春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚大气环流春夏季节演变的影响

利用NCEP高度场、风场及OLR资料，分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚大气环流春夏季节演变的影响，结果表明春季赤道东太平洋海温偏暖年，南海－菲律附近出现异常反气旋，西太平洋副高偏强偏西（副高5月占据南海），南海季风爆发迟；而春季海温偏冷年，南海－菲律宾近出现异常气旋，西太平洋副高偏弱偏东（副高5月东移出南海），南海行风爆发早。数值试验腠季赤道东太平洋海温异常不仅对东亚大气环流春季季节变化有明显影响，而且此影响可持续到夏季。     

热带海表温度持续异常对东亚初夏大气环流的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均海表温度及北半球大气环流分析资料,系统研究了热带海洋表面温度持续异常状况下东亚初夏（5、6月份）大气环流的异常特征.研究发现,暖海温年,南亚高压、西太平洋副热带高压明显偏强,冷海温年明显偏弱;暖海温年,欧亚大陆南支西风急流明显减弱北移,东亚大陆对流层低层温度偏高或接近常年,青藏高原近地面温度偏高,而冷海温年,东亚大陆对流层低层温度偏低,5月份青藏高原近地面温度偏低.研究表明,海表温度的持续异常对东亚初夏大气环流的季节转换有重要影响.     

ENSO事件与青藏高原积雪和东亚大气环流的可能联系

本文利用1951 ～1998 年的北太平洋高温和北半球大气环流及1961 ～1993 年的青藏高原积雪等资料,分析了ENSO事件与青藏高原冬季积雪、亚洲季风、夏季东亚阻塞高压和西太平洋副热带高压之间的可能联系,分析表明ENSO事件与青藏高原积雪和东亚大气环流之间存在着较好的关系。     

春夏东亚大气环流年代际转折的影响及其可能机理

本文通过多变量联合经验正交分解(MV-EOF)方法揭示了近30年(1979~2010年) 春季和夏季东亚大气环流所发生的年代际转折及其与中国南方降水年代际季节反相变化的内在联系,探讨了局地性大气热源年代际变化影响东亚大气环流年代际转折的可能机理.结果表明:(1)东亚大气环流春季第一模态和夏季第二模态在90年代中期都发生了明显的年代际转折;(2)与春季大气环流第一模态和夏季大气环流第二模态年代际转折相对应的是中国南方降水明显的年代际季节反相变化,即春季降水年代际减少,夏季降水年代际增多;(3)春季青藏高原和夏季贝加尔湖地区大气热源年代际变化对东亚大气环流年代际转折有一定贡献,是造成中国南方降水年代际季节反相变化的直接原因;(4)春季青藏高原大气热源的年代际减弱,使得高原东南侧的西南风减弱,导致中国南方上空水汽输送不足,春季降水减少.夏季贝加尔湖大气热源偶极型分布由“南负北正”转变为“南正北负”,由此在贝湖上空激发高压异常,使得夏季雨带北进受阻而停滞南方,造成中国南方夏季降水增多.     

El Ni?o对东亚夏季风和夏季降水季节内变化的影响

基于1979~2012年候平均再分析资料,合成分析了El Ni?o对东亚夏季风和夏季降水季节内变化的影响。结果表明,在El Ni?o衰减年夏季,西太平洋副热带高压(副高)明显偏强,位置偏向西南。副高的这种异常特征随夏季的季节进程有明显变化,初夏异常较弱,盛夏期间异常达到最强。此外,根据东亚夏季风降水呈现阶段式北进的特征,将夏季分为华南前汛期、江淮梅雨期、华北和东北雨期以及华南后汛期来分析东亚夏季风和降水的季节内变化。在上述各个时期,大气对流层低层表现为一致的环流异常型,副高及其以南区域为异常反气旋,其北部为异常气旋。这种异常环流型加强了副高南部偏东风及其北部偏北风,增强了热带水汽输送和高纬度地区冷空气的入侵,二者结合造成主汛期地区降水增加。需要强调的是,上述环流异常型随东亚夏季风逐步向北推移,导致东亚各地区的主汛期降水增加,非主汛期降水减少,降水分布更为集中。     

1951—2010年西太平洋副热带高压脊线季节性变化特征分析

文章通过对1951—2010年NECP/NCAR再分析逐日资料的分析,发现西太平洋副热带高压存在明显的季节性变化。夏季,副热带高压(以下简称副高)脊线出现两次显著的北跳,而且均伴随着副高强度指数的降低和西伸脊点的东退。脊线北跳过程也影响着东亚大气环流系统,南亚高压与西风急流在副高北跳后均同时减弱。但两次北跳过程仍然存在各自的特点:第一次副高脊线北跳时受到高纬地区纬向型环流调整与中低纬环流变化的共同影响,而第二次副高脊线北跳则主要受中低纬环流调整(太平洋负EAP事件)的影响。     

夏季东亚季风与西太平洋副高对福建旱涝影响的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR发布的850 hPa风场和OLR场以及福建38个站月降水资料, 分析了福建夏季旱涝与东亚夏季风及西太平洋副高的关系。结果表明夏季旱涝与夏季风强弱及副高南北位置密切相关。涝 (旱) 年在东亚季风系统中的热带季风环流出现异常加强 (减弱), 副热带季风环流则出现异常减弱 (加强); 涝年副高平均脊线位置偏北于27°N附近, 旱年则偏南于24°N附近; 由春入夏, 再由夏入秋副高南北位置的季节位移, 涝年先是急速北跳, 而后又急速南撤, 旱年却进退平缓。旱涝年东亚中高纬度环流亦表现出不同特征, 涝 (旱) 年一般没有 (有) 出现阻塞形势, 中纬度纬 (经) 向环流发展, 副热带锋区北抬 (南压), 研究还进一步揭示了夏季副高位置南北偏离影响夏季各月降水及其分布的不同形式。     

盛夏青藏高原热源与菲律宾海对流活动的联系

通过多源资料诊断分析,本文讨论了盛夏（8月）青藏高原大气热源与菲律宾海对流活动之间的联系及可能的机制。结果表明,与青藏高原热源相联系的环流形势在夏季各月明显不同,因此对夏季青藏高原热源的影响应当分月讨论。在夏季各月中,菲律宾海对流活动与青藏高原热源在8月份的联系最为紧密,二者存在显著的反相关关系。而8月青藏高原热源、菲律宾对流活动、西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高）、印度季风低压、南亚高压、西风带槽脊和西北太平洋季风环流存在相互耦合的过程。青藏高原热源与菲律宾海对流活动之间联系的机制为:菲律宾海对流弱（强）年,西太副高偏西（东）偏南（北）,西北太平洋季风环流减弱（加强）,印度季风低压减弱（加强）,西风带南压（北抬）,又加之副高西侧有强（弱）的水汽输入,兼以高层南亚高压加强（减弱）,使得高原南部降水显著增强（减弱）,高原热源整体加强（减弱）,高原热源的加强（减弱）又造成了高原南部到东亚区域低层西南（东北）风异常,又利于西太副高偏西（东）偏南（北）,从而造成菲律宾海对流减弱（加强）。这一机制在高原热源强弱年均有表现,但强年表现得更为显著,并在个例中也有所体现,说明盛夏青藏高原热源异常和菲律宾海对流异常存在显著的相互作用。     

青藏高原冬青季雪盖对东亚夏季大气环流影响的数值试验

利用ＩＡＰ ２－Ｌ ＡＧＣＭ进行了青藏高原冬春季雪盖异常对东亚夏季大气环流，加热场和降水影响的数值试验，结果表明，该影响十分显著，持续性很强，当高原冬春雪盖异常增厚、范围扩大时，夏季高原地区及我国北方５００ｈＰａ位势高度降低，南方变高，西太平洋副高减弱，大气对雪盖常的响应呈明显的波列特征，我国北方大部地区土壤温度降低，南方土壤温度升高，夏季各月降水异常分布形势并不完全一致，但与同期５００ｈＰａ高度     

无显著海温异常强迫下西太平洋副热带高压的异常变动:1980年和1981年的对比分析

1980年和1981年夏季及其前期冬春季太平洋和印度洋海温均未出现显著异常。然而,这两年东亚夏季风环流的季节内变化却呈现显著异常,且截然不同,具体表征为:1980年西太平洋副热带高压（副高）第一次北跳异常偏早,第二次北跳异常偏晚,而1981年则相反,第一次北跳接近气候态,第二次北跳却异常偏早。就副高两次北跳过程而言,其直接原因也有显著差异:1980年副高两次北跳主要受热带西太平洋对流增强的影响,而1981年两次北跳则是由于热带西太平洋对流增强后所激发的极向传播的Rossby波列与中高纬度东传的Rossby波的锁相作用造成的。与北跳过程相比,副高北跳前后环流稳定维持的时间长短显得更为重要。研究表明,1980年夏季副高异常程度之所以堪比1983年和1998年强El Ni?o衰减年,主要是由于不同阶段南半球环流和北半球中高纬度环流的相互配合与接力,其中,6月和8月副高异常偏强对夏季平均副高异常偏强起到主要贡献,但二者的影响因子不同:6月主要受马斯克林高压（马高）偏强的影响,而8月则与澳大利亚高压（澳高）异常偏强有关。此外,7月和8月副高异常偏南是因为鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压长期维持。与1980年相比,1981年夏季马高和澳高均异常偏弱,因而南半球环流对副高异常的影响有限。北半球中高纬度环流的季节内变化对该年夏季副高的快速北进和南退起主导作用,特别是8月中高纬度盛行强烈的经向环流,使得副高异常偏东偏弱,从而导致夏季平均副高异常偏东偏弱。本文的个例分析表明,在无显著海温异常强迫的年份需要特别关注南半球环流和北半球中高纬度环流对副高及与之相关的东亚夏季风环流的季节内演变的影响,但是这些环流因子持续性较差,难以用于跨季度预测。     

An Aerosol Model of the Marine and Coastal Atmospheric Surface Layer

We present a microphysical model for the surface layer marine and coastal atmospheric aerosols that is based on long-term observations of size distributions for 0.01–100 µm particles. The fundamental feature of the model is a parameterization of amplitudes and widths for aerosol modes of the aerosol size distribution function (ASDF) as functions of fetch and wind speed. The shape of ASDF and its dependence on meteorological parameters, height above sea level (H), fetch (X), wind speed (U) and relative humidity (RH), are investigated. At present, the model covers the ranges H = 0–25 m, U?=?3–18 km s^?1, X?≤?120 km and RH?=?40–98%.

The latest version of the Marine Aerosol Extinction Profiles model (MaexPro) is described and applied to the computation and analysis of the spectral profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients α(λ) in the wavelength band λ?=?0.2–12 µm. MaexPro is based on the aforementioned aerosol model assuming spherically shaped aerosol particles and the well-known Mie theory.

The spectral profiles of α(λ) calculated by MaexPro are in good agreement with observational data and the numerical results obtained from the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM) and the Advanced Navy Aerosol Model (ANAM). Moreover, MaexPro was found to be an accurate and reliable tool for investigating the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.     

A theoretical analysis of the effects of surface heterogeneity on the fluxes between ground and air

Summary The computation of the fluxes between ground surface and air in atmospheric models is based on the assumption that the surfaces parameters are horizontally homogeneous. In reality, the surface is heterogeneous, inducing a difference between the computed and realistic fluxes. Assuming that the distributions of temperature and humidity of the surface are normal, the difference of the fluxes for homogeneous and heterogeneous surface is found theoretically. The results show that the effect of the heterogeneity on the radiation flux is small, but attains a certain degree on the sensible and latent heat fluxes. However, this effect on the heat fluxes is not great when the standard deviation of the distribution of the surface parameters also is small. Only in case of great standard deviation, the difference may attain several W/m² even the order of magnitude of 10 W/m². Usually the computed sensible and latent heat fluxes are slightly greater for the heterogeneous case than that for homogeneous case, but when the interaction between the temperature and humidity of the surface is considered, the reverse is true. Received January 18, 2001 Revised July 31, 2001     

An overwater stability criterion for the offshore and coastal dispersion model

The Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) model proposed and evaluated by Hanna et al. (1985) requires the Monin-Obukhov length to compute the stability class. Both wind shear and heat flux are needed for this computation; since these parameters are not normally observed, the stability length has been converted into a nomogram which consists of routinely measured wind speed and air-sea temperature difference. An analysis of the vertical turbulence intensity as a function of the stability length demonstrates that under neutral conditions, the stability scheme used in the OCD model is reasonable.     

Actinic flux and photolysis frequency comparison computations using the model PHOTOGT

The accurate radiative transfer model GOMETRAN, initially designed to yield radiances at TOA in the wavelength range 240–790 nm, has been extended to allow for the computation of actinic fluxes down to 175 nm and for the calculation of photolysis frequencies in the atmosphere. The capability of the extended model PHOTOGT (PHOTOGOMETRAN) is demonstrated in a number of successful comparison studies both with recent experiments (ground-based, balloonborne, airborne) and model calculations of radiances, actinic fluxes and photolysis frequencies in the stratosphere and troposphere. In an atmospheric case study, the impact of new quantum yield data for the O₃ » O₂+O(¹ d) photodissociation channel on the photolytic production of O(¹ d) atoms in the lower atmosphere has been quantified.     

THE DETERMINATION OF COMPUTATIONAL PARAMETERS IN TYPHOON NUMERICAL MODELS

Optimal computational parameters are determined through comparisons of typhoon track for similarity relevant to vdrious sets of computational parameters using a simple quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equations model. The result: the Poisson equation is solved for numerical solutions at an iterative accuracy of 1.0 × 10^-4 and a time step of 20 min.     

A simplified but accurate spectral solar irradiance model

Summary ¶The paper deals with the computation of solar energy available in a specific location. First, a new formula describing the relation between global solar irradiation and the duration of bright sunshine is established. The analysis of its use shows that global solar clear sky irradiance models are essential tools for daily computation of global irradiation. An integrated spectral atmospheric transmittance model is presented, it can be used to compute beam and diffuse clear sky irradiance for all applications where broadband solar energy input is needed. Since it is desirable to use simplified estimation methods for many applications, a parametric global solar irradiance model, derived from the spectral model, is also presented. This model needs only surface meteorological data as input. The influence of the averaging method used for the input parameters on the model accuracy is evaluated. Comparison of model results with the measurements shows an acceptable level of accuracy with the new model. Finally, an application of daily global solar energy computation is presented.Received May 17, 2002; revised October 14, 2002; accepted February 11, 2003 Published online September 10, 2003     

Field experiment on studying solar radiation passing through aerosol layers

Results of a field experiment on studying solar radiation passing in the visible wavelength range are described with the model aerosol media created in the surface atmosphere. High-efficiency thermocondensation generators were used for creating model aerosol media. The index of refraction and an average size of the aerosol particles formed are close to those characteristic of the natural stratospheric aerosol. The composition and technical characteristics of the equipment complex used in the experiments to control aerosol optical and microphysical parameters and meteorological conditions of the experiment are considered. The Gaussian model of impurity dispersion in the boundary layer is used for the analysis and interpretation of measurement results. It is found that with a number concentration of aerosol particles of ～10²–10³ cm^?3 (which corresponds to the aerosol density in the deposited layer of about 1–10 mg/m² with the layer thickness along the ray path of about 100 m) the solar radiation attenuation with artificial aerosol layers accounts for 1 to 10%. Model estimates are in satisfactory agreement with the measurement results.     

Estimating by inverse modeling the release of radioactive substances (<Superscript>133</Superscript>Xe, <Superscript>131</Superscript>I,and <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs) into the atmosphere from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

The estimate of the release of radioactive substances (¹³³Xe, ¹³¹I, and ¹³⁷Cs) into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster is presented. It was obtained using the FLEXPART Lagrangian dispersion model and the data of local ground-based measurements of radiation dose rate. The computation period covers the active phase of the nuclear disaster that lasted 20 days after the tsunami. To get the quantitative characteristics of emissions of radioactive substances, the inverse modeling based on the Bayesian approach is used. The emissions were estimated for three altitudes. The total emissions are equal to 2.1 + 0.4 kg (14 000 + 2700 PBq) for ¹³³Xe, (3.8 + 0.4) x 10^-2 kg (174 + + 18 PBq) for ¹³¹I, and 5.7 + 1.2 kg (18 + 4 PBq) for ¹³⁷Cs that is consistent with the results of other studies. Retrieved emissions were used to provide the forward modeling for mapping the areas of radionuclide deposition. The developed method of retrieving the emission of radioactive substances makes a useful instrument that operationally estimates and localizes the areas of potential pollution in case of nuclear accidents and could be used for making decisions on the population evacuation.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYMMETRIC DISTURBANCE SUPERPOSED ON BAROCLINIC FRONTAL ZONE UNDER THE ACTION OF DEFORMATION FIELD*

The development of symmetric disturbance superposed on the background field of Hoskins-Bretherton (1972) frontogenesis model is investigated by means of WKBJ approach,It is found that the forcing of large-scale deformation,the frontal circulation and the spatial-temporal variations of stability parameters (F²,N²,M²) can bring about the development of symmetric disturbance,even though the frontal baroclinic flow is symmetric stable (F²N²-M²>0),The frontogenetical process of deformation confluence zone and the ascending branch of frontal circulation are in favor of the development of symmetric disturbance,The actions of ageostrophic shear in frontal zone and the variation of stability parameters are dependent on the structure of disturbance.     

Spatial prediction model and its application to chemistry of atmospheric precipitation in Jordan

This study is concerned with the spatial variability of some wet atmospheric precipitation parameters such as; pH, conductivity (EC). The study also depicts the spatial variability of some ions (cations and anions) of atmospheric precipitation in Jordan such as, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻. The basis of the work is to establish a relationship through the cumulative semivariogram technique between the distance ratios and the spatial dependence structure of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation. All semivariogram models are constructed in this study in order to understand the behavior of the spatial distribution. The spatial distributions of rainwater parameters show differences from station to station which is expressed in terms of angle, where the larger the angle the weaker the correlation. The semivariogram (SV) models are constructed to show the variation of the rainfall chemistry in Jordan. The SV models show weak correlation between mountain and leeside mountain stations, i.e. mountain and desert stations. On the other hand, good correlations are observed when transferring from south to north of the country. The larger is the found angle, the weaker is the correlation. For most of the SV model the correlation is found to be very weak between desert and mountainous locality. The Standard Regional Dependence Factor (SRDF) is used for prediction of the distribution of rain fall parameters. It shows the relative error between observed and predicted values of rainwater parameters. The overall regional relative error between the observed and estimated concentrations remains less than 15%.