大同地区典型沙尘天气过程近地层气象要素演变特征的对比分析

利用2009年3月-2010年3月大同国家基准气候站20m气象梯度塔的风向、风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料及PM10质量浓度数据、气溶胶散射系数数据,分析大同地区典型沙尘天气过程近地层气象要素演变特征。结果表明,风速在沙尘暴、扬沙的发生、发展过程中均较大,浮尘较小。气温在沙尘暴期间受冷空气的影响迅速减小,而在扬沙和浮尘天气条件下温度的变化主要取决于长短波辐射的强弱和沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫。相对湿度在沙尘暴期间基本上呈递增态势,结束后比发生前相对湿度增大,在扬沙和浮尘天气条件下,相对湿度与温度完全呈现出反相关关系,且相对湿度均较小。PM10质量浓度在沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气条件下依次递减。沙尘暴期间气溶胶散射系数明显增大。     

2010年春季民勤沙地近地面沙尘气溶胶浓度特征

为了更好地研究沙尘气溶胶起沙和输送特征,2010年4—5月,在民勤周边沙地利用EZ LIDAR ALS300ALS450型激光雷达和GRI MM180型颗粒物采样器进行了大气气溶胶的外场连续观测,取得了晴天、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘气溶胶总后向散射垂直剖面图和PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0质量浓度采样资料,其中包2010年4月24日特强沙尘暴过程资料。结果表明:春季民勤近地层大气中沙尘气溶胶浓度较高,且随气象要素的变化很大;在整个观测期内,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0的平均质量浓度分别为202.3、57.4μg/m3和16.7μg/m3。在不同天气条件下,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的变化有较好的相关性,但变化趋势有所不同。在沙尘暴天气条件下,PM10的日平均质量浓度高达2469.1μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的100多倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的8倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的2倍。PM2.5在沙尘暴天气下日平均质量浓度为460.3μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的45倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的6倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的1.4倍。PM1.0在沙尘暴天气条件下的日平均浓度为92.7μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的13倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的7倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的1.3倍。可见,风速增大时,沙尘粒子浓度的增加对粒子粒径是有选择的,小粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对减小,大粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对增多。通过对2010年4月24日特强沙尘暴过程的研究表明,一次沙尘暴过程往往包括沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘天气中的两种类型。通过对激光雷达数据分析发现,在强沙尘暴发生过程当中,民勤沙地发生了非常严重的风蚀起沙现象。     

内蒙古东部春季三类沙尘天气气溶胶散射系数及其与PM10、能见度相关性分析

利用内蒙古东胜、锡林浩特两站2004~2006年春季（3~5月）积分浊度计的观测资料,结合同期PM10质量浓度、大气能见度等资料,分析了背景、扬沙、沙尘暴、强沙尘暴等不同强度沙尘天气气溶胶散射系数的分布特征,讨论了不同强度沙尘天气过程中散射系数、PM10、能见度的日变化规律,以及不同强度沙尘天气过程中散射系数与PM10质量浓度、散射系数与能见度的相关关系。结果表明:散射系数能够很好地反映沙尘天气强度;随沙尘天气强度增强,散射系数日变化从双峰型向单峰型转变;沙尘天气强度较弱时,PM10与散射系数的日变化不相似,强沙尘暴过程中PM10与散射系数的日变化有一定的相似性;能见度与散射系数日变化趋势相反;散射系数与PM10质量浓度呈正相关性,沙尘天气越强,相关性越好,背景、扬沙、沙尘暴、强沙尘暴相关系数分别为0.201、0.809、0.898和0.953;散射系数与能见度有指数相关关系,随沙尘天气强度增强二者相关性逐渐增强,背景、扬沙、沙尘暴、强沙尘暴相关系数分别为-0.773、-0.870、-0.918和-0.940。     

PM10在沙尘天气观测分级中的应用

文章利用内蒙古自治区额济纳旗、乌中旗（海流图）、东胜、锡林浩特、朱日和、通辽6站2004-2006年3—5月及2007年3、4月地面气象常规沙尘观测记录,以及与其相对应的PM10自动监测仪逐日5min资料和器测能见度观测的额济纳旗、朱日和、乌中旗、锡林浩特4站对应浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴日逐日5min一次的能见度数据（世界时）,分析了PM10与水平能见度之间的关系;统计分析了沙尘天气发生时PM10的浓度分布特征;得出了利用PM10进行扬沙、沙尘暴天气观测分级的界限。     

2010年民勤沙地近地面沙尘气溶胶浓度特征

为了更好地研究沙尘气溶胶起沙和输送特征,2010年4—5月,在民勤周边沙地利用EZ LIDAR ALS300&ALS450型激光雷达和 GRIMM 180型颗粒物采样器进行了大气气溶胶的外场连续观测,取得了晴天、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘气溶胶总后向散射垂直剖面图和PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0质量浓度采样资料,其中包含“0424”特强沙尘暴过程资料。结果表明：春季民勤近地层大气中沙尘气溶胶浓度较高,且随气象要素的变化很大;在整个观测期内,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0的平均质量浓度分别为202.3、57.4 μg/m³、16.7 μg/m³。在不同天气条件下,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0质量浓度的变化有很好的相关性,但变化趋势有所不同。在沙尘暴天气条件下,PM₁₀的日平均质量浓度高达2469.1μg/m³,是背景天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的100多倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的8倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM₁₀日平均质量浓度的2倍。PM_2.5在沙尘暴天气下日平均质量浓度为460.3 μg/m³,是背景天气条件下PM_2.5日平均质量浓度的45倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM_2.5日平均质量浓度的6倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM_2.5日平均质量浓度的1.4倍。PM_1.0在沙尘暴天气条件下的日平均浓度为92.7 μg/m³,是背景天气条件下PM_1.0日平均浓度的13倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM_1.0日平均浓度的7倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM_1.0日平均浓度的1.3倍。可见,风速增大时沙尘粒子浓度的增加对粒子粒径是有选择的,小粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对减小,大粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对增多;通过对“0424”特强沙尘暴过程的研究表明,一次沙尘暴过程往往包括沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘天气中的两种类型;通过对激光雷达数据分析发现,在强沙尘暴发生过程当中,民勤沙地发生了非常严重的风蚀起沙现象。     

1997-2007年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘天气变化特征

利用塔中及沙漠周边气象站1997-2007年11a的地面观测资料,分析了该地区沙尘天气的气候变化特征.结果表明:该地区沙尘天气以浮尘天气为主,扬沙次之,沙尘暴最少,年平均日数分别为97.4d、59.6d、15.8d;具有明显的季节变化和年际变化,每年3月至8月是沙尘天气的多发时段,占了历年平均数79.6%,浮尘和扬沙年日数呈上升趋势,沙尘暴反之.沙尘天气总体分布特征遵循从东往西南到南面逐渐增多,塔中并不是沙尘天气出现最多的地区.温度在19～33℃、相对湿度在10%～16%、风速≥7m/s范围里且在偏东风和偏北风情况下,沙尘暴天气发生几率最高.     

基于激光云高仪的北京沙尘气溶胶特征分析

利用激光云高仪对2015年春天北京沙尘天气过程进行连续观测,结合常规地面气象要素、能见度和PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度变化分析了两次沙尘天气过程中浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴三类天气现象时气溶胶后向散射系数的时空分布特征,分析了云高仪后向散射系数与PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度的相关性。结果表明:激光云高仪能够监测沙尘气溶胶粒子的时空变化,扬沙和沙尘暴期间后向散射系数随高度的增加而减小,后向散射系数在0.005 km~(-1)·srad~(-1)以上的沙尘层厚度约500 m;云高仪的近地面大气后向散射系数变化趋势与PM_(10)颗粒物浓度变化相同,10、50和100 m高度上的后向散射系数与PM_(10)颗粒物质量浓度的相关系数均在0.82以上。     

河西西部工业区PM10质量浓度分布特征及其与气象要素关系研究

利用嘉峪关2014年1-12月不同下垫面的PM10质量浓度资料和风速、气温、相对湿度、气压等相关气象要素资料,分析了河西西部工业区不同下垫面PM10质量浓度的时空分布特征,结果表明,靠近酒钢厂区的市北区代表站酒钢宾馆PM10质量浓度,明显高于市南区靠近东湖绿地公园的市气象局代表站。两站均是春季大于其他季节,其中4月浓度最大,7月浓度最小,PM10质量浓度的不同分布特征与气象因素有密切的关系,尤其是沙尘天气的影响巨大,据近10 a沙尘资料统计,4月份是沙尘天气高发期,两者之间有一定映射关系。分析PM10质量浓度与其对应的温度、压强、相对湿度、风、能见度的对象要素的关系,研究表明,沙尘日的平均风速和最大风速均大于非沙尘日,相对湿度,气压,和能见度均小于非沙尘日。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2006年8月1日-2007年7月31日近地层80 m铁塔逐时温度、辐射和5 minPM10浓度、黑碳(BC)质量浓度、散射系数等数据,结合地面常规气象数据筛选出四季沙尘过程,剔除云的影响,以每次沙尘过程的晴空为大气背景值,分析沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应.结果表明,沙漠腹地沙尘过程对低层大气日平均温度有显著的增温效应,扬沙在冬、春季最剧烈,日平均温度分别高出晴空3.4和3.8℃,沙尘暴其次,浮尘最小.沙尘过程显著地增大了大气逆辐射量,沙尘暴日平均为晴空的1.24倍,扬沙为晴空的1.21倍.沙尘影响低层大气温度梯度分布,显著缩短了大气的逆温时间,减弱了逆温强度.沙尘过程对低层大气增温的原因,春季是大粒子浓度的显著增大,冬季是吸收性粒子的增多,而夏、秋季则为小粒子浓度的增大和散射系数的增大.低层大气温度梯度在扬沙天气随PM10的增加而减小,主要由低层10m以下大气温度变化引起;浮尘天气主要与小粒子浓度关系密切,其影响高度最大,春、夏季可以达全层80 m,秋、冬季也可超过32 m;沙尘暴一致性较差,除秋季外,均由2 m以内温度变化所致.     

贵南县近50年沙尘天气变化特征

贵南的沙尘天气主要是扬沙和沙尘暴天气,扬沙多于沙尘暴,浮尘很少。沙尘天气出现在11月至翌年5月。对近50年贵南11月至翌年5月影响沙尘天气的平均风速、月大风天数、月扬沙和沙尘暴天数、气温及其降水资料进行分析表明:20世纪60—70年代是沙尘天气较多期,年际间变幅也大。特别是70年代是沙尘天气最多期(地面月平均风速、大风、扬沙、沙尘暴的极端气候最大值都在70年代)。1985年以后扬沙,沙尘暴天气明显减小且变幅也小。年内1—3月沙尘天气较多,其中3月份为最多,随后逐月回落。沙尘天气的日变化:沙尘天气一般出现在午后,傍晚消退。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.