甘肃省气候影响评价的方法和设想

甘肃省气候影响评价的方法和设想刘德祥田玉萍（甘肃省气象局气候资料室兰州７３００２０）１气候影响评价业务的基本情况和方法１．１建立信息网络，保证气候评价业务气象资料、社会经济资料、气象灾情资料是做好气候影响评价工作的基础。由于气候影响评价时效性强，资料...     

省级气候影响评价业务及管理的思考

省级气候影响评价业务自上世纪八十年代初在各地逐步开展起来，二十年来这项工作为政府有关部门和人民群众科学安排工农业生产和生活发挥了积极的作用。随着经济的发展和人们生活水平的不断提高，给气候影响评价工作带来了新的机遇和挑战，不仅对气候影响评价工作提出了新的更高要求，     

做好气候影响评价业务工作的思考

本文结合自己在地区级气候影响评价工作实践中的体会，就气候影响评价在业务工作中的定位、现状和存在问题、发展方向和应采取的措施等进行了一些思考和探讨。     

气候影响评价准自动化业务系统

气候影响评价准自动化业务系统庞万才，牛宝亮（兴安盟气象处）气候影响评价工作是近几年来开展的新的气象业务，目前已列入各级气象台站常规业务工作任务。它具有涉及面广，服务时效快的特点。人工制作气候影响评价，不仅繁琐费时，而且评价结论受各人的主观经验因素影响...     

气候变化对作物产量影响的动态统计评价模式及其应用

气候变化对作物产量影响的动态统计评价模式，是将积分回归原理引进到气候影响评价服务中来，建立了以旬为时间单位的气温、降水、日照的旬值变化对作物产量形成的最佳定量影响关系，可使气候影响评价工作直接为农业生产进行及时连续的跟踪服务。气候动态影响规律实质是正常气候条件与作物生长的供需规律，因此该模式还有多种用途可供开发利用。     

山西省7月主要雨带分布类型及其遥相关因子的分析研究

山西省７月主要雨带分布类型及其遥相关因子的分析研究杨世刚（山西省气象台０３０００６）１提要７月山西省正是盛夏季节，雨带比较活跃，从南到北旱涝比较频繁。７月主要雨带的活动对山西省天气气候的影响极大。本文通过对７月降雨量的气候分布特点和３５年（１９５８～...     

对提高河南气候评价业务效益问题的思考

对提高河南气候评价业务效益问题的思考钱晓燕（河南省气候中心，郑州·４５０００３）气候影响评价作为河南省、地、县三级气象台站的日常业务，已开展１０多年，经过全省评价管理和业务人员的共同努力，评价工作取得了一定的社会服务效益，也积累了一些有益的经验和方法...     

前言

气候变化及影响已成为当今世界的热门话题,评价气候变化对社会经济的影响已在世界范围内展开,我国也于1984年开始全国性气候评价业务工作。但由于气候——社会经济相互作用的复杂性,气候评价工作多属搜集气候影响情报和定性描述,理论和方法研究尚少。为了改变我国气候评价工作的目前状况,使之逐步走向客观化、定量化。     

小麦—气候产量评价模式的初步探讨

作物—气候产量评价模式,国外已有不少研究。近年来,我国在气候评价业务工作中,除积累了大量气候影响情报外,不少省、地、县也开展了定量气候评价分析研究工作,提出了一些评价模式,并取得了良好效果,但国家级气候评价模式至今尚未开展。为此,本文利用北方冬麦区八个省市的实际单产与同期气候资料,就这方面的工作做个尝试。     

贵州省、地、县气候影响评价系统模式研究

1引言气候影响评价是针对一个地区当年或任一时段内,气候对社会各行各业和国民经济等方面的影响而作出的评价与评述,是气候服务的一种重要的手段。为适应气象现代化发展及社会经济发展的需要,使气候影响评价工作达到规范化、自动化、定量化、客观化,满足各行各业对气象信息的需求。在省科委的大力支持下,本课题组承担厂研制“贵州省、地、县气候影响评价系统”的任务,在总结我省开展气候影响评价工作十多年来经验的基础上,采用人机结合的气候计算机方式,研制出气候影响评价系统,为省、地、县领导部门准确、及时、全面掌握气候对本…     

The economics of climate change impacts and policy benefits at city scale: a conceptual framework

Cities are particularly vulnerable to climate change and climate extremes in part because they concentrate many activities, people and wealth in limited areas. As a result they represent an important scale for assessment and understanding of climate change impacts. This paper provides a conceptual and methodological framework for urban economic impact assessment of climate change. The focus of the paper is on model-based analysis of future scenarios, including a framing of uncertainty for these projections, as one valuable input into the decision-making process. The paper highlights the main assessment difficulties, methods and tools, and selected examples across these areas. A number of challenges are unique to climate change impact assessment and others are unique to the problem of working at local scales. The paper also identifies the need for additional research, including the need for more integrated and systemic approaches to address climate change as a part of the urban development challenge as well as the need to assess the economic impacts of climate change and response policy at local scale.     

A New Economic Assessment Index for the Impact of Climate Change on Grain Yield

The impact of climate change on agriculture has received wide attention by the scientific community. This paper studies how to assess the grain yield impact of climate change, according to the climate change over a long time period in the future as predicted by a climate system model. The application of the concept of a traditional ＂yield impact of meteorological factor （YIMF）＂ or ＂yield impact of weather factor＂ to the grain yield assessment of a decadal or even a longer timescale would be suffocated at the outset because the YIMF is for studying the phenomenon on an interannual timescale, and it is difficult to distinguish between the trend caused by climate change and the one resulting from changes in non-climatic factors. Therefore, the concept of the yield impact of climatic change （YICC）, which is defined as the difference in the per unit area yields （PUAY） of a grain crop under a changing and an envisaged invariant climate conditions, is presented in this paper to assess the impact of global climate change on grain yields. The climatic factor has been introduced into the renowned economic Cobb-Douglas model, yielding a quantitative assessment method of YICC using real data. The method has been tested using the historical data of Northeast China, and the results show that it has an encouraging application outlook.     

Water Resources Planning and Climate Change Assessment Methods

This paper, which provides background for other papers in the volume, first reviews the nature and development of water resources planning and evaluation criteria at the Federal level in the United States. These criteria constitute a highly developed, complex set of guidelines for project planning and evaluation. The level of development of these criteria and their long historical development from theoretical foundations must be taken into account in relating global climate change to possible changes in planning criteria. Second, the essentials of water project planning and evaluation, including benefit-cost principles and more complex concepts of social decision-making, are outlined. Third, the paper provides an overview of global climate change assessment methods, including impact assessment and integrated assessment. Impact assessment uses a relatively straightforward comparison of with and without situations; integrated assessment attempts to improve on impact assessment by developing more complex models that incorporate a range of feedbacks and interrelationships.     

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments: An Evolution of Conceptual Thinking

Vulnerability is an emerging concept for climate science and policy. Over the past decade, efforts to assess vulnerability to climate change triggered a process of theory development and assessment practice, which is reflected in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This paper reviews the historical development of the conceptual ideas underpinning assessments of vulnerability to climate change. We distinguish climate impact assessment, first- and second-generation vulnerability assessment, and adaptation policy assessment. The different generations of assessments are described by means of a conceptual framework that defines key concepts of the assessment and their analytical relationships. The purpose of this conceptual framework is two-fold: first, to present a consistent visual glossary of the main concepts underlying the IPCC approach to vulnerability and its assessment; second, to show the evolution of vulnerability assessments. This evolution is characterized by the progressive inclusion of non-climatic determinants of vulnerability to climate change, including adaptive capacity, and the shift from estimating expected damages to attempting to reduce them. We hope that this paper improves the understanding of the main approaches to climate change vulnerability assessment and their evolution, not only within the climate change community but also among researchers from other scientific communities, who are sometimes puzzled by the unfamiliar use of technical terms in the context of climate change.     

中国气候与环境演变评估（Ⅰ）：中国气候与环境变化及未来趋势

近百年来,全球气候正经历着一次以变暖为主要特征的显著变化,全球气候与环境的重大变化对中国的气候与环境演变也产生了重大影响。来自气候、环境、海洋和经济社会科学等领域的百余位专家和学者对中国气候与环境的演变及其对自然生态系统和社会经济部门的影响进行了评估,在此基础上,提出了适应和减缓气候变化的对策。本文主要阐述在全球气候变化背景下中国气候与环境的演变,并对未来气候变化的趋势做出了预测。     

中国气候与环境演变评估(I):中国气候与环境变化及未来趋势

近百年来,全球气候正经历着一次以变暖为主要特征的显著变化,全球气候与环境的重大变化对中国的气候与环境演变也产生了重大影响。来自气候、环境、海洋和经济社会科学等领域的百余位专家和学者对中国气候与环境的演变及其对自然生态系统和社会经济部门的影响进行了评估,在此基础上,提出了适应和减缓气候变化的对策。本文主要阐述在全球气候变化背景下中国气候与环境的演变,并对未来气候变化的趋势做出了预测。     

厄尔尼诺事件山西春秋季典型旱涝年环流特征分析

厄尔尼诺现象的发生会给全球气候带来影响，本文通过分析山西省春秋季降水规律，发现厄尔尼诺对山西春秋季旱涝有一定影响，并对春秋季典型旱涝年的环流特征进行了分析。     

山西省暴雨气候特征分析

根据山西省109个气象台站1959年至1990年以来的暴雨资料，运用气候统计分析方法，分析了山西省各地暴雨发生的类型，强度，持续时间，时空分布等方面的气候特征。     

气候变化对媒介传播性疾病传播影响的评估模型

旨在综述评估各类模型在媒介传播性疾病中的应用前景。首先对媒介传播性疾病的流行及其与气候特征间的相关关系进行了分析,在此基础上综述了评估模型的种类与评估方法,包括气候因子决定性模型和数理统计学模型两大类,并分别以疟疾、血吸虫病和登革热等3种媒介传播性疾病为例,列举了两类模型在这些疾病中的应用与评估方法。最后提出了气候变化对媒介传播性疾病传播影响的未来研究方向和重点, 今后研究要评估气候变化对疾病传播造成的已有影响,预测未来影响范围与强度及预见未来变局,并提出科学的适应对策。     

Climate Impact Response Functions as Impact Tools in the Tolerable Windows Approach

A critical issue for policymakers in defining mitigationstrategies for climate change is the availability ofappropriate evaluation tools. The development of climate impactresponse functions (CIRFs) is our reaction to this challenge.CIRFs depict the response of selected climate-sensitive impactsectors across a wide range of plausible futures. They consist ofa limited number of climate-change-related dimensions andsensitivities of sector-specific impact models. The concept ofCIRFs is defined and the procedure to develop them is presented.The use of climate change scenarios derived from various GCMexperiments and the adopted impact assessment models areexplained.The CIRFs presented here consider climate change impacts onnatural vegetation, crop production, and water availability. Theyare part of the ICLIPS integrated assessment framework based onthe tolerable windows approach. CIRFs can be applied both in`forward' and in `inverse' mode. In the latter, they help totranslate thresholds for climate impacts perceived by stakeholders(so-called impact guardrails) into constraints for climatevariables (so-called climate windows). This enables the results ofdetailed impact models to be incorporated into intertemporallyoptimizing integrated assessment models, such as the ICLIPS model.