平凉地区强对流钩状回波特征的观测研究

最近10年平凉地区人工防雹试验期间，用雷达测到的强对流雷暴云回波上，发现雹暴云除有强度和云高作判别外，在回波形态和结构上，多数雹云在发展过程中呈气旋形回波形状，其中部分强雹云演变成明显钩状回波，少数特强雹暴云有反气旋钩状回波，并向气旋钩状演变的特点。在钩状回波形成和维持阶段，回波反射率Ze达到最强，之后不再增加，有些钩状回波的云高有时可跃增1～3 km高度，云体出现崩溃，地面有降雹。针对这些观测事实，本文用多年回波资料进行一些统计分析。     

一次超级单体雹暴观测分析和成雹区识别研究

利用多普勒雷达资料,结合探空和常规资料,对2011 年4 月17 日一次超级单体雹暴的流场和回波结构演变特征进行了详细研究,主要结果:该雹暴是在条件性不稳定和垂直风切变较大的环境条件下产生的右移风暴。雹云初生发展阶段,垂直剖面显示逐渐形成有组织化的斜上升气流促进雹云发展。成熟降雹阶段,雹云内形成一支强的斜上升气流和深厚的中气旋,主上升气流对应雹云的弱回波区。雹云维持典型的弱回波区—悬挂回波—回波墙特征结构。根据雷达径向速度和雹云移速订正得出的“零线”演变发现,随着雹云的发展,“零线”逐渐向悬挂回波靠近,并穿过悬挂回波,“零线”的走向为上翘式,附近“穴道”的汇集力较强,有利于降雹。通过对“零线”位置的判断可分析有利成雹的区域。根据高低空两层强回波的水平错位,利用两高度强中心连线所作剖面能快速准确得出特征剖面,并将0℃ 层以上6 km 高度处降雹潜势达到100%的45 dBZ 的区域识别为成雹区,与降雹实况对比发现识别效果良好。     

山东中西部一次超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波结构和环境条件分析

利用常规观测资料、济南多普勒雷达资料、FY-2G资料和加密自动站等资料分析了2016年6月14日一次在华北冷涡背景下发生的超级单体风暴生成及分裂过程,对超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波特征和环境条件进行了详细的分析。结果表明,超级单体风暴发生在地面中尺度辐合线附近,中层短波槽前,高空有中空急流的环境下,触发的对流云团向偏东方向移动中,在不稳定层结和较强的垂直风切变作用下,对流风暴发生分裂且右移性对流风暴发展加强。风暴分裂后环境风左侧的风暴单体并没有受到明显抑制,中尺度辐合线附近的露点锋生抵消了反气旋性风暴的受抑制程度,使反气旋性风暴能有所加强并持续更长的时间。环境风右侧的风暴单体发展加强,且持续时间长达2 h。风暴分裂是在单体发展的初期开始,分裂先从中高层开始,然后向下延伸,分裂后相对于环境风方向,左侧单体为反气旋性左移风暴,右侧为气旋性右移风暴。气旋性右移风暴强烈发展为具有低层的入流缺口、中高层的弱回波区及风暴顶的强辐散,与经典超级单体风暴回波特征类似。分裂后右移风暴伴有深厚持久的中气旋,其起源于中层4～5 km,然后向上和向下发展,最强旋转出现在高层,旋转速度达29 m/s,这与典型超级单体内中气旋都是中层旋转最强有所不同。     

2010年福建一次早春强降雹超级单体风暴对比分析

利用探空、地面资料以及建阳、龙岩、长乐三部新一代天气雷达资料,对2010年3月5日福建中北部地区5cm强降雹的两个超级单体风暴进行了对比分析。结果表明,干暖盖、强垂直风切变、中高层正涡度区及地面中尺度低压为超级单体的形成提供了良好的环境场。两个超级单体都是由多单体合并后发展起来的,在成熟阶段以右移为主,属长寿命右移风暴:第一个超级单体在发展过程中由于地形作用和新单体的并入经历了3次加强过程,低层出现明显的钩状回波、中高层三体散射特征;第二个超级单体经历了多单体风暴—超级单体风暴—多单体风暴3个阶段,成熟阶段低层呈现出明显的倒"V"形回波特征,中高层有明显向右伸展的云帖。两个超级单体风暴的中气旋都是由中层发展起来,随着中气旋强度不断加强和厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时出现冰雹、大风强对流天气。通过对第一个超级单体中气旋流场分析,发现风暴前、后侧的下沉气流与低层入流形成了明显的辐合旋转作用,下沉的干冷气流进一步推动低层的暖湿入流,形成强烈的上升气流,并在风暴顶形成强辐散,使得风暴长时间维持。第二个超级单体在风暴减弱阶段,风暴右侧出现中气旋分裂,之后减弱、消失。产生强对流天气时,中高层维持高反射率因子,出现三体散射现象、风暴顶强烈辐散以及较大的VIL密度等特征。     

冰雹云钩状回波的一些特征

近几年在平凉恢复高炮防雹工作以来,我们发现天气雷达观测冰雹云的雷达回波多数具有气旋性回波形状,直至局部演变成钩状回波。为了探讨冰雹云雷达回波形状的这一特点,进而有助于从雷达回波图形上识别冰雹云,我们分析了12年平凉强雷暴观测的雷达回波资料,表明:(1)强雷暴云中凡有降雹的雷达回波,除雷达反射率高(回波强中心一般达到40db 以上)、云体伸展高(达到10千米左右)和强回波区厚度大(4.5千米左右)外,70％以上雷达回波都存在有类似于气旋性的钩状回波;(2)钩状回波出现的明显程度、维持的时间、钩状气旋控制面积的大小和出现的位置,与雹暴发展演变的阶段和剧烈程度及地形影响有关.     

一次超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波特征分析

2007年7月9日16—20时（北京时）在河北南部非常罕见地观测到了多个超级单体风暴在相近地点连续生成及分裂的过程。利用石家庄新乐SA型多普勒天气雷达资料、地面自动站及常规天气资料,对超级单体分裂过程及环境条件做了分析。表明这次的多个超级单体风暴是在强的对流有效位能和垂直风切变的环境条件下发生的。由于垂直风切变矢量方向随高度逆时针旋转,因此,分裂后左移的反气旋风暴得到加强,发展成为具有深厚中反气旋的左移超级单体风暴,而右移的气旋性风暴受到抑制,与理论研究结果一致。但也有不同之处,沿着地面高湿区内热力边界偏暖一侧移动的气旋性风暴没有受到明显抑制,有利的地面环境条件抵消了气旋性风暴受抑制的程度,使气旋性风暴能够持续更长的时间。该强烈发展的带有明显中反气旋的超级单体风暴具有低层钩状回波和入流缺口、中高层有界弱回波区及位于有界弱回波区之上的高层具有反射率因子核心和强烈风暴顶辐散,与经典的气旋式右移超级单体风暴的回波特征非常类似,除了是反气旋涡旋外,其回波特征与气旋式超级单体近似成镜像。风暴分裂是在单体形成不久的发展初期开始的。分裂先从中高层开始,然后迅速向下延伸。分裂后相对于0—6 km风切变矢量,左侧的单体为反气旋左移风暴,右侧的为气旋性右移风暴。     

一次冰雹天气强对流(雹)云演变及超级单体结构的个例模拟研究

利用WRF中尺度数值模式,模拟了2005年5月31日发生在北京的冰雹强对流过程,成功地再现了冰雹天气发展过程中起重要作用的冷涡底部的小槽、低层暖湿舌、地形辐合线等中尺度系统;模拟的地面降水、强对流(雹)云移动路径与实况基本符合;模拟的一个长生命史强对流(雹)云的演变及单体结构与北京多普勒雷达观测的沿城市中轴线的雹云相似,具有超级单体概念模型给出回波墙-有界弱同波区(穹窿)-悬挂回波结构、对峙的倾斜上升下沉气流、分裂右移发展等特征.基于数值模拟结果,结合雷达观测,重点分析了这块雹云的演变过程,解剖了超级单体三维动力、热力及回波结构.     

三雷达、双雷达反演降雹超级单体风暴三维风场结构特征研究

为研究降雹超级单体风暴的三维结构特征,利用厦门、龙岩、梅州3部新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/SA）基数据,采用基于动态地球坐标系的双雷达和三雷达三维风场反演技术,分析了2016年4月8日傍晚福建省南部漳州地区出现的一次冰雹过程的回波强度、三维风场及相关物理量分布变化。主要结果为：（1）冰雹云初生、发展阶段,低层水平流场出现气旋性辐合,云体内部形成较强的上升运动。（2）冰雹云强盛阶段,回波顶高度达16 km,其中大于60 dBz的回波高度由5.3 km发展至9 km,最强回波达74.5 dBz,伴随出现最长达25 km的三体散射长钉回波和32.7 km的旁瓣回波。低层水平维持气旋性流场的同时,高层出现反气旋性流场。4-8 km高度内,大于20 m/s的强上升气流持续近37 min。最大垂直速度达51.06 m/s,出现在超级单体悬垂部（约7.5 km高度处）。（3）降雹时段,出现明显的下沉气流。降雹超级单体的三维流场结构表现为：风暴移向前沿低层气旋性气流进入风暴后逐渐倾斜上升,到达风暴顶形成反气旋性气流,并逐渐向下形成下沉气流。（4）系统减弱阶段,出现系统性下沉气流,强回波底及地。双雷达和三雷达能较好地反演降雹超级单体的三维风场精细结构,有助于加深对冰雹云结构的认识进而提高冰雹预报能力。     

甘肃省永登地区一次强单体冰雹过程分析

根据2003年7月8日发生在甘肃省永登县境内的一次强单体冰雹过程,从天气学背景、雷达回波的演变特征出发,分析了该过程回波高度和含水量、高度和强度的跃增变化以及强单体特殊的结构特征。分析结果表明,垂直剖面上强反射率区的范围及伸展高度对雹云的发展有重要作用。强反射率区对应着云中含水量集中区域,只有含水量累积区位于云中过冷区中时才利于冰雹的生长;一旦回波出现55 dB z并高度达到4 km以上,降雹随即产生;强单体雹暴是一种发展非常强烈,有着特殊结构的强雷暴。上述结果对冰雹预警有重要意义。     

一次飑前降雹超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波及流场特征分析

2019年4月23日浙江南部发生一次明显的超级单体分裂过程,为研究超级单体风暴分裂特征,利用多部雷达构成的双雷达三维风场反演组网技术,结合雷达基本产品、风廓线雷达及探空资料对此次分裂过程做了分析。该超级单体风暴在较强的风垂直切变环境下（地面—500 hPa大于15 m/s）发生,形成于飑线主体弓形回波前端,具有明显的三体散射特征且持续时间较长。分裂从初始风暴的北侧中层开始,然后迅速向上、下伸展,左移超级单体具有明显的中反气旋涡旋结构,呈现由悬垂、强回波柱、强上升气流配合构成的典型超级单体结构,与右移超级单体无论在形态或是流场结构上都形成近似镜像对称的特征。在两者即将分离时,两风暴均发生了降雹,对应强下沉气流。在新风暴分裂形成的发展阶段其垂直廓线中最大垂直速度和最大负散度均在增大,而对应时段原风暴这两个物理量数值减小;整个分裂过程两个风暴正、负涡度数值均一同逐渐增大,气旋—反气旋涡旋的旋转程度变大趋势一致。低层风垂直切变矢量随高度上升逆时针旋转,分裂的左移反气旋超级单体加强发展,右移的气旋式超级单体受到一定抑制,与理论研究结论一致。该个例雷达反演的风场特征与径向速度分布吻合,反演风场基本...     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;