NOAA卫星探测数据对B-模式分析预报系统性误差的影响

本文报告极轨气象卫星探测数据对B-模式的海平面气压场预报和500hPa高度预报的系统性误差的影响.主要结果是:(1)B-模式预报海平面气压的强度偏弱,即高压系统太低,低压太高;(2)500hPa高度预报的系统性误差情况不如海平面气压场误差情况明显.但也能发现槽区的高度预报不够低,而脊区的高度预报不够高;(3)应用卫星数据对B-模式分析预报系统的预报有正作用,对海洋上的地面低压和500hPa槽区附近的系统性误差有明显减小,但对其它地区天气系统预报的正负影响参差不齐,其作用难下结论。     

BP神经网络在估算模式非系统性预报误差中的应用

基于数值天气预报误差在时间上的相依性,采用BP神经网络方法建立预测数值模式非系统性预报误差的模型,并利用2003-2007年T213模式分析场和24 h高度预报场资料验证了该模型的预测能力,结果表明:所建立的3层BP神经网络模型对未来24 h的非系统性预报误差有较好的预估能力,对大多数样本而言所估测的非系统性预报误差的分布特征和其真值较为一致。BP神经网络模型估测的非系统性预报误差可以在系统性预报误差订正的基础上进一步对预报做出修正,其订正效果好于仅进行系统性预报误差订正的效果。     

T213全球集合预报系统性误差订正研究

针对模式系统性误差一直存在的现状,研究使用卡尔曼滤波的自适应误差订正方法对国家气象中心业务全球集合预报系统的系统性误差进行估计和订正.本文主要介绍这种方法及其原理,其优点是需要的样本量比较小,能够快速经济地对模式产品进行有效的误差估计和订正.使用这种方法对全球T213集合预报系统500 hPa高度场、850 hPa温度场和2 m温度的预报产品进行一阶偏差订正,对订正前后集合预报产品进行检验分析和对比,结果表明,订正后的高层形势场集合预报和2 m温度集合预报的均一性、集合平均的均方根误差和距平相关系数都得到了改善,系统性偏差得到了不同程度的订正,对于存在较大系统性误差的2 m温度预报,订正效果尤其显著.     

莒县花生产量预报方法初探

以往的县级农作物产量的气象预测预报方法中,都是直接将实际产量与趋势产量的余差序列(y—y(t)=yw)与各气象要素进行比较分析来制作产量预报,而对随机误差却很少考虑或忽略不计,这样做往往会出现一些难以拟合的较大误差,预报质量也随之降低,这种情况在气候条件优越的地区犹为明显。本文就莒县花生生产过程中的具体天气状况,考虑误差yε,对花生产量预报作初步尝试。     

GRAPES模式预报误差订正的变分方法研究

利用变分方法建立预报场和预报倾向场这一预报场组合与模式预报非系统性误差之间的映射关系,来估计GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System)模式的非系统性误差,从而对预报做出修正。采用两种不同的历史样本建立这一映射关系,其中,利用相同时刻历史样本建立映射关系的方法称为DEM方法;通过相似面积比选取"相似样本"来建立上述映射关系的方法称为SEM方法。以FNL分析资料作为评判预报误差的依据,根据2002—2010年7月GRAPES模式500 h Pa高度场48 h预报的回报资料,利用两种不同的方案进行非系统性误差的估计及预报订正试验。对279个检验样本的试验结果表明:SEM方法和DEM方法都对非系统性误差有一定的估算能力,二者估算的非系统性误差空间分布和量级与模式非系统性误差较一致,SEM方法的修订效果略优于DEM方法,但并不明显。对预报做出系统性误差和非系统性误差两步订正后,DEM方法和SEM方法的订正有效率分别为98.566%和100%,可明显提高预报的准确性。     

四川地区EC细网格模式2m温度偏差订正研究

本文选取2017年1~12月ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting)细网格模式168h预报时效的2m温度场和对应时段四川地区157个国家站的观测资料,对比分析了模式温度预报的系统性偏差特征,采用15日周期的滑动双权重平均法对2m温度预报产品进行偏差订正,并与四川省气象台现有的主、客观预报产品进行对比,结果表明:(1)EC模式对低温的预报准确率远高于高温预报准确率;订正后高、低温预报准确率均有显著提高,其中低温平均提高了20.5%,高温提高了31.2%,平均绝对误差分别减小约1.1℃和2.9℃。(2)EC模式高温预报的逐月差异明显比低温预报逐月差异大,订正后差异明显减小,且各月的高、低温预报准确率均有显著提升,订正后各月高、低温的平均绝对误差均在2℃之内。(3)EC模式对于低温和高温的预报在全省均大致呈现负的系统性误差,且高温预报的系统性误差明显比低温预报的系统性误差大,订正后2m温度预报的系统性误差均明显降低,全省大部分地区维持在±1℃之间。(4)与四川省气象台现有的主、客观预报产品对比显示,对于高低温预报均是EC订正后准确率最高、平均绝对误差最小,订正效果较为理想。     

浙江省温度和相对湿度释用技术及其效果检验分析

基于多模式的要素预报和浙江省乡镇站点观测资料,结合全省天气统计特点,利用最优集成方案,改进了温度和相对湿度的1~7 d预报。统计检验发现,模式的温度预报在浙江省中南部主要表现为系统性偏差,在浙江省北部平原地区主要为随机误差。使用滑动平均误差订正后,浙中南等地形复杂地区温度预报的系统性偏差明显减小。在模式订正基础上,使用动态集成进一步减小了浙北平原地区温度预报的随机误差。基于温湿关系,使用改进后的温度预报对相对湿度预报进行订正。与传统的加权平均方法相比,改进后的温度预报均方根误差减小16.7%,相对湿度预报均方根误差减小13.8%,对改善浙江省精细化预报有一定参考意义。     

北京地区中尺度数值业务预报的客观检验

对北京地区中尺度数值天气预报客观检验系统的框架和方法进行了详细的介绍，分析了北京地区冬季（2001年11月1日~2002年2月28日）主要预报要素的客观检验结果，在此基础上给出北京地区冬季中尺度数值预报业务的误差特征，并根据检验结果定性地分析了模式预报系统性和非系统性误差的可能来源。结果表明，模式地形的强迫作用是地面和对流层低层预报系统性误差的重要来源；测站高空预报要素的非系统性误差显著，初始时刻存在的误差在积分过程中被进一步放大；对北京 (54511) 单站地面要素预报的检验结果发现，2-m温度预报冬季整体偏低。在系统性误差为主要误差分量时对模式的平均误差进行订正能有效地提高温度预报的准确率。     

一种2 m温度误差订正方法在复杂地形区数值预报中的应用

利用模式三维预报变量,结合地面要素预报产品,采用2 m温度三维插值方法进行地形订正,以确保预报与观测三维空间上的一致性,在地形订正基础上,利用历史月均预报误差作为参考误差,剔除模式系统性误差,获取具备日变化特征的预报产品。基于陕西地区复杂地形条件下的典型观测站点,利用2016年8月28日48 h预报个例进行对比分析发现,三维插值方法有效改善了地形差异引起的评估误导问题,但无法改进模式预报的日变化趋势,进一步采用系统性误差订正后,日变化特征明显改善,特别是前24 h预报效果体现出与实况良好的一致性及更佳的预报技巧。通过2016年夏季统计评估表明,误差订正后的2 m温度预报产品有效改善了周期性误差振荡,均方根误差稳定在2 K左右,显示出明显的改进优势。     

T213 降水预报订正系统的建立与研究

目前T213降水预报存在一定程度上的系统性误差,为了更好地使用T213降水预报产品,减小系统性误差对主观预报的影响,利用一种统计学方法可以对T213降水预报进行订正,减小T213降水预报的系统性误差。通过对2004年6—11月订正前后的T213降水预报进行统计学和天气学检验分析,检验该订正系统的订正效果。结果表明,订正后的降水预报的预报偏差B值有了显著改善,其他统计检验量也有了不同程度的提高;订正后雨带的位置和轮廓更加接近降水实况。     

SYSTEMATIC FORECAST ERROR IN U.S.NMC OPERATIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL

The distribution of monthly mean error of NMC model forecasts and its seasonal variation are investi-gated.The ratio of monthly mean error to standard deviation is used here to find out that the region where acorrection of systematic error is needed and appropriate is mainly in low latitudes.The improvement,afterthe model's vertical resolution and some physical parameters were changed from April 1985,is investigated,andthe NMC operational model forecasts have also compared with those of ECMWF.     

Modeling fractionally integrated maximum temperature series in India in presence of structural break

In this study, the long memory behaviour of monthly maximum temperature of India for the period 1901 to 2007 is investigated. The correlogram of the series reveals a slow hyperbolic decay, a typical shape for time series having the long memory property. Wavelet transformation is applied to decompose the temperature series into time–frequency domain in order to study the local as well as global variation over different scale and time epochs. Significant increasing trend is found in the maximum temperature series in India. The rate of increase in maximum temperature accelerated after 1960s as compared to the earlier period. Here, an attempt is also made to detect the structural break for seasonally adjusted monthly maximum temperature series. It is found that there is a significant break in maximum temperature during July, 1963. Two-stage forecasting (TSF) approach to deal with the coexistence of long memory and structural change in temperature pattern is discussed thoroughly. The forecast performance of the fitted model is assessed on the basis of relative mean absolute prediction error (RMAPE), sum of squared errors (SSE) and mean squared errors (MSE) for different forecast horizons.     

纬向平均环流预报的系统性误差及其改进

大量的月预报实例分析表明,纬向平均环流(本指高度场纬向平均分量)存在明显的系统性预报误差,且在总误差中占有可观的份额。国内外其它模式也存在类似的现象。为克服这一困难,本尝试了“结合”(hybrid)的途径。应用重构相空间理论和非线性时空序列预测方法,在大量历史资料的基础上,构造了月尺度逐侯纬向平均高度场(零波分量)距平场的非线性预报模型。然后,将非线性预报和谱模式动力预报结合起来,即将非线性预报结果转化为模式需要的颅报量,再在模式积分过程中的每一步取代其相应部分,实施过程订正。初步试验结果表明,这种途样合效地减少了模式纬向环流的预报误差;特别是通过非线性波流相互作用,还改善了部分波动分量的预报。     

与非线性区域预测方法结合的月延伸预报试验I:纬向平均环流的预报

为克服数值模式普遍存在的纬向平均环流预报误差 ,文中在 3 6aNCEP/NCAR再分析高度场资料的基础上 ,应用非线性时空序列预测理论的局域近似法构建了 2 0 0 ,3 0 0 ,50 0和 70 0hPa 4个等压面上的月尺度逐候纬向平均高度距平场非线性动力学区域预报模型。对 1996年 12个月所做的预报试验表明 ,无论是南、北半球中高纬度地区还是低纬度地区 ,非线性模型的候纬向平均高度预报结果均优于持续性预报、气候预报和T 42L9模式动力预报。用非线性结果对T42L9模式月平均高度场预报结果进行订正 ,则使该谱模式系统性预报误差显著减少 ,也大大减少了其预报高度场的均方根误差 ,相应地 ,高度场距平相关评分也有一定程度的提高 ,表明纬向平均高度的非线性预报比谱模式动力预报包含了更多的有用信息     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地1961-1998年逐月平均气温序列的重建

 利用塔里木盆地周边27个气象站1961-2006年逐月平均气温和塔中气象站1999-2006年逐月平均气温资料,同时选取1961-2006年NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°经纬度距地表2 m的月平均气温再分析格点资料,分别用逐步回归分析、EOF分解和NCEP资料3种方法对塔中气象站1961-1998年历年逐月平均气温序列进行了恢复与重建,分析了误差,并与周边气象站的变化特征进行对比。结果表明,逐步回归和EOF法都能够作为重建塔中逐月平均气温的方法,但相对而言,逐步回归法重建的序列误差更小,平均拟合绝对误差为0.3℃,最大绝对误差为1.9℃。而NCEP/NCAR资料由于冬季存在明显的系统性误差,数值显著偏高,不能用于塔中气温序列的重建。     

提高月预报业务水平的动力相似集合方法

针对基于大气环流模式的月预报问题,提出了一种能有效减小预报误差并提高预报技巧的动力相似集合预报新方法。该方法着眼于动力模式与统计经验的内在结合,在模式积分过程中通过提取大气环流历史相似性信息,对模式误差进行参数化处理,形成多个时变的相似强迫量来扰动生成预报的集合成员。将这一集合新方法应用到中国国家气候中心业务大气环流模式(BCC AGCM1.0),一组10 a准业务环境下回报试验结果显示,相比于业务集合预报,动力相似集合预报方法能有效改进模式对于大气环流的纬向平均、超长波和长波预报,从而有效提高了月平均环流预报技巧(几乎达到业务可用标准)和逐日环流预报技巧,并显著降低了预报误差,合理增加集合离散度,使二者配置关系得以改善,有望在业务预报中应用。     

自动与人工测温仪器观测地温极值差值分析

对门头沟气象站2004-2009年不同温度传感器(自动和人工)在地温测量中得到的日极值差值序列的特征分析发现:地面最高温度月均差值在-2.5～2.0℃之间,并呈现季节和年际波动,平均差值超标率为17.5％,但呈现逐年下降趋势;地面最低温度月均差值在-0.5～2.0℃之间,并呈现季节和年际变化,平均差值超标率为3.8％.分析了铂电阻温度表和玻璃液体温度表仪器自身误差和土壤状态、降水等因素对差值的影响.由地温表接触的土壤环境、安装状态、太阳辐射强度、天气条件等外部因素影响所产生的误差比仪器自身原因引起的误差要显著;外部因素造成的误差可以通过规范安装、改良土壤环境等方法减小或消除.提出了降低人为误差的具体建议,为观测人员正确维护地温表、提高观测质量提供参考.     

An intercomparison of observational precipitation data sets over Northwest India during winter

Development of downscaling models for each calendar month using the data of predictors specifically selected for each calendar month may assists in better capturing the time-varying nature of the predictor-predictand relationships. Such approach will not allow the explicit modelling of the persistence of the predictand (e.g. lag-1 correlation). However, downscaling at an annual time step and subsequent disaggregation to monthly values can explicitly consider the modelling of the persistence of the predictand. This study investigated the potential of annual downscaling of a predictand and subsequent disaggregation of annual values to monthly values, in comparison to the potential of downscaling models separately developed for each calendar month. In the case study, annual and monthly downscaling models were developed for precipitation and evaporation at two stations located in Victoria, Australia. The output of the annual downscaling models was then disaggregated into monthly values using four different methods based on the method of fragments. It was found that the annual to monthly disaggregation methods and monthly downscaling models are able to reproduce the average of monthly observations with relatively higher accuracy in comparison to their ability in reproducing standard deviation, skewness and lag-1 serial correlation. Downscaling models separately developed for each calendar month were able to show relatively smaller root mean square errors for their time series indicating better overall agreement with observations in comparison to their counterpart annual to monthly disaggregation methods. Furthermore, it was found that not only the bias in the output of an annual downscaling model but also the presence of annual totals in the records of observations of a predictand that are very similar in magnitude, but having significantly different sets of fragments, can largely contribute to the poor performance of an annual to monthly disaggregation method.     

Estimation methods for monthly humidity from dynamical downscaling data for quantitative assessments of climate change impacts

Methods are proposed to estimate the monthly relative humidity and wet bulb temperature based on observations from a dynamical downscaling coupled general circulation model with a regional climate model (RCM) for a quantitative assessment of climate change impacts. The water vapor pressure estimation model developed was a regression model with a monthly saturated water vapor pressure that used minimum air temperature as a variable. The monthly minimum air temperature correction model for RCM bias was developed by stepwise multiple regression analysis using the difference in monthly minimum air temperatures between observations and RCM output as a dependent variable and geographic factors as independent variables. The wet bulb temperature was estimated using the estimated water vapor pressure, air temperature, and atmospheric pressure at ground level both corrected for RCM bias. Root mean square errors of the data decreased considerably in August.     

Empirical models of monthly and annual albedo in managed boreal forests of interior Norway

An 11-year remotely sensed surface albedo dataset coupled with historical meteorological and stand-level forest management data for a variety of stands in Norway’s most productive logging region is used to develop regression models describing temporal changes in forest albedo following clear-cut harvest disturbance events. Datasets are grouped by dominant tree species, and two alternate multiple regression models are developed and tested following a potential-modifier approach. This result in models with statistically significant parameters (p?<?0.05) that explain a large proportion of the observed variation, requiring a single canopy modifier predictor coupled with either monthly or annual mean air temperature as a predictor of a stand’s potential albedo. Models based on annual mean temperature predict annual albedo with errors (RMSE) in the range of 0.025–0.027, while models based on monthly mean temperature predict monthly albedo with errors ranging between of 0.057–0.065 depending on the dominant tree species. While both models have the potential to be transferable to other boreal regions with similar forest management regimes, further validation efforts are required. As active management of boreal forests is increasingly seen as a means to mitigate climate change, the presented models can be used with routine forest inventory and meteorological data to predict albedo evolution in managed forests throughout the region, which, together with carbon cycle modeling, can lead to more holistic climate impact assessments of alternative forest harvest scenarios and forest product systems.