脱硝技术与天然气应用情景下京津冀地区空气质量模拟评估

针对京津冀地区主要大气污染物NOx（氮氧化物）和PM2.5（大气中粒径小于或等于2.5μm的颗粒物）,应用柴油车尾气净化技术及中小锅炉烟气脱硝技术,并根据2015年和2030年我国能源规划,设计3种技术应用情景,采用WRF-CAMx耦合模式,对京津冀地区大气中NOx和PM2.5进行了应用情景模拟。结果表明,单独应用柴油车尾气净化技术后（方案1）,北京、天津地区大气中的NOx浓度降低幅度达20%,河北地区降低5%;PM2.5的浓度降低幅度约10%;应用柴油车尾气净化技术和2015年能源规划情景（方案2）,京津冀地区大气中NOx和PM2.5浓度的降低幅度均超过20%;应用柴油车尾气净化技术和2030年能源规划情景（方案3）,该地区NOx浓度降低幅度与之相当,PM2.5浓度降低幅度超过30%。可见脱硝技术和清洁能源利用的有效性依赖于其应用比例。二次气粒转化的化学过程形成的硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐对该地区空气中PM2.5浓度的贡献很大,冬、春、秋季硝酸盐最大贡献高达60%,夏、秋季硫酸盐最大贡献超过70%,铵盐四季最大贡献约25%。这说明PM2.5的主要前体物NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)、CO等均大幅度削减才能有效降低该地区空气中PM2.5浓度。     

利用WRF-Chem模拟研究京津冀地区夏季大气污染物的分布和演变

应用WRF—Chem（Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry）模式模拟研究了2007年8月京津冀地区近地面O3、NO2、PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征,将模拟结果与观测数据进行详细对比,结果表明,模式可以较好地模拟O3、PM2.5,浓度的空间分布和时间变化特征,成功再现了8月33和PM2.5的几次积累增加过程,其中O,的模拟值与观测值的相关系数为0．69～0．86,PM2.5的相关系数为0．44～0．49,但模式对NO2的模拟相对较差,相关系数为0．27～0．43。北京、天津地区为O3月均低值区,月均体积浓度约30×10^-9,渤海及京津冀以西地区O3月平均体积浓度可达60×10^-9;PM2,呈现南高北低的分布特征,变化范围为120～240μg／m3。14时月平均03体积浓度在北京、天津地区低于周边地区,约为60×10^-9;而PM2.5质量浓度在环渤海地区和河北南部较高,为100～120μg/m^3。8月17日北京出现一次典型的高浓度O,污染事件,14时北京地区温度达到33℃,O3体积浓度为80×10^-9～110×10^-9。在局地排放、化学反应和外来输送的共同作用下,渤海西岸和北岸PM2.5的质量浓度超过120μg／m3,其中二次气溶胶质量浓度为50～100μg／m3,一次排放人为气溶胶质量浓度为10～20μg／m3,海盐质量浓度为1～7μg／m3,二次气溶胶是该地区PM2.5的主要贡献者。     

秦皇岛2019年冬季重污染过程PM2.5来源数值模拟

秦皇岛地处河北省东北部,是环渤海重要的港口城市,在近几年京津冀地区减排效果较好的情况下,于2019年1月出现了多次持续细颗粒物（PM2.5）污染过程。因此本文利用耦合了数值源解析模块ISAM（Integrated Source Apportionment Method）的区域空气质量模式RAMS-CMAQ（Regional Atmospheric Modeling System–Community Multiscale Air Quality）,对2019年1月秦皇岛地区PM2.5进行模拟,并将PM2.5质量浓度高于（低于）75 μg m－3的时段划分为污染（清洁）时段,分别探讨了两个时段本地排放源对秦皇岛市PM2.5质量浓度的贡献情况,并且进一步探讨了秦皇岛各区县及外地排放源对秦皇岛市4个国控环境监测站点（第一关站、北戴河站、市监测站、建设大厦站）PM2.5质量浓度的区域传输特征。结果表明,秦皇岛地区PM2.5质量浓度整体呈“南高北低”式分布。清洁时段,PM2.5质量浓度受本地贡献较大,青龙县、卢龙县大部分地区贡献为40%～50%,海港区、抚宁区、北戴河区、第一关区及昌黎县大部分地区贡献在60%以上;4个国控环境监测站点受跨界输送贡献占34.7%～41.6%。污染时段,秦皇岛市本地贡献相对于清洁时段整体下降10%左右,当地大气污染受到跨界区域传输影响增加;而在4个国控站中,北戴河站、第一关站受到跨界输送贡献分别下降1.0%和2.3%;市监测站、建设大厦站受到跨界输送贡献分别上升2.9%和2.0%。     

外来输送对江苏冬季PM2.5贡献的数值模拟研究

利用WRF-Chem模式对2016年12月中下旬的两次重污染过程进行模拟,定量研究外来污染输送对江苏省PM_2.5的污染贡献。15—17日和22—23日两次过程都存在明显的上游污染输送特征:宿迁、扬州、无锡(自西北向东南)的PM_2.5浓度先后出现峰值,峰值均出现在西北风场中,当风向转为偏北风时峰值逐渐减弱。第二次过程中地面风力更大,高空形势更有利于远距离输送,高值区范围强度明显强于第一次,重度污染层厚度达到900~1 500 m,且持续时间较长。第一次过程中江苏省内排放源贡献率为23%~79%(第二次为5%~32%),苏南仍以本地排放源污染为主,苏北外来输送贡献率超过50%。第二次过程中宿迁、扬州、无锡的PM_2.5外来输送贡献分别为105.9 μg/m3、83.1 μg/m3、64.8 μg/m3(第一次为40.2 μg/m3、20.9 μg/m3、11.1 μg/m3),山东省和京津冀地区排放源是主要污染输送来源,二者贡献之和在44%~70%。两次过程中,外来输送贡献均是自北向南递减,山东省贡献率高于京津冀地区,而其余周边省份的贡献率相对较低;安徽省对江苏西部城市的贡献率较高。      

2014年10月京津冀地区一次PM2.5污染过程的数值模拟

近年来我国东部尤其是华北地区的PM2.5污染逐年加重,引起广泛关注。本文利用WRF Chem模拟了2014年10月京津冀地区一次PM2.5重度污染过程,研究造成此次过程的天气形势、污染物的时空分布特征以及一次、二次PM2.5对总浓度的贡献率,并对污染最严重当日的PM2.5垂直分布进行详细分析。结果表明：造成本次污染过程的是弱高压控制下的静稳天气系统,地面主导风向为南风,垂直方向上有逆温层,抑制了污染物垂直方向上的扩散。发生污染时,PM2.5的高浓度主要分布在北京南部、天津北部与河北接壤的区域,二次PM2.5的贡献率大于一次PM2.5,在清洁大气中则一次PM2.5的贡献更大。垂直方向上,PM2.5中的一次颗粒物只在近地面有高浓度中心,1.2~1.6 km的上空高值区以二次生成的颗粒物为主,是由前体物上升到高空后再通过氧化反应生成的,当这部分颗粒物随着边界层落回近地面时会加重污染。随着时间的变化,污染物的分布高度和边界层高度呈明显的正相关。     

北京两次沙尘污染过程中PM2.5浓度变化特征

利用北京市空气质量监测数据和气象资料,对2013年2月28日和3月9日两次沙尘污染过程PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)、PM10(空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物)浓度及PM2.5浓度/PM10浓度比值的变化特征进行了分析,研究结果表明:(1)沙尘开始影响北京时,PM2.5与PM10浓度表现出反位相变化,PM10浓度在两次沙尘过程中2 h内分别上升50.8%与202.4%,最高达800μg m-3以上;PM2.5浓度分别下降58.3%与50.9%,直至下降至35μg m-3以下,PM2.5有明显改善现象。(2)虽然PM2.5浓度在沙尘到达前有缓升的迹象,但沙尘抵达后,PM2.5浓度持续快速下降,PM2.5浓度/PM10浓度比值由沙尘影响前的0.75以上降至0.25以下。沙尘影响前,PM2.5日均值均超过150μg m-3,北京地区处于重度污染水平。这说明沙尘来临前以人为污染为主,主要由细粒子"贡献",沙尘来临后的空气污染,主要由巨、大粒子的沙尘"贡献"。     

基于KZ滤波的京津冀2013～2018年大气污染治理效果分析

通过国务院“大气十条”等严格的大气污染治理措施的实施,近年来我国空气质量得到全面改善。对大气污染治理效果开展科学分析研究,可为后续空气质量持续改善、污染科学精准治理提供有效科技支撑。由于气象条件是影响污染物浓度分布的重要因素,治理效果分析的一个重要问题是区分气象条件和减排措施对污染物浓度变化的具体贡献。本文利用京津冀地区13个城市2013～2018年86个监测站点逐日PM2.5浓度以及欧洲中期气象预报中心（ECMWF）气象再分析资料,采用KZ（Kolmogorov–Zurbenko）滤波分析PM2.5浓度观测序列的时频特性,将其分解为短期天气影响分量、中期季节变化分量以及长期趋势分量3个部分,针对分解浓度序列建立气象因子回归模型,实现定量评估气象和减排对治理效果的具体贡献。在研究时间段内,京津冀地区13个城市PM2.5浓度的长期分量显著下降（22.2%～58.0%）,其中邢台市下降幅度最大（58.0%）。整体分析表明,气象条件和排放源均有利于大气污染的改善,但减排措施是空气质量显著改善的决定性原因,具体贡献为气象条件的影响占18.5%,排放源的影响占81.5%。逐城分析表明,唐山市的气象条件最有利于PM2.5浓度的减小（29.2%）,而衡水市的减排措施最有利于PM2.5浓度的减小（92.0%）。     

不同人为源排放清单对大气污染物浓度数值模拟的影响:以浙江省为例

应用大气化学模式WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecast-Chemistry),分别选用亚洲排放源清单INTEX-B(Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B)、REASv2.1(Regional Emission inventory in Asia version 2.1)以及全球排放源清单HTAP_v2(Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution version 2),对浙江省2013年12月进行模拟,分别记为IN、RE和HT试验,研究人为源排放清单对大气污染物浓度数值模拟的影响。结果表明,3组试验合理的反映出PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)、PM10(空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物)和NO_2近地面浓度的时空分布特征,相关系数为0.5~0.8,85%以上的模拟值落在观测值的0.5~2倍范围内,但对SO_2近地面浓度模拟较差。IN、RE、HT试验对PM2.5和PM10的模拟偏差均成递减趋势,约为30%、16%和6%,HT试验的模拟值更加接近观测。INTEX-B清单中PM2.5的一次排放与二次气溶胶前提物SO_2均高于REAS与HTAP清单,因此会导致更多的硫酸盐生成,从而进一步增加PM2.5浓度。HTAP_v2清单中较低的NH3排放会抑制硝酸盐的生成,从而有助于降低PM2.5浓度。3个清单的基准年与模拟年的差异对SO_2浓度模拟的准确性影响更大,INTEX-B清单中SO_2排放量明显高于REASv2.1与HTAP_v2清单,尤其在浙北和沿海工业发达地区,导致IN试验模拟的SO_2在这些地区存在明显高估。3组试验模拟的NO_2浓度偏差最小且更为接近(-8%~4%),主要原因是3个清单在浙江省的NOx排放十分一致。从3组试验结果之间的差异程度来看,浙江省范围内PM2.5、PM10、SO_2和NO_2逐日浓度模拟值之间的平均差异程度分别约为14%、15%、51%和16%,最大差异程度分别为69%、78%、137%和132%。月均浓度与逐日浓度的平均差异程度基本一致,但最大差异程度明显更低。总体来看3组试验模拟的PM2.5、PM10与NO_2的差异程度明显低于SO_2。     

基于数值模拟和统计拟合分析华北冬季一次大范围重污染过程的形成机理

基于WRF/Chem（Weather Research Forecasting/Chemistry）模式对2015年11月25日至12月2日我国北方一次大范围PM2.5（空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5 μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物）重污染过程进行了模拟。与观测资料对比表明,模式能够较好地模拟出PM2.5浓度及气象因素的变化趋势,结果适用于此次污染事件的机理分析。动力、热力条件及化学转化等因素对此次强污染事件形成的机理分析表明,动力因子主要通过表面风和垂直风切变的减弱对此次污染事件造成影响,边界层逆温等热力因子促进了大气稳定性的增强,不利于污染物扩散。依据PM2.5组成成分变化分析可知,硝酸盐、硫酸盐和有机碳在此次事件中含量增加,说明机动车汽车尾气和燃煤排放所致的二次气溶胶生成对PM2.5污染加剧起重要贡献。多元线性回归分析和多因子相对贡献率量化解析结果表明,热力因子在此次污染过程中起主要作用,方差贡献率为52%,动力因子次之,方差贡献率为34%,而化学转化方差贡献率约为14%,说明气象条件,尤其是热力条件是引起此次污染事件的主要原因。     

北京奥运会空气质量保障方案京津冀地区措施评估

采用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统(NAQPMS)源追踪方法,研究了奥运会北京空气质量保障方案京津冀污染控制措施对北京城八区(包括东城区、西城区、崇文区、宣武区、海淀区、朝阳区、丰台区和石景山区)空气质量的影响,量化基准、减排情景下京津冀地区对北京城八区SO2、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度的贡献率。首先,模式对比验证结果表明,NAQPMS较好地模拟出奥运会同期(2006年8月)北京空气质量状况。其次,源追踪方法研究结果表明:1)除平谷县外,其余各区县SO2、PM10浓度北京污染源贡献占主导地位,特别是城八区,北京污染源对SO2、PM10月平均浓度的贡献百分比都超过80%。2)保障方案污染减排情景下,一方面北京污染源对城八区SO2贡献浓度显著减小;另一方面除张家口外,天津、河北各源区对城八区SO2贡献浓度略微下降,综合效果下,城八区SO2浓度将显著下降。与此同时,分析表明北京污染源对城八区SO2浓度贡献效率将增加。3)保障方案减排情景下,北京污染源对城八区一次PM10贡献浓度也显著减小,而天津、河北各源区对城八区一次PM10浓度则略有增加,这与周边源区对城八区SO2浓度贡献特征略有不同,综合效果下,北京本地强有力的颗粒物削减措施依然可有效降低城八区近地面PM10浓度。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.