T639L60全球中期预报系统预报试验和性能评估

在目前国家气象中心全球业务中期谱模式T213L31中成功引入ECMWF的稳定外插半拉格朗日方案,将归约高斯格点转换为线性高斯格点,解决了模式分辨率提高的关键技术.将模式谱分辨率从213波提高到639波,垂直层次从31层提升到60层,模式层顶从10hPa升至0.1hPa.建立T639L60中期同化预报系统,进行连续一年多连续滚动试验,对预报员关心的降水预报和500hPa形势场预报进行了统计学检验,与现行全球中期业务模式进行对比分析.分析结果表明,T639L60中期系统对500hPa位势高度场预报性能比业务有明显改进,东亚地区达1天.从降水客观评分上看,中国地区降水各量级降水的Ts评分均明显提高,在预报偏差(B值)方面,小到大雨预报偏差明显降低,暴雨的预报偏差有所增加.     

T213模式对强冷空气短期预报能力的分析检验

利用T213模式的500hPa高度、地面气压、850hPa温度预报格点资料和客观分析实况格点资料，对2001—2002年冬半年我国出现的8次强冷空气天气过程的主要影响天气系统进行了预报能力的客观分析检验。所得结果有利于数值预报产品的释用及实时预报业务。     

背景场资料与参数化方案对暴雨预报的影响

利用GRAPES—meso模式和T213资料,对2007年7月18日发生在我国四川盆地和华东地区一次大暴雨过程进行多组数值试验,以分析侧边界资料、驱动资料的垂直分辨率、模式积分区域、云物理参数及边界参数对GRAPES—nleso模式降水预报影响。试验结果表明：（1）侧边界资料对模式降水预报结果影响较小,驱动GRAPES—meso的全球模式产品质量提高,降水预报结果越好;（2）驱动资料垂直分辨率的高低对降水预报结果影响较大,分辨率越高,预报能力越强,反之越弱;（3）模式积分区域对降水预报结果也有明显影响,区域越大,降水预报未必总是最好;（4）物理过程和边界参数试验表明,WSM6方案与KFeta方案组合的24小时降水预报与实况更接近。     

背景场资料与参数化方案对暴雨预报的影响

利用GRAPES-m eso模式和T213资料,对2007年7月18日发生在我国四川盆地和华东地区一次大暴雨过程进行多组数值试验,以分析侧边界资料、驱动资料的垂直分辨率、模式积分区域、云物理参数及边界参数对GRAPES-m eso模式降水预报影响。试验结果表明:(1)侧边界资料对模式降水预报结果影响较小,驱动GRAPES-m eso的全球模式产品质量提高,降水预报结果越好;(2)驱动资料垂直分辨率的高低对降水预报结果影响较大,分辨率越高,预报能力越强,反之越弱;(3)模式积分区域对降水预报结果也有明显影响,区域越大,降水预报未必总是最好;(4)物理过程和边界参数试验表明,W SM6方案与KF eta方案组合的24小时降水预报与实况更接近。      

初值中云变量对T213预报性能的影响

采用云变量自由变化的方案，在国家气象中心全球业务模式T213L31的初始场中增加有关云变量的信息，通过2005年6—8月和2015年12月—2006年2月各3个月的连续滚动对比试验的统计分析和个例预报分析，研究探讨了全球模式初值中增加云变量对模式预报性能的影响。初步研究结果表明:采用自由变化的方案在初值场中增加云的信息，使模式能够较为合理地描述出模式预报初期与云相关变量分布和变化特征，降低了spin-up现象对模式前期降水预报能力的影响，同时对500 hPa形势场预报也有一定程度提高。     

柳州区域综合法降水客观预报工具

近年来,随着数值预报产品预报质量的逐年提高,利用数值预报产品建立客观预报工具的条件已经成熟。作为一种尝试,作者采用经验回归模型与天气系统订正相结合的综合预报方法,建立了一个客观预报工具。利用2001年12月至2003年2月共14个月T213的3h降水量48h预报、T213的850hPa 48h水汽通量预报、T213的850hPa 48h水汽通量散度预报、日本48h降水预报格点资料、日本700hPa的48h垂直速度预报格点资料、北京24h降水预报资料、等共六个因子作为预选因子。在属于格点数据的因子中均挑选出各预报站点附近的六个格点,通过距离权重插值法将各站附近的点插值到站点,形成新的时间序列。北京24h降水预报资料是MICAPS第14类数据,经过解码后可直接得到站点资料。利用所得到的新的数据序列与对应各站的历史降水资料作逐步回归分析,各站一致通过F=3.0置信检验的因子均为T213的48h水汽通量预报、日本48h降水预报格点资料、北京24h降水预报共三个因子,利用这三个因子建立柳州区域各站24h降水预报共12个方程。利用上述模型对历史资料进行回报,效果较好。对2003年3月下旬至4月的试报发现,该模型对于晴雨定性预报效果较好,但对降水定量预报上有较大误差,特别是对于较大的降水过程预报降水量偏小。为了改变这种情况,作者考虑到利用天气系统来订正的方法,即利用500hPa和850hPa08时中央台天气分析图上的低涡、槽线、切变线和台风位置等天气系统及其位置来订正方程的预报。订正后,经3个月的预报发现,效果明显改观。为便于评分,将预报结果按业务规定以无雨、小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨五个量级输出。至此,整个工具建模基本完成。本工具经过八个多月的运行,证明预报效果较好。最好的预报成绩是TS分56分,平均成绩为TS 44分,基本达到人工预报的水平。     

中期数值预报系统T213L31在IBM/SP高性能计算机上的建立

在引进欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF) 的全球谱模式的基础上，通过对原模式的分析改造，首次以分布与共享相结合的方式在国家气象中心IBM/SP高性能计算机上实现了全球谱模式的高效运行。采用调整向量长度、优化程序设计、完善消息传递机制和实现MPI与OpenMP的混合并行编程等方法，减少模式的通信量、计算量和内存的使用量，提高了计算效率。实现了在T213L31分辨率条件下，10天预报可以在3 h之内完成，达到业务对时限的要求。建立了与T213L31全球谱模式相配套的最优插值（OI）并行处理分析系统，解决了由于观测站点在全球不均匀分布所带来的计算负载不均衡问题。在此基础上，实现了T213L31全球资料同化与预报系统并建立了相应的自动作业监控系统。     

T213全球集合预报系统物理过程随机扰动方法研究

目前我国的T213全球集合预报系统采用BGM初值扰动方案,没有考虑模式扰动方法,在技术上滞后于国际先进数值中心的集合预报系统。本文参考ECMWF的模式扰动方法,设计了我国T213全球集合预报系统的物理过程随机扰动方法,并对2008年7月20—31日进行了集合预报批量试验。试验结果表明：T213全球中期数值预报模式对物理过程随机扰动很敏感,对物理过程扰动后,模式物理量的预报情况发生变化,且这种变化随着积分时间增长而迅速扩大。在水平方向上主要表现为南北半球中高纬度地区较赤道地区更敏感,在垂直方向上,表征大尺度运动特征的物理量（如位势高度、温度、风速等）在南北半球中高纬度地区的低层到高层都很敏感,尤以300 hPa最为明显,垂直速度、散度等物理量在赤道地区也非常敏感。多初值集合预报加入物理过程随机扰动后,集合平均均方根误差在积分后期略有改善,对降水预报水平也有较为明显的提高,这表明物理过程随机扰动方法具有较好的业务应用前景。     

数值预报产品检验及误差分析方法简介

1　引言随着气象业务现代化建设的迅速发展,通信条件的改善,可为广大预报员提供的数值预报产品越来越多。国内从1991年北半球数值模式(T42),发展到1997年高分辨率的有限区模式(HLAFS)和全球模式(T213)。国外目前应用欧洲中心全球谱模式(T319L60)、日本谱展开模式(T213L30)。数值预报产品在内容、时效、层次上不断增多,已经成为广大预报员在日常天气预报中的主要参考依据。然而,数值模式的运行由于诸多原因还不十分稳定,数值预报与零场还不吻合,存在一定误差。预报员应用数值预报产品时,对国内或国外数值模式预报的形式场、要素场在时效…     

转折性天气降水预报检验方法及应用

采用转折性天气降水检验评估方法,从转折天气预报能力的角度评价了模式降水预报能力。对全球中期T213、日本和德国数值预报模式在2006年9月至2008年8月的降水预报检验评估分析表明:转折天气降水预报能力检验是目前降水检验方法的有效补充。3种模式的转折天气降水预报能力随着预报时效的延长,存在逐渐递减的趋势;短期预报能力分析,T213和日本模式春季最好,而德国模式是夏季最好;48h预报分析,T213和日本模式在长江中下游、华北及东北等部分地区、德国模式在四川盆地和华南部分地区预报效果较好。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.