江淮流域一次特大暴雨的数值模拟以及动力分析

以周晓平研制的有限区域细网格数值模式为基础，编制成一个套网格模式，并对１９９１年７月２￣３日发生在江淮流域的特大暴雨过程，进行了数值模拟和动力分析。结果表明：低空急流加强，输送了大量暖湿空气并激发强烈的上升运动是造成该区暴雨的主要原因；在该过程中，热成风平衡遭到破坏，其非热成风平衡部分伴随相应的二级环流，也有利于垂直运动的产生。     

非热成风涡度平流和层结稳定度对梅雨暴雨发生发展的作用分析

暴雨发生发展直接的判断是看雨区上空的抽气式垂直环流是否发展和维持。理论分析和数值模拟的结果表明暴雨的发生发展与地转调整过程中产生的热成风不平衡加剧现象关系密切。加剧现象是在怎样的天气尺度背景条件下发生,对此,本文试从已存在降水的情况下(此时空气近饱和)分析实况存在的热成风不平衡的分布和层结不稳定水平分布入手,     

梅雨暴雨系统中的θse暖盖

本文利用一个10层中尺度湿模式，对长江流域的一次梅雨暴雨进行数值模拟。结果如下:1. 梅雨暴雨系统中有θse暖盖存在，并在降水过程中维持加强。它与美国中西部强风暴暴雨系统中的干暖盖不同，是湿暖盖。2．降水多发生在暖盖北侧或东北侧、θse水平梯度大的地区，该地区还处于850—700百帕层的位势不稳定中心和强上升区重叠处附近。3．暖盖的作用除了可抑制其下层（边界层）位势不稳定能量的随时释放外，还起到增强其上层（对流层中低层）位势不稳定度的作用，因而暖盖在暴雨过程中提供了有利于深厚积云对流发生发展的热力环境条件。4．从对热成风涡度方程的讨论可知，暴雨多出现在暖盖上层的位势不稳定中心区和强上升区附近，是由于该处的位势不稳定度及其水平分布不均匀性和上升速度及其水平分布不均匀性的互相耦合，造成热成风不平衡，引起抽气式垂直环流的发生发展，并引起重力惯性波的不稳定之故，所以暖盖还对大气不平衡状态的发展起促进作用。 5．由暖盖的个别变化方程可知，暖盖生成的决定性因子是地转热成风（Vg/p）对水汽的平流和热成风不平衡（v’/ p）引起的θse平流。因此雨区南侧低空偏南湿急流的存在对雨区暖盖的增强极为有利。     

一次暴雨过程与环境流场关系的数值模拟

本文用一个中尺度10层湿模式,对美国中西部一次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟. 通过分析每三小时的预报结果,对暴雨过程中非热成风的变化、高低空急流强度的演变以及它们与降水的关系作了初步探讨,并以湿地转调整观点初步解释了这些现象.最后计算了环境流场气流的三维轨迹. 分析结果表明: 1.垂直环流强度的变化是决定降水大小的关键.而影响垂直环流变化的物理过程是雨区上空的非热成风调整过程.正是这个调整过程维持和加强了雨区上空的上升运动,从而使暴雨维持和加强.高空急流、偏北风低空急流、垂直侧向环流及降水量的变化等,都是调整过程的表现或结果. 2.在整个暴雨过程中,调整变化未能达到热成风平衡,致使雨区及其北侧上空的正侧向环流始终存在.此外,在预报的第12小时后,调整的结果曾一度使垂直环流、降水和偏北风低空急流大大加强,这情况可用湿地转调整观点加以解释. 3.质点的三维轨迹表明,在天气尺度背景下,暴雨区上空迭加了一个中尺度流场,低空是辐合上升区,高空为辐散区.这从另一角度证实了暴雨过程中垂直环流的存在,与过去许多诊断分析的推断一致.     

双重套网格数值模式对一次暴雨系统模拟的比较试验

本文以自嵌套方式，将一个有限区域暴雨数值模式编制成单向和双向的套网格模式，同时又将这两个套网格模式分别与Ｔ４２Ｌ９模式进行了单向嵌套。形成了单向，双向两个双重套网格模式。运用这两个模式对１９９１年７月江淮流域的一次特大暴雨过程进行了数值试验。     

一次江淮暴雨过程中干空气侵入的诊断分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5(V3)，对2003年7月4日20时至5日20时发生在江淮地区的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行模拟，并采用模式输出的具有较高分辨率和动力协调性的网格资料，就干空气侵入及其对暴雨过程的作用进行了诊断研冤。结果表明，此次暴雨过程中有明显的干空气侵入，且干空气侵入对暴雨过程产生重要作用：干空气侵入将对流层高层高位涡带入低层，促进了对流层低层气旋及对流运动的发展，继而引起降水的增强。     

低纬斜压两层模式大气半地转适应过程

利用斜压两层模式研究了赤道平面近似下的低纬热带大气适应过程。指出低纬斜压大气适应过程主要受重力惯性内波控制。通过重力惯性内波对初始非地转能量的频散,使纬向运动达到地转平衡,而经向维持非地转运动,正压模式下称为半地转平衡,斜压模式下称为半热成风平衡。通过对垂直运动方程的求解,可知,垂直运动只与重力惯性内波相联系,其产生与初始斜压位涡度无关,而只与初始时刻的垂直运动和垂直运动倾向有关,半地转适应使运动趋向水平运动。讨论了半热成风平衡的建立及其物理机制,指出由于重力惯性内波激发出垂直运动,与垂直运动相联系的水平辐合辐散调整流场和温度场之间的关系,使温压场最终达到半热成风平衡。通过对适应过程终态的分析,指出平均温度场和切变流场之间的适应方向决定于初始非半地转扰动的尺度与斜压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径有关的特征尺度的比值,当比值大于１时,切变流场向平均温度场适应;当比值小于１时,平均温度场向切变流场适应     

非热成风平衡基流的对称不稳定

采用适合于中尺度研究的ｆ平面、非静力平衡、滤声波模式，运用解析方法研究了具有非热成风梯度存在的高空急流入口区右侧及低空急流入口区左侧的对称不稳定性问题。求出了扰动流函数解析表达式，从而定性地分析了由于非热成风梯度的存在，中尺度扰动波结构以及波振幅空间分布特征。所得理论结果可以解释在平行型高低空急流入口区间产生强暴雨的原因。     

切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度在东北冷涡暴雨中的应用

引入切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度, 并将其应用于东北冷涡暴雨的诊断分析。理论上, 切变风螺旋度定义为风速垂直切变与绝对涡度矢量的点积, 表示风速垂直方向的分布不均匀对涡管的扭转效应, 由扭转项和垂直涡度的辐合辐散项两部分组成。热成风螺旋度是在切变风螺旋度的基础上利用地转关系和热成风关系得出的简化形式, 其强度和符号取决于上升气流和暖湿空气的配置。相对于切变风螺旋度, 热成风螺旋度的计算只需要单平面层的资料即可, 避免了垂直差分计算, 这大大弥补了台站观测中垂直层密度稀疏或者边界层的处理等问题的不足, 使得计算大大简化, 便于业务应用。在以上定义和理论分析的基础上, 选取一次东北冷涡降水过程进行数值模拟, 利用模式输出的中尺度资料, 诊断分析这次降水过程中的切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度。分析表明, 降水中心位于切变风螺旋度的正值和负值区的边界, 与降水的强度变化一致; 而作了热成风近似后的切变风螺旋度中的扭转项 (即热成风螺旋度), 与切变风螺旋度相似, 也能较好地诊断降水和对流 (尤其是强降水和强对流) 的发展, 而且其对暴雨的诊断优于传统的螺旋度。     

重庆市"5·29"暴雨天气过程诊断分析与数值模拟

在天气分析的基础上,利用非静力中尺度数值预报模式MM5和双向二重嵌套网格技术,对2004年5月29~30日重庆市暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟。诊断分析表明,高空低槽产生的冷锋云系发展东移是产生此次暴雨天气过程的主要大尺度天气系统,由高空槽诱发产生的中尺度涡旋是产生此次暴雨天气的主要中尺度系统。模拟结果与观测结果的对比显示表明,MM5中尺度数值预报模式能够成功模拟四川盆地东部的暴雨天气过程,同时揭示了高空槽东移过程中在重庆地区范围内产生的较强中尺度气旋性辐合和强烈上升运动促使了暴雨的产生。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.