我国西北地区水的问题综述

综述西北地区水的问题．包括水的资源．水的需求,水的使用,水的承载力,水的污染．水的管理,水的政策和水的认识。并讨论了人类有序活动的问题。     

论年雨量之常态性

要将统计学的原理与方法应用到气象科学的研究上,我们首先需要知道各种气象要素的频数分配(Frequency distribution)的性质。很显然的,不同的气象要素的频数分配的性质是不同的;同一气象要素,在不同地区,它的频数分配的性质也是不同的。即使同一气象要素,同一地区,因为该要素计算方法不同,频数分配的性质可能也是不同的,例如一地年雨量的频数分配,很可能与月雨量或每天雨量的频数分配不同。     

几种空气质量预报方法的一致性衡量方法研究

空气质量预报是复杂的系统工程,也是环境科学研究的热点和难点所在。通过文献综述分析了现有研究的不足,指出现有的研究没有考虑由于偶然性和随机性导致的一致性。基于权重Kappa统计值的方法,在剔除了由于偶然性和随机性造成的一致性的基础上,对3种常用的空气质量预报方法的预测结果的一致性进行了衡量,有利于提高对不同模型预测结果的差异性的认识,对进一步提高空气质量预报的准确率有一定的意义。     

模糊数学在气象中的应用简述

“模糊性”是指难以绝对地定义的事物的内涵与外延,也就是客观事物在差异的中介过渡时所呈现的亦此亦彼性。这是客观事物固有的特性之一。人对事物的认识与判断必然会带有一定程度的模糊性。对具有模糊性的事物作出迅速判断是人的本能。在电子计算机高度发展的今日,人们越来越迫切要求这个被誉为“电脑”的工具能具有人脑的处事功能。模糊数学作为研究与处理模糊性的一个数学分支就是在这样的时代背景下诞生的。人们通常有这样的概念,认为数学只能涉及测度和运算,数学问题的求解都是精确的。概率论的出现已经冲破了万物有定数的机械论观点,为研究和处理事物的随机性提供了方法论的基础,把数学的应用范围从必然现象扩大到偶然现象。但是,事     

冰雹与冰粒的观测分析

通过对冰雹、冰粒、霰的形成、外形的相似、形成的环境气温的差异及其地理气候的差异,云系的观测以及各自的降水特点等方面的论述与分析,多方面阐述冰雹与冰粒、霰的特征及容易造成的观测误差。     

长期预报的一些物理因子

解放以来,在党和政府的关怀下,在工农业实际需要的推动下,我国的长期天气预报有了很大的发展。总结前段经验,可以说,方法的研究较多,而长期天气过程和它的物理原因的研究比较少。要提高长期天气预报的准确率,这方面的研究是不可少的。 影响长期天气过程的物理因子,也就是可以用于长期天气预报的物理因子很多。首先,长期天气过程的改变和维持需要大量的能量,如果大气的能源发生变化,大气运动状态也就有相应的变化。所以应该研究能源的变化和能源与长     

农业气象预报方法的发展

在农业气象预报中,新的动态-统计预报方法的发展是与光合作用数值理论的建立和作物产量波动的科学研究工作所取得的成就分不开的。农作物产量的动态-统计预报方法是以农业气象条件对作物的光合生产力影响的模拟、产量波动的时间序列规律的研究以及统计预报方法和动态预报方法的合成为基础的。这方面的理论研究分以下三个主要阶段     

非线性共振与中期天气过程

最近,许多作者根据实际资料发现了大气中的准二周与准三周的周期变化,也发现了较短的如3—4天的周期。引起这些周期变化的原因,不外于外部源的周期变化和内部源即不同尺度的波动相互作用的周期变化。对于中期天气过程来说,内部的源可能是主要的。本文利用作者之一所得到的波动共振的结果,用与实际情况较为接近的数据计算了能量变化的周期。虽然,它随着初值不同或K_i的不同而变化,但基本上有二种明显不同的周期。一种是大于半个月的较长的周期,一种是大于3天的较短的周期。这些结果与实际资料是较接近的,这也说明了中期过程与波动的共振是具有密切关系的。     

长江流域特大暴雨云团生成的有利环境条件研究

综合分析我国长江流域20世纪80和90年代的几次特大暴雨实例发现,江淮切变线和"湿度锋"是长江流域特大暴雨发生发展的有利条件,但不是必要条件,高空的触发系统和低空的西南急流水汽输送才是必要的条件。在不同的高低空系统配置情况下,形成特大暴雨的云团的尺度(中尺度、中β尺度)具有一定的选择性。而低层"湿度锋"的强弱与暴雨云团的尺度之间不是简单的正相关的线性关系。针对长江流域特大暴雨云团的以上特性,在参考暴雨云团发生发展的CISK机制以及它们之间相互影响共同作用形成的更复杂的物理机制的基础上,对部分物理机制进行了修改完善。从而更好的解释了长江流域特大暴雨发生发展的有利环境条件。     

太湖流域单季稻的甲烷排放研究

根据1994～1996年太湖流域单季稻的CH4排放的观测资料,分析了该地区稻田CH4排放的日变化的一些统计特征,对排放的季节变化和年际变化及相关因子对排放的影响进行了分析和研究。结果表明:太湖地区单季稻的CH4排放的特征值为0.07～0.11 g/(m2·d),而且存在巨大的年际变化,其中1995年的排放是1994年和1996年的5～7倍。与NH4HCO3相比,施用尿素使甲烷的排放增加10%～70%。晒田使CH4的排放减少,土壤的扰动则使CH4的排放增加。文中对CH4的排放与水稻的生长的关系及温度的变化对排放的影响也进行了讨论。     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

A review of recent advances in research on Asian monsoon in China

This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily： （1） the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variability index of the monsoon can delimit the geographical distribution of global monsoon systems and determine quantitatively the date of abrupt change in circulation. （2） The provision of three driving forces for the generation of monsoon. （3） The revelation of the heating-pump action of the Tibetan Plateau, which strengthens southerlies in the southern and southeastern periphery of the Plateau and results in a strong rainfall center from the northern Bay of Bengal （BOB） to the Plateau itself. （4） Clarification of the initial onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon （ASM） in the BOB east of 90°E, Indochina Peninsula （ICP） and the South China Sea, of which the rapid northward progression of tropical convection in the Sumatra and the rapid westward movement of the South Asia High to the Indochina Peninsula are the earliest signs. （5） The provision of an integrated mechanism for the onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM）, which emphasizes the integrated impact of sensible heat over Indian Peninsula, the warm advection of the Tibetan Plateau and the sensible heat and latent heat over the Indochina Peninsula on the one hand, and the seasonal phase-lock effect of the northward propagation of low frequency oscillation on the other. （6） The revelation of the ＂planetary-scale moisture transport large-value band＂ from the Southern Hemisphere through to the Asian monsoon region and into the North Pacific, which is converged by several large-scale moisture transport belts in the Asian-Australian monsoon regions and whose variation influences directly the temporal and spatial distribution of summer rainfall in China. （7） Presenting the features of the seasonal advance of the EASM, the propagation of intraseasonal oscillation, and their relationship with rainfall in Ch     

Field Experimental Investigations on the Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-Content in Cloudwater Samples

The Fe(II)/Fe(III)-partition in cloudwater samples collected during two field campaigns is evaluated. It turned out that the simultaneous occurrence of complexing and reducing substances in the atmosphere and the cloud processing increase the solubility of iron compounds present in aerosol particles. A correlation between the concentration of iron(II) in the liquid phase and the intensity of the solar irradiation was observed for most of the cloudwater samples. This could be due to the fact that both the photochemical reduction of the iron(III) complexes and the photochemical reductive dissolution of iron(III)(hydr)oxides are depending on the pH-value. Iron(II) seems to be oxidised back to iron(III) preferably by hydrogen peroxide during the night. Positive correlations were received e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the concentration of oxalate and between the percentage of iron(III) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A negative correlation was found e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the pH-value. The uncertainty of the whole process of sampling and analysis was investigated and the conformity of the results was satisfying considering the sometimes difficult conditions during a field campaign.     

Model simulations of rainout and washout from a warm stratiform cloud

A one-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model with parameterized microphysics is used to investigate the processes which control the rainout and washout of soluble gases from warm, precipitating stratiform clouds. Calculations are presented simulating the distributions of soluble species within and below the cloud layer and in the precipitating raindrops as a function of time and species' solubility. Our calculations indicate that for species with low solubility, wet removal processes are relatively slow and thus do not significantly affect the species' gas-phase abundance. As a result, the removal of low-solubility species by rainout and washout is controlled by thermodynamic processes with the concentration of the species in cloud and rainwater largely determined by the species' solubility. For highly soluble species on the other hand, dissolution into cloud droplets and removal in rain is quite rapid and the abundance of highly soluble species within and below the cloud falls rapidly as soon as the precipitation begins. Because of this rapid decrease in concentration, we find that for highly soluble species: concentrations in cloud droplets near the cloud base can exceed that of raindrops by factors of 2 to 10; washout can dominate over rainout as a removal mechanism; and that, after an extended period of rainfall, the rate of removal becomes independent of the microphysical properties and rainfall rate of the cloud and is controlled by the rate of transport of material into the precipitating column by horizontal advection.     

Role of the 10–20-Day Oscillation in Sustained Rainstorms over Hainan,China in October 2010

Hainan, an island province of China in the northern South China Sea, experienced two sustained rainstorms in October2010, which were the most severe autumn rainstorms of the past 60 years. From August to October 2010, the most dominant signal of Hainan rainfall was the 10–20-day oscillation. This paper examines the roles of the 10–20-day oscillation in the convective activity and atmospheric circulation during the rainstorms of October 2010 over Hainan. During both rainstorms,Hainan was near the center of convective activity and under the influence of a lower-troposphere cyclonic circulation. The convective center was initiated in the west-central tropical Indian Ocean several days prior to the rainstorm in Hainan. The convective center first propagated eastward to the maritime continent, accompanied by the cyclonic circulation, and then moved northward to the northern South China Sea and South China, causing the rainstorms over Hainan. In addition, the westward propagation of convection from the tropical western Pacific to the southern South China Sea, as well as the propagation farther northward, intensified the convective activity over the northern South China Sea and South China during the first rainstorm.     

How the “Best” Models Project the Future Precipitation Change in China

Projected changes in summer precipitation characteristics in China during the 21st century are assessed using the monthly precipitation outputs of the ensemble of three “best” models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B, A2, and B1 scenarios. The excellent reproducibility of the models both in spatial and temporal patterns for the precipitation in China makes the projected summer precipitation change more believable for the future 100 years. All the three scenarios experiments indicate a consistent enhancement of summer precipitation in China in the 21st century. However, the projected summer precipitation in China demonstrates large variability between sub-regions. The projected increase in precipitation in South China is significant and persistent, as well as in North China. Meanwhile, in the early period of the 21st century, the region of Northeast China is projected to be much drier than the present. But, this situation changes and the precipitation intensifies later, with a precipitation anomaly increase of 12.4%–20.4% at the end of the 21st century. The region of the Xinjiang Province probably undergoes a drying trend in the future 100 years, and is projected to decrease by 1.7%–3.6% at the end of the 21st century. There is no significant long-term change of the projected summer precipitation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. A high level of agreement of the ensemble of the regional precipitation change in some parts of China is found across scenarios but smaller changes are projected for the B1 scenario and slightly larger changes for the A2 scenario.     

台风“彩虹”(1522)近海急剧加强的特征分析

采用多种大气和海洋资料对1522号台风"彩虹"近海急剧加强的特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明大气环流形势的变化、海洋环境的维持和台风内部结构的变化都有利于台风的近海加强。具体表现为:高层南亚高压西部型转东部型和中层西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸引起的环流形势的变化,使得台风区域高层辐散增强,中低层气旋性环流增强,低层台风东侧的水汽通量增强;低层北方弱冷空气侵入台风外围区域促进辐合抬升,环境风切变的减弱及弱切变的维持有利于台风加强,这些都是有利于台风增强的环流和动力条件。台风路径海域高海表温度和海洋暖涡的存在对台风急剧增强起了重要作用。此外,由于环流变化引起的潜热加热增大,导致了双中心位涡柱的形成和高层暖心的增加,台风内部结构的变化也有利于台风的进一步加强。     

Energy and Water Balance at Soil-Air Interface in a Sahelian Region

l. IntroductionModel simulation of soll physical properties is very 1mportant for climate studies becauseof the role they play in different interaction processes with the atmosphere. One of the mostwidespread studies is the implementation of soil models 1n General Circulation Models(GCMs); previous studies showed, in fact, that climate simulat1ons are sensitive to theparameterization of the energy and mass fluxes at the land surface (V1terbo, l995; Beljiaars etal., l996; Dolman et al., l997…     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

非轴对称双涡相互作用的研究

在平流动力学的框架内,用准地转正压涡度方程模式实施了19组试验,研究双涡合并的条件及较大尺度涡旋自组织的问题。结果指出:(1)存在着两个影响双涡合并的因素,即初始双涡中心之间的距离和初始涡旋的非轴对称分布。初始两个对称涡旋合并具有明显的临界距离效应,但初始两个非轴对称涡旋能否合并还受到初始涡旋的非对称结构的复杂影响。(2)存在着两类不同的较大尺度涡旋的自组织过程,形成较大尺度涡旋。第一类,初始两个涡旋相同,均呈轴对称分布。双涡作用经历了缓变、快变,以及涡量羽翼的生成、拉伸和发展的过程,合并后呈对称性流型;终态涡内区涡量的堆积来源于两个初始涡,终态涡外区的螺旋带来源于两个初始涡外缘线涡量羽翼的拉伸。第二类,初始两个涡旋不同,一个为椭圆型,一个为偏心型,均呈非轴对称分布。双涡作用中,椭圆涡一边互旋,一边向计算区域中心靠近,同时涡量范围加大,形成了终态涡的内核区;偏心涡一边互旋,一边被不断拉伸,形成了终态涡的螺旋带区;表现出终态涡内区的涡量堆集来源于椭圆涡,终态涡外区螺旋带主要来源于偏心涡的反复拉伸及断裂的特性。