南亚夏季风爆发的统计动力分析

作者对南亚(印度)夏季风爆发作了统计动力分析,即将南亚夏季风爆发前后的高低层风场看作一个整体,并以南亚夏季风爆发日为基准,作了经验正交函数(矢量)分析,得到了以下结论:偏差风场的第一模态反映了季风爆发前后大规模的风系变化,其时间系数直接体现了南亚夏季风的爆发,在爆发日前后该模态反映的偏差风系有剧烈变化,这表明季风爆发时大气环流有突变发生;第二模态反映了具有5～7天振荡周期的中纬天气尺度波系及其对低纬季风区的影响;第三模态反映了热带、副热带地区呈准双周振荡的低频扰动.     

用湿位涡定义的印度夏季风指数及其与中国气候的关系

印度季风区是世界上季风现象最显著的地区,伴随着夏季风爆发和撤退,季风区的大气风场和湿度场都存在明显的季节转换,这种季节转换可以作为区分夏季风与冬季风的一个很好的标准。以往的季风指数大多只考虑了季风区的动力场或热力场的演变特征。在综合考虑了印度季风的热力和动力特征的基础上,利用湿位涡定义了一个新的印度夏季风指数。湿位涡是一个动力学和热力学的综合量,它既反映了风场的涡旋状况又反映了大气的垂直稳定度。研究表明:该指数可以很好地反映季风区大气热力场和动力场的季节演变特征。用湿位涡定义的印度夏季风指数不仅稳定而且可以较好地反映夏季风爆发时间、季风强度及季风的活跃与中断等多种特征。与以往的环流指数相比,湿位涡季风指数描述季风爆发时间的能力有较明显的改进。此外,该指数还可以很好地反映印度夏季降水的年际演变特征。初步的相关分析表明:印度夏季风爆发时间与中国西北及华北地区夏季降水呈负相关,与次年长江中下游以南地区夏季气温也存在显著的负相关。此外,印度夏季风平均强度与前期华南地区春季降水也有密切关系。     

亚洲—太平洋季风区的遥相关研究

亚洲-太平洋季风区各季风子系统间的相互作用对季风区甚至全球的气候变化都有非常显著的影响.文中根据国内外相关研究,重点分析和评述了在亚洲-太平洋季风区中4种季节内时间尺度的遥相关关系,清楚地揭示了印度夏季风、东亚夏季风和西北太平洋夏季风之间的相互作用.研究发现:(1) 在亚洲季风爆发初期,印度夏季风的爆发相对于中国长江流域梅雨的开始存在相差大约两周的超前关系,形成从印度西南部经孟加拉湾到达中国长江流域及日本南部的遥相关型,即"南支"遥相关型.(2) 在季风盛行期间,长江流域降水明显受热带西北太平洋夏季风的影响,与西北太平洋夏季风降水呈反相关关系,即当季风减弱时,长江流域夏季降水偏多.(3) 与长江流域降水相反,华北雨季(7月第4候-8月第3候)则与西北太平洋夏季风降水呈正相关关系,当西北太平洋夏季风强时,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏北偏东,副高西南侧的异常东南水汽输送在中国华北地区上空辐合,给该地区降水偏多提供了充足的水汽条件.(4) 华北夏季降水同时还与印度夏季风呈正相关关系,在夏季风盛行期间,形成由印度西北部经青藏高原到中国华北地区的西南-东北走向的遥相关型,即"北支"遥相关型. 上述4种遥相关关系,反映了亚洲夏季风季节北推过程中,印度夏季风、东亚夏季风和西北太平洋夏季风子系统之间的关联.     

亚洲季风建立及其中期振荡的高空环流特征

本文主要通过对100毫巴散度场、高度场和垂直积分的水汽输送场的分析,着重讨论了1979年整个亚洲季风区季风建立及其振荡中的高空环流特征。发现南亚高压周围不同部位的高空辐散场的建立导致了这些地区夏季风的建立,且南亚高压脊线中部和东部散度场具有不同的分布特点。从而使得印度季风有与长江流域梅雨同时开始而与华南雨季降水反位相的特点.在东亚,南亚高压外围东风对于夏季风的向北推进具有很好的指示性。在印度,伊朗高压(南亚高压环流的一部分)外围的东北气流对于印度季风的爆发具有指示性。100毫巴若干地区高度场和亚洲季风区域大范围水汽输送场的40—50天振荡清楚地显示出向东向北移动,而20—30天的散度场的振荡在印度季风爆发后则有系统地向西移动.      

亚洲夏季风爆发的深对流特征

文中应用ＮＯＡＡ卫星反演的１９８０～１９９５年候平均对流层上部水汽亮温（ＢＴ）资料、向外长波辐 射（ＯＬＲ）资料和美国ＮＭＣ全球分析８５０　ｈＰａ风资料与美国ＣＭＡＰ降水资料作了对比分析，发现Ｂ Ｔ能够较好地反映中低纬度地区的深对流降水，偏南风场辐合区与深对流降水有比较一致的 关系，而ＯＬＲ不能反映热带外地区的对流降水。ＢＴ资料所具有的这一特征可以应用于亚洲夏 季风爆发过程的深对流特征分析。ＢＴ描述深对流的临界值是２４４　Ｋ。亚洲季风区是全球深对 流季节变化范围和强度最大的地区。赤道外地区的夏季风爆发可以定义为来自热带地区深对 流的季节扩张。中南半岛上的夏季风对流发生在南海夏季风爆发之前。华南前汛期深对流是 中低纬系统相互作用的结果。第２８候，南海夏季风的突然爆发在降水、风场和卫星反演 的深对流特征上都有明确的反映。南海夏季风爆发后，印度夏季风对流由南向北逐渐爆发， 青藏高原东侧和中国东部沿海的夏季风对流向北推进早于中国中部地区。     

青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东,南亚夏季风影响的初步数值模拟研究

利用一个耦合了简化的简单生物圈模式的大气环流谱模式（ＳＳｉＢ－ＧＣＭ），初步探讨了青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东、南亚夏季季风环流和降水的影响及其机理。结果表明，高原地区积雪增加将使随后地夏季东、南来季风明显减弱，主要表现为东、南亚季风区降水减少，索马里急流、印度季风的印度西南气流弱弱。另外，还提出欧亚大陆雪盖与整个高原雪盖和高原东部雪盖对东、南亚夏季风影响的敏感问题。与欧亚大陆雪盖相比，高原雪盖是影响     

海陆分布和地形对1998年夏季风爆发的热力影响

应用1980－1995年5天平均的CMAP降水资料、美国NMC850hPa风、卫星反演的向外长波辐射（OLR）和上部对流层水汽亮温（BT）等资料分析比较了南海夏季风爆发前后的基本特征。结果发现：BT能够反映南海夏季风的爆发及其与周围地区降水的关系，但局地降水信息的反映不够具体；OLR能够比较好的反映热带海洋上的降水，但陆地上的低值OLR可能受到地形的影响，仅仅850hPa风场不能完全确定夏季风的爆发。南海季风转换区域定义在南海的中北部比较合适，这是因为南海夏季风爆发前就存在着长年位于南海南部的带海洋对流性雨带；南海夏季风爆发后西南季风气流和季风雨带从印度洋经孟加拉湾和南海伸向西北太平洋，开始了南亚和东亚夏季风的爆发过程。     

1983年亚洲夏季风爆发过程的诊断研究

本文利用1983年5～6月ECMRWF资料,从1983年亚洲夏季风爆发过程的诊断分析中,就印度季风和南海季风的相对独立性和互相联系性作了探讨。结果表明,印度季风区和南海季风区具有独立的季节变化中心;印度季风和南海季风在季风爆发的时间上、季风爆发的物理机制上、季风爆发过程中风、温湿场的相互关系上均有明显差异;季风爆发后两个子季风区的季风环流的演变逐步趋向同步,维持季风及季风区温湿场的物理过程也趋向一致,平均垂直运动在联系两个子季风中起了重要作用。     

南海季风区地面温度变化特征及其与季风爆发的联系

分析1979年1月至1995年12月17a南海季风区修平均地面温度资料的时空变化特征发现，中南半岛西北部和印度半岛分别为地面修平均温度标准差的大值区，其位置和强度在南海季风爆发前后月份具有显著差异。从候平均温度纬圈偏差的时间演变来看，中南半岛地区纬圈温度偏差由正转负的时间早于印度半岛地区，并分别与南海夏季风和印度夏季风爆发的时间其本对应。在夏季风爆发之前，印度半岛和中南半岛地区的地面温度是逐候增加的，季风爆发以后地面温度迅速降低，而海洋上的表面温度增温幅度明显小于与其相邻地陆地，此外，从南海季风爆发早晚年中南半岛与南海地区表面温度距平差和各自温度距平的时间演变看，中南半岛地区地面温度的变化在触发南海季风爆发及其年际变化过程中可能起主导作用。     

南海季风爆发的统计动力分析

作者对南海季风爆发作了统计动力分析,即将南海季风爆发前后的高低层风场看成一个整体,并以南海季风爆发日为基准,对风场作了经验正交函数(EOF)分析,得到了以下结论:偏差风场的第一模态反映了高低层东亚夏季风环流在南海季风爆发日前后有剧烈变化,这直接体现了南海季风的爆发,并表明此时大气环流有突变发生;第二、三模态则分别反映了具有5～7天振荡周期的中高纬大气长波活动和亚洲季风区中准双周低频振荡的主要活动区,以及中低纬度大气环流的相互作用;第二模态体现了偏差风场的幅散风部分而第三模态则体现了旋转风部分.     

江门前汛期不同降水时段特征

通过对江门地区1971～2007年3—6月候雨量、日雨量,2003～2007年南海和华南地区低层（850hPa）风场、向外长波辐射（OLR）场和水汽场在南海夏季风爆发前后差异的比较分析,发现：江门前汛期降水由锋面降水和夏季风降水2个时段组成,降水集中期分别为5月第2候和6月第2候。南海夏季风爆发后,江门第1次出现的降水可看作是夏季风降水的开始,南海夏季风的不同爆发类型对江门夏季风降水的开始时间有不同影响。江门前汛期的锋面降水为大尺度抬升凝结降水,而具有热带性质的夏季风降水为对流性降水;由于降水性质的不同,导致两者在降水持续时间、降水形式等方面表现出差异。     

不同资料揭示南海夏季风爆发特征的比较

利用全球月平均海温资料，近地面的风、气温、湿度资料，以及海表感热和潜热资料，在综合分析海温和气象要素变化的基础上，确定了7个全球海气相互作用的关键区，并运用相关分析法，着重分析了各关键海区上空气象要素场与海温的时滞相关，以揭示不同关键海区海气相互作用的异同。分析表明：不同海区海气热力相互作用较强，海温与气温比湿有较好的互代性，特别是中东太平洋和南印度洋海区。动力作用对海温的影响各海区差异较大，中西太平洋海区的动力影响可能更关键。在感热潜热与海温的相关中，东西太平洋海区和西北太平洋及南印度洋两季风区都较关键。通过分析各海区海温和各气象要素相邻月的持续相关概率，进一步了解哪些要素、哪些区在哪些时段其异常持续性好，或异常持续性容易发生破坏，这不仅对做预报有一定的参考价值，也为我们讨论海气相互作用的物理机制提供了依据。     

A STUDY ON THE PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA BEFORE AND AFTER THE MONSOON ONSET

This paper presents a study on the temporal and spatial variations of the precipitation over the area of the South China Sea (SCS) during the monsoon onset period. The data used are from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations between April and June over the nine years from 1998 to 2006. This study focuses on the central and northern part of South China Sea (110-120°E, 10-20°N). Based on the observations, the 27th pentad is selected as the occurrence time of the SCS monsoon onset. The conclusions are as follows. (1) After the monsoon onset, the specific area, defined as the ratio of the number of pixels with certain type of precipitation to the number of total pixels, extends significantly for both convective and stratiform rain, with the latter having a larger magnitude. The specific rainfall, defined as the ratio of the amount of certain type of precipitation to the total amount of precipitation, decreases for convective rain and increases for stratiform rain. (2) Results also show significant increase in heavy rain and decrease in light rain after the monsoon onset. (3) Changes are also observed in the rainfall horizontal distributions over the SCS before and after the monsoon onset, manifested by the relocation of precipitation minima for both convective and stratiform rain. (4) After the monsoon onset, the variability in characteristics of precipitation vertical structure increases significantly, leading to more latent heat release and consequently deeper convection. Meanwhile, the bright-band altitude of stratiform precipitation is also elevated.     

Temperature and precipitation in the context of the annual cycle over Asia: Model evaluation and future change

Since the early or late arrival of monsoon rainfall can be devastating to agriculture and economy, the prediction of the onset of monsoon is a very important issue. The Asian monsoon is characterized by a strong annual cycle with rainy summer and dry winter. Nevertheless, most of monsoon studies have focused on the seasonal-mean of temperature and precipitation. The present study aims to evaluate a total of 27 coupled models that participated in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) for projection of the time evolution and the intensity of Asian monsoon on the basis of the annual cycle of temperature and precipitation. And future changes of onset, retreat, and intensity of monsoon are analyzed. Four models for good seasonal-mean (GSM) and good harmonic (GH) groups, respectively, are selected. GSM is based on the seasonal-mean of temperature and precipitation in summer and winter, and GH is based on the annual cycle of temperature and precipitation which represents a characteristic of the monsoon. To compare how well the time evolution of the monsoon is simulated in each group, the onset, retreat, and duration of Asian monsoon are examined. The highest pattern correlation coefficient (PCC) of onset, retreat, and duration between the reanalysis data and model outputs demonstrates that GH models’ MME predicts time evolution of monsoon most precisely, with PCC values of 0.80, 0.52, and 0.63, respectively. To predict future changes of the monsoon, the representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP 4.5) experiments for the period of 2073-2099 are compared with historical simulations for the period of 1979-2005 from CMIP5 using GH models’ MME. The Asian monsoon domain is expanded by 22.6% in the future projection. The onset date in the future is advanced over most parts of Asian monsoon region. The duration of summer Asian monsoon in the future projection will be lengthened by up to 2 pentads over the Asian monsoon region, as a result of advanced onset. The Asian monsoon intensity becomes stronger with the passage of time. This study has important implication for assessment of CMIP5 models in terms of the prediction of time evolution and intensity of Asian monsoon based on the annual cycle of temperature and precipitation.     

On the relationship between Indian monsoon withdrawal and Iran’s fall precipitation onset

Indian monsoon is the most prominent of the world’s monsoon systems which primarily affects synoptic patterns of India and adjacent countries such as Iran in interaction with large-scale weather systems. In this article, the relationship between the withdrawal date of the Indian monsoon and the onset of fall precipitation in Iran has been studied. Data included annual time series of withdrawal dates of the Indian monsoon prepared by the Indian Institute for Tropical Meteorology, and time series of the first date of 25 mm accumulated precipitation over Iran’s synoptic weather stations in a 10-day period which is the basis for the cultivation date. Both time series were considered in Julian calendar with the starting date on August 1. The studied period is 1960–2014 which covers 55 years of data from 36 meteorological stations in Iran. By classifying the withdrawal dates of the Indian monsoon in three stages of late, normal, and early withdrawals, its relation with the onset of fall precipitation in western, southwestern, southern, eastern, central, and northern regions of Iran was studied. Results demonstrated that in four out of the six mentioned regions, the late withdrawal of the Indian monsoon postpones the onset of fall precipitation over Iran. No significant relation was found between the onset of fall precipitation in central region of Iran and the monsoon’s withdrawal date. In the western, southwestern, southern, and eastern regions of Iran, the late monsoon delays the onset of fall’s precipitation; while in the south Caspian Sea coastal area, it causes the early onset of autumnal precipitation. The lag in onset of fall precipitation in Iran which is coordinated with the late withdrawal of monsoon is accompanied with prolonged subtropical high settling over Iran’s plateau that prevents the southward movement of polar jet frontal systems. Such conditions enhance northerly wind currents over the Caspian Sea which, in turn, increase the precipitation in Caspian coastal provinces, which has a different behavior from the overall response of Iran’s climate to the late withdrawal of monsoon. In the phase of early monsoon withdrawal, the subtropical jet is located at the 200 hPa level in 32.5° north latitude; compared with the late withdrawal date, it shows a 2° southward movement. Additionally, the 500 hPa trough is also located in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the MSL pressure anomaly is between ? 4 to ? 7 hPa. The Mediterranean trough in the late withdrawal phase is located in its central zones. It seems that the lack of significant correlation between late withdrawal date of Indian monsoon and late fall’s precipitation onset in the central region of Iran depends on three reasons:1. Lack of adequate weather stations in central region of Iran.2. Precipitation standard deviations over arid and warm regions are high.3. Central flat region of Iran without any source of humidity is located to the lee side of Zagros mountain range. So intensification or development of frontal systems is almost prohibited over there.     

南海夏季风降水的区域差异及其突变特征

使用1950~1997年NCAR/NCEP再分析逐日降水资料,采用聚类和相关分析相结合的方法对南海夏季风降水进行了区域划分,分析了南海夏季风降水爆发前后南海降水的突变特征。结果表明:南海 105~120°E,0~20°N区域可划分为 SCS1区、SCS2区、SCS3区和SCS4区4个小区域,每个区域的降水有其各自不同的变化特征。前三个区域的降水变化不显著,不能反映南海夏季风降水爆发的突然性,变化最显著的是SCS4区,它最好地刻画了南海夏季风降水的变化特征,因此,我们选取它作为今后工作中南海夏季风降水的研究范围。突变检验表明,5月17日,南海SCS4区降水发生明显的突变,与5月15日相比,SCS4区降水场形势发生明显变化,其区域平均降水突增超过6 mm/day,标志着南海夏季风降水的爆发。     

Comparison of the Structure and Evolution of Intraseasonal Oscillations Before and After Onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon

High-resolution satellite-derived data and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data are used to investigate intraseasonal oscillations （ISO） over the tropical Indian Ocean.A composite evolution of the ISO life cycle is constructed,including the initiation,development,and propagation of rainfall anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean.The characteristics of ISO over the tropical Indian Ocean are profoundly different before and after the onset of the Indian summer monsoon.Positive precipitation anomalies before monsoon onset appear one phase earlier than those after monsoon onset.Before monsoon onset,precipitation anomalies associated with ISO first initiate in the western tropical Indian Ocean and then propagate eastward along the equator.After monsoon onset,convective anomalies propagate northward over the Indian summer monsoon region after an initial eastward propagation over the equatorial Indian Ocean.Surface wind convergence and air-sea interaction play critical roles in initiating each new cycle of ISO convection.     

2011年南海夏季风爆发过程及其与长江中下游梅雨的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY2E-TBB及台站降水资料,对2011年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:2011年强对流活动由孟加拉湾扩展到南海地区,同时伴随着南亚高压移至中南半岛北部,西太平洋副热带高压向东撤出南海地区,南海夏季风于5月第4候(第28候)爆发;季风爆发后,印度-孟加拉湾季风槽形成,南海地区低空开始盛行西南气流,并伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。随着季风活动的推进,我国雨带北抬,长江中下游一带进入梅雨期,出现降水大值区。通过分析发现长江中下游梅雨与南海夏季风均受副热带高压影响,且两者的强度为显著的负相关关系,梅雨开始时间与南海夏季风爆发时间呈显著的正相关关系。2011年南海夏季风偏弱,爆发时间偏早,长江中下游梅雨强度偏强,入梅时间异常偏早。     

2004年南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面-过程的可能影响Ⅱ： 数值试验

在对南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面过程的可能影响进行了诊断分析的基础上,应用MM5/NOAHLSM模式,研究了中南半岛陆气相互作用对2004年南海夏季风爆发过程的可能影响。结果发现:在南海夏季风爆发前,中南半岛南海地区低层气温差确实出现低值,甚至负值;尽管短期内中南半岛土壤湿度和降水的变化没有引起季风爆发日期的改变,但对季风爆发的强度有影响。土壤湿度和降水变化引起的干异常可导致地表感热通量的增大和地表温度的升高,致使中南半岛与南海之间低层的温差异常(负温差)减小,季风爆发强度减弱;不同的是,湿异常可引起季风爆发强度增强。这一结果说明,在南海夏季风爆发前期,中南半岛上空对流活动和降水异常及其引起的土壤湿度的异常变化在一定程度上会影响到季风爆发的过程。文章还比较了不同温湿地表条件下低层大气状态的差异和地表能量、水分平衡过程的不同,分析了陆气相互作用对季风活动产生影响的物理机制。     

Onset of the regional monsoon over Southeast Asia

Summary ?This is an observational study in which regional features of the different summer monsoon components over Asia especially the South China Sea (SCS) are examined. The authors use various data sets including satellite measurements to understand the onset, maintenance, and retreat of monsoon and explain the connection and independence among the variabilities in the monsoon components. It is shown that while outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data can only measure tropical convection, upper-tropospheric water vapor band brightness temperature (BT) represents appropriately convective precipitation in both the tropics and the extratropics. The authors define criteria for measuring the SCS monsoon using precipitation, BT, OLR, and lower-tropospheric winds and suggest that multi-variables should be considered to depict regional monsoon features adequately. Under the criteria defined in this study, the SCS summer monsoon is considered as an expansion of deep convection from the tropics. The onset of the monsoon occurs in mid-May, with its precursory signal found over the Indochina peninsula. It is characterized by an abrupt establishment, especially over the central SCS. Although the role of convection over the southern SCS in the monsoon onset is unclear, the early precipitation over the northern SCS and South China, resulted from the effect of subtropical fronts, is separated from the tropical monsoon rainfall. The relative independence from one monsoon component to another is explained by the effects from local topography and land-sea thermal contrast. Received November 5, 1999/Revised April 13, 2000