱/半干旱区夏季降水偏多。比较的结果还揭示出,对应于干旱/半干旱区以及100°E以东干旱/半干旱区的降水异常年,海温异常分布大致是一致的;而对应于100°E以西干旱/半干旱区的降水异常年,海温异常分布及时间演变则有较大差异。     

Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.     

The interannual variability of East Asian Winter Monsoon and its relation to the summer monsoon

1.IntroductionOvertheEastAsiaregion,themostprominentsurfacefeatureofthewintermonsoonisstrongnortheasterliesalongtheeastflankoftheSiberianhighandthecoastofEastAsia.At500hPathereisabroadtroughcenteredaboutatthelongitudesofJapan.Thedominantfea-tureat2O0hPaistheEastAsianjetwithitsmaximumlocatedatjustsoutheastofJapan.Thisktisassociatedwithintensebaroclinicity,largeverticalwindshearandstrongadvectionofcoldair(StaffmembersofAcademiaSinica,l957,LauandChang,1987;BoyleandChen,1987;Chenetal.,1991…     

Joint effects of three oceans on the 2020 super mei-yu

2020年发生在江淮流域,朝鲜半岛和日本南部(简称梅雨区)的暴力梅造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失.此次暴力梅的主要特征为:入梅早(6月1日),出梅晚(8月1日)以及较强的梅雨期降水.2020年异常早入梅和晚出梅时期的降水占梅雨期总降水的一半以上.因此,为了深入解析2020暴力梅的机制,本文将分析2020异常早入梅和晚出...