华北回流强降水天气过程的中尺度分析

使用华北地区加密自动站资料、 多普勒雷达资料和NCEP（1°×1°）再分析资料, 应用中尺度滤波方法、 诊断分析方法等, 对2003年10月华北回流暴雨天气过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明： 在回流冷空气与西南暖湿气流相遇产生的辐合带中存在中尺度低压和切变; 中尺度低压和切变主要在600 hPa以下, 中尺度低压随高度向西、 向北倾斜, 东西向中尺度切变随高度向北倾斜。此次回流暴雨过程中有5个中尺度雨团活动, 其中3个中尺度雨团与中尺度低压和切变配合且随低压和切变移动, 暴雨期间多普勒雷达速度图上出现了持续2 h以上的逆风区。     

浙江北部一次热带低压引发的大暴雨过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2E卫星云图及相关定量产品,分析了2013年8月18—19日浙江北部一次大暴雨天气过程。结果表明:(1)热带低压是此次暴雨产生的直接影响系统,低压与副热带高压之间偏东风急流为暴雨产生提供了水汽和能量条件。(2)热带低压具有明显的不对称结构,其中心随高度西倾;强对流云团主要分布在500 hPa低压环流北侧,也是此过程强降水的直接制造者,其移动演变与强降水区移动演变一致。(3)卫星云图及相关产品分析表明,相当黑体亮温(TBB)、射出长波辐射(OLR)低值带对强降水区具有较好的指示意义,其值大小对降水强度有较好反映;在实际业务中,可结合实况和卫星云图及相关定量产品对预报及时作出订正。(4)此过程水汽主要来源于东海,边界层为水汽通量辐合区;强降水区与850 hPa假相当位温密集带垂直;地面中小尺度系统为暴雨产生提供了有利的抬升条件;杭州湾喇叭口地形对降水有明显增幅效应。     

2018年12号热带低压奇异路径分析

分析2018年第12号热带低压的奇异路径及其在广西强降雨落区产生的原因,分析表明:(1)12号热带低压路径为逆时针旋转,主要是由于副热带高压位置偏北,引导气流偏弱,低压先受到11号热带低压的互旋作用而产生了逆时针旋转的路径,登陆后由于11号热带低压减弱,对其影响也逐渐减弱,之后受到自身内力作用转向西北方向移动。(2)广西上空的热力和水汽条件均有利于对流发展,但桂东南由于缺少有利的动力条件和触发条件,没有强降雨产生。由于低压中心随高度向西南方向倾斜,导致垂直运动随低压中心向西南倾斜,使低压西南方处于大尺度上升运动处。而沿海和桂南一带处于偏北风和偏西风的辐合处,触发对流产生。强降雨云团在沿海被触发并发展,在低压西南方得到进一步发展,并随着低压转向西北方向移动,在广西的南部和中西部产生了强降水。     

一次典型热低压填塞导致贵州暴雨天气过程能量条件分析

利用天气图资料及NCEP1.0°×1.0°再分析资料,计算了一次典型热低压填塞导致贵州产生暴雨天气过程CAPE值及抬升指数,借以分析热低压天气系统在该次暴雨过程中的作用.结果表明:热低压天气系统的维持为暴雨天气过程的产生积累了足够的不稳定能量,同时在大气层结不稳定性从热低压的南部开始发展,最不稳定区域位于热低压中心偏南的位置,暴雨中心的降压升温过程相当匹配,暴雨过程对应着对流不稳定能量大量释放,暴雨过程结束后大气层结趋于稳定.     

一次西南涡暴雨的等熵位涡特征分析

应用常规资料和0.5°×0.5°的GFS再分析资料,对2010年7月19日发生在河北山东的一次西南涡暴雨过程产生的条件及其等熵位涡演变特征进行了分析。结果表明：西南涡、高、低空急流、地面低压是这次暴雨过程的主要影响系统;等熵位涡的演变和形态对冷空气活动有很好的示踪作用;等熵位涡中心两侧气流辐合,利于地面低压发展;高位涡下传,导致了大暴雨产生;等熵位涡大值区及移动方向与降水落区有很好的对应关系。     

华南季风低压暴雨及其结构分析

文中对2005年夏季华南的一次季风低压大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,讨论了该季风低压的三维结构,并将其与南亚季风低压和梅雨锋上低压系统的结构进行了对比分析。结果表明,这次暴雨过程由华南季风低压直接引起,造成大暴雨的季风低压产生在有利的大尺度环流背景下。这次华南季风低压的三维结构特征为:在水平方向上,季风低压的南侧是一条对流云带,在对流层中低层,季风低压基本上处于对流不稳定并伴随有较强的上升运动;它对应中低层的湿舌、辐合区和很强的正涡度带。在垂直方向上,季风低压在对流层中低层有明显的气旋性环流,在300 hPa以上无反映。它对应低层辐合和气旋性涡度,高层辐散和反气旋性涡度。季风低压的上升气流可达对流层高层,主要上升运动区位于低压的西侧,主要下沉运动区位于低压的东侧。季风低压南侧有低空急流存在,但高层急流并不明显;季风低压的热力结构为上暖下冷。华南季风低压的轴线随高度向东南方向倾斜。这种种特征,与南亚季风低压和梅雨锋低压均有较大不同。     

2011年7月中旬江淮流域持续性强降水的环流特征分析

利用2011年7月11—19日的过程降水资料、NCEP再分析资料,结合天气学诊断分析方法,从降水持续性方面展开探讨,分析了致使本次降水产生的中高纬度阻塞形势、低纬度形势、南海低压维持和移动机制。研究表明,中高纬度稳定超长波和超长波形势下阻塞形势的建立和稳定少动在持续降水过程中起到很好的基础作用。索马里的越赤道西南暖湿气流加强、正压不稳定形成条件的存在和第二类条件不稳定机制的反馈作用的持续对南海热带低压的维持起到关键作用。鞍型场的形成和南海低压的北上是持续强降水发生的直接影响因素,这些因子的分析和再认识对江淮持续性强降水的预报具有一定指导意义。      

新乡市台风低压暴雨预报系统

利用1986～1996年新乡站历史气象资料,分析了产生新乡台风低压暴雨的登陆台风路径,选择了预报因子,建立了新乡市台风低压暴雨预报系统.     

典型高影响天气系统之西南热低压研究Ⅰ——统计分析

利用地面常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,把我国西南地区春季出现的热低压分为本地生成型热低压和北方移入型热低压两种类型,定义了热低压的位置指数和强度指数,并以此讨论两种类型热低压的时空分布特征,对西南热低压进行定量描述以及研究其形成规律和机理,以提高天气预报的准确率.研究结果表明:西南地区热低压具有明显的地域性,较少移动;春季我国西南地区近1/4时间受热低压影响,4月份热低压出现频率最高,而5月份的热低压最强,热低压存在明显的日变化且其强度有逐年增强的趋势.热低压主要形成于地形鞍型场附近,是导致我国西南地区春季高温天气和贵州春季暴雨的主要天气系统,有70%的热低压天气过程会带来35 ℃以上的高温天气,在贵州分别有69%、50%的热低压在填塞过程中会产生大雨、暴雨以上的降水.     

梅雨锋上两类中尺度对流系统形成的边界层特征

采用具有较高时空分辨率的地面观测资料以及WRF（Weather reasearch and forecasting）模式输出资料,分析了2009年6月29一-30日梅雨锋暴雨过程中两类不同的中尺度对流系统（rnesoscale convective system,MCS）边界层特征及边界层对两类MCS的触发维持机理,重点分析了海平面气压场特征、边界层冷池、干线及其在MCS中的影响。结果表明：两类中尺度对流系统的海平面气压特征存在着明显的差异,对流爆发阶段地面风场存在辐合线,再次激发阶段气压场呈“跷跷板”型的中尺度扰动,即由前置中低压和后置中高压组成,最强的对流带位于中低压和中高压之间的过渡区内;边界层辐合线是第一类中尺度对流系统（MCSl）维持的重要因素;MCSl爆发后边界层冷池生成,冷池前的冷出流与低层环境风产生的强辐合触发了第二类中尺度对流系统（MCS2）;存在于中低压和中高压之间的中尺度干线是MCS2的重要特点之一。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...