与澳高相关的海洋性大陆区域海温异常对中国夏季气候的可能影响

利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料和中国夏季站点资料,采用相关分析、合成分析以及线性回归方法,找到了与澳大利亚高压(下称澳高)显著相关的海温关键区,并分析了此关键区海温异常的年际变化与中国夏季气候异常的联系。结果表明:海洋性大陆区域附近海区是与澳高变化相关的海温异常关键区,其与澳高指数的时间序列相关系数高达-0.64。在不考虑ENSO的影响时,关键区海温的年际变化与中国东部地区夏季气候存在密切联系,即当澳高指数偏强(偏弱)时,海洋性大陆区域附近的海温偏低(偏高),辽宁、吉林大部分以及江淮东部地区夏季降水较常年偏少(偏多),江南地区降水偏多(偏少)。关键区海温对中国夏季气候的可能影响途径是:印度尼西亚附近海温负异常时,低层风场异常辐散,辐散场作为涡度源在南海西太平洋地区激发类似EAP或P—J型波列,在30°N以南形成异常气旋环流,30°N-50°N形成异常反气旋环流,50°N以北形成异常气旋环流,这样的异常分布有利于"南涝北旱"降水格局的形成。另外,降水异常时气温亦存在显著异常,我国东部气温为异常的"南低北高"分布。当海洋性大陆区域附近的海温为正异常时,情况相反。     

春夏季转换期东亚地表热通量对温度月际变化的影响

利用1948—2003年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了东亚地区春夏季节转换期间地面气温变化趋势以及地面热通量对温度季节变化的影响。结果表明,东亚地区4~7月地面气温月际变化存在明显的与纬度有关的南北向差异、与海陆分布有关的东西向差异以及大陆上中低纬地区以90°E为分界线的东西向差异,大陆上温度月际变化比海洋上显著。通过对月际变温指数的研究发现,中南半岛以及高原东侧在4~5月月际变温明显,印度半岛及高原西侧6~7月月际变温明显,表明月际最大变温有从90°E以东地区向90°E以西地区推进的过程。研究月际变温与地面热通量关系发现,高纬地区大陆上月际温度变化主要与太阳辐射以及潜热变化关系较大,而中低纬地区大陆上月际变温与感热、潜热以及辐射关系都比较密切,且90°E以东的中南半岛及邻近地区的4~5月的月际变温与地面热通量的相关关系最为显著,90°E以西的印度半岛及邻近地区6~7月的月际变温与热通量相关关系最为明显,此时青藏高原西侧辐射以及感热加热作用显著。对于热通量与地面月际变温显著相关区域的进一步分析表明,地面热通量对于温度场的直接影响主要表现在近地层,在高层,两者之间相关关系复杂。     

东北地区夏季干旱的年际—年代际变化特征

利用国家气候中心提供的1951—2012年160个标准站的逐月降水和温度资料,计算了表征东北地区干旱的SPEI指数,并对该指数进行EMSD分解,研究了东北地区干旱的年际—年代际变化特征。结果表明,东北地区夏季干旱年际—年代际变化特征明显,年际变化中具有显著的准2 a、准5 a和准7 a振荡周期;年代际变化中则具有显著的准17 a和22 a振荡周期。进一步分析发现,1975—1984年和1994—2008年为相对干旱阶段,其中1994—2008年旱情比较严重,1953—1975年、1984—1994年以及2009—2012年为相对湿润阶段。Mann-Kendal检验结果表明,东北地区夏季旱涝突变发生在1975年和1994年。     

春季中国大陆降水的特征及其与全球海温的关系

利用NOAA CMAP 1979—2010年逐月再分析降水资料、1978—2010年逐月ERSST资料和NCEP 850 h Pa再分析风场资料,研究了春季中国大陆的降水特征,及影响其降水的关键时段和关键海温区。结果表明,春季中国大陆降水偏多年和偏少年频次与强度都相当,年际变化明显。20世纪80年代前期降水偏多,80年代后期至90年代末降水偏少,2000年后至今降水偏多;降水主要有2个周期频段:8~10和3~4年。确定影响春季中国大陆降水的3个关键海温区:海区1:75°—180°E,30°S—30°N;海区2:150°—120°W,30°—60°N;海区3:180°E—130°W,20°S—20°N。不同海区海温在不同时期对中国大陆不同地区春季降水的影响有所不同。     

中国北方近百年干湿变化与太平洋年代际振荡的关系

利用CRU(Climate Research Unit)1901～2002年全球0.5°×0.5°网格点月降水和月平均气温资料,利用一个能够用于检测地表干湿变化的湿润指数,对中国北方四个典型地区干湿演变特征及与北太平洋年代际振荡的关系进行了初步的分析.结果发现:降水和湿润指数在表征干湿变化的特征时有明显的差别,特别是在干旱和半干旱地区,增暖也是影响干湿变化的一个重要因素.相关分析表明,华北和西北东部的年干湿变化与同期太平洋年代际振荡(简称PDO)指数有密切的关系,PDO指数的正位相对应两个地区的干旱时段,负位相则对应两个地区的湿润时段,而新疆南部与PDO指数同期呈显著的正相关关系,即当PDO为正位相时,该地区为湿的时段,负位相对应干的时段.以100°E为界,北方的东部干湿变化与太平洋年代际振荡指数呈反相关,而西部则相反,与PDO呈正相关关系.     

四川干旱指数及其预报

根据四川多年干旱指数Ｓ＝△Ｔ／σＴ－△Ｒ／σＲ分析，揭示出１９９４年四川汛期干旱，盆西盆中５月干旱，盆中盆西北的８月干旱的建国以来严重的。１９９４年的严重干旱与四川干旱指数年际变化的阶段性，周期性有关，指数的月际变化显著，年内有５种波形变化，１９９４年为较少见的４波（３个月周期）型。通过典型相关分析，发现汛期干旱指数与诸环流区关系最佳在２月，揭示出４种汛期干旱型与环流区演变过程异常有关，１９９４年     

一种新的反映我国降水季节内非均匀性特征的方法

利用中国553个台站1961—2010年逐日降水资料,运用降水集中度PCD、新的集中程度方法Q和旱涝指数W分别讨论了中国夏季降水季节内非均匀特征和变化规律。结果表明:我国西北大部分地区降水相对集中,西北地区中部和西南地区降水较分散,东部整体降水并不集中,但黄河中下游地区降水相对集中。新疆和西藏地区西部、西北地区中部以及东南沿海等地降水集中程度逐渐趋于分散,Q在华北和东北大部分地区显示趋于集中,PCD则相反。我国黄河、长江中下游和华南沿海W值较大,易发生洪涝,西部地区W值较小,相对容易发生干旱。西藏、青海部分地区以及长江、黄河流域发生干旱或洪涝灾害较频繁,西南地区W年际变化很小。1960—1980年代W大多偏小于平均值,1981—1993年W变化幅度较大,1994年后W多偏大于平均值,全国大部分地区W值多为增大趋势。另外W有显著的2~3 a和7~8 a的震荡周期。      

辽宁西部农作物生长季干旱风险及降水满足度研究*

[目的]掌握干旱灾害变化特征,为农业生产决策支撑,利用辽宁西部11个气象监测站1951—2017年气象观测数据,[方法]选用干湿指数作为干旱指标及其积分湿润指数方法,采用气候诊断分析方法,研究农作物生长季干旱变化特征,干旱风险程度,降水量对农作物的满意程度,并分析气象要素与干湿指数的相关性。[结果]结果表明：辽宁西部地区1951—2017年农作物生长季及各月时间尺度干湿指数呈减小趋势,干旱趋势明显,农作物生长季(5—9月)和9月成熟期干旱程度表现最为突出,从轻旱上升到中旱等级。农作物生长季降水的农作物满足度明显在下降,使干旱风险度明显升高。农作物生长季干湿指数年际变化在1995/1996年发生由高到低突变,突变后干旱程度升高0.8个等级；干旱风险度年际变化在1995/1996年发生由低到高突变,突变后干旱风险度升高14.0%；降水满足度年际变化在1998/1999年发生由高到低突变,突变后降水满足度下降17.7%。干湿指数与气温、日照时数、蒸发量、辐射呈负相关,与降水、风速、空气相对湿度呈正相关,其中干湿指数与气温、降水量、空气相对湿度有较强的相关性。[结论]辽宁西部地区干旱化日趋严重,调整农业结构势在必行。     

基于SPI的黔东南州近52a的干旱特征分析

基于1961—2012年黔东南州16站的逐月降水资料,从单站干旱SPI指数出发,分析了黔东南州52 a来年际干旱和季节性干旱的时间变化趋势和空间变化特征,结果表明:152 a间,年际干旱和季节性干旱呈上升趋势,干旱主要集中在1985—1989年和2001—2012年;2除冬旱以外,无论是年际干旱还是季节性干旱,干旱发生频率较高地区位于黔东南州中部以北地区,州南部年际干旱、春旱、夏旱和秋旱发生频率较低;3森林覆盖率较高的地区发生干旱的频次最低,降水较少地区发生干旱的频次较高。     

南海与西北太平洋地区夏季热带气旋潜在生成指数的改进

现阶段使用的热带气旋潜在生成指数(Genesis Potential Index,GPI)在气候场的空间分布上能很好地拟合热带气旋的生成情况,但在热带气旋的年际变化拟合上效果很差。本研究考虑了相对涡度在热带气旋年际变化拟合上的重要作用,并以此为出发点,尝试改善GPI在西北太平洋地区的拟合效果。基于对1979—2011年美国联合飓风警报中心提供的热带气旋最佳路径数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料数据集的研究,将之前GPI中的绝对涡度项替换为修正过的相对涡度项。科氏力项仍然保留;将南海(100°～120°E,5°～25°N)与西北太平洋地区(120°～180°E,5°～40°N)热带气旋生成的差异性也纳入了考量,并在这两个区域分别构建GPI公式,改善了对热带气旋生成的气候分布模拟。除此之外,较之已存的GPI指数,改进后的GPI还很大程度提高了GPI对热带气旋生成年际变化的拟合效果,特别是对弱热带气旋年际变化的拟合效果有了显著提升。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.