2014年1月大气环流和天气分析

2014年1月大气环流主要特征如下：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,位置较常年同期明显偏南;欧亚中高纬环流经向度较小;南支槽平均位置位于70°E附近,位置较常年同期明显偏西;同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期略偏弱。1月,全国平均降水量为6.2 mm,较常年同期（13.2 mm）偏少53.0%。全国平均气温为-3.4℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高1.6℃。月内,我国出现1次主要冷空气过程和4次主要降水过程。北方冬麦区降水偏少,气象干旱持续;中东部地区出现大范围雾或霾天气;南方地区出现低温雨雪天气     

2014年11月大气环流和天气分析

2014年11月大气环流特征如下：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,亚欧地区中高纬环流以纬向环流为主;南支槽较活跃,平均位置位于100°E附近;西太平洋副热带高压与常年强度相当,位置偏南、偏西。11月,全国平均降水量22.6 mm,较常年同期（18.8 mm）偏多20.2%;全国平均气温3.9℃,较常年同期（2.9℃）偏高1.0℃。月内,共出现4次主要降水过程,江南华南部分地区降水明显,部分地区出现持续阴雨;冷空气活动频繁,有4次主要冷空气过程影响我国,造成共有26站发生极端日降温事件,其中3站日降温幅度突破历史极值;月内还有4次大范围雾、霾天气过程。     

2015年12月大气环流和天气分析

2015年12月大气环流主要特征如下：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,中心位于格陵兰岛附近,欧亚中高纬环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽较活跃,平均位置大致位于90°E,副热带高压偏强,面积偏大。12月,全国平均气温为-2.1℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏高1.1℃。全国降水量分布不均匀,南方地区多阴雨天气,江南大部、华南大部出现100～200 mm降水,全国平均降水量24.1 mm,较常年同期（10.5 mm）偏多1.3倍,为1951年以来同期最多。月内,我国出现三次冷空气过程、三次主要降水过程及两次大范围雾 霾天气过程。其中19—25日雾 霾天气过程具有持续时间长、影响范围广、空气污染程度重的特点,重度霾面积为2015年之最。     

2018年11月大气环流和天气分析

2018年11月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,环流呈四波型,东亚槽略偏弱。本月,全国平均降水量为24.9 mm,较常年同期偏多32.4%,出现两次较强降水过程。全国平均气温为3.1℃,较常年同期偏高0.2℃,共出现四次冷空气过程,其中两次为全国范围中等强度过程。本月共发生两次雾 霾过程。其中,11月24日至12月3日的过程叠加沙尘影响,是今年秋、冬季以来覆盖范围最广、持续时间最长、污染程度最重的一次过程。     

2012年2月大气环流和天气分析

2012年2月大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈双极型,中心分别位于加拿大东北部和鄂霍茨克海附近,后者强度较常年平均明显偏强;中高纬环流呈经向型,乌拉尔山附近维持阻塞高压活动,强度偏强;平均南支槽位于90°E附近,接近多年平均位置,强度偏弱。2012年2月全国平均气温-3.2℃,较1月-7.2℃明显回暖,但比常年同期（-2.0℃）偏低1.2℃。全国平均降水量为14.5 mm,较1月16.8 mm减少2.3 mm,较常年同期（17.6mm）偏少3.1 mm。月内出现三次全国范围的中等以上强度冷空气过程,以及三次降水过程。西藏南部出现极端降水事件,云南和四川西南部的气象干旱发展,南方大部继续低温阴雨寡照天气。     

2019年12月大气环流和天气分析

2019年12月大气环流主要特征为:北半球极涡为偶极型分布,环流呈三波型,东亚槽略偏弱,南支槽偏强,且副热带高压位置偏西。12月,全国平均降水量为11.2 mm,较常年同期(10.5 mm)偏多6.7%;全国平均气温为-2.7℃,较常年同期(-3.2℃)偏高0.5℃。月内共出现3次较强降水过程和3次中等强度冷空气过程。另外,7—10日、20—26日我国中东部地区发生了两次持续性大范围雾-霾天气过程。     

2013年12月大气环流和天气分析

2013年12月大气环流主要特征是：极涡呈偶极性分布,中心气压均较常年平均偏低,欧亚中高纬环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽较活跃,平均位置大致位于90°E附近,副热带高压较常年同期偏强,位置偏西、偏北。12月,全国平均降水量为15.4 mm,较常年同期（10.5 mm）偏多46.7%;但地区差异较大,南方较常年同期偏多2~4成,淮河以北偏少,其中华北、黄淮等地几乎无降水。全国平均气温为-2.8℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏高0.4℃;就区域来看,呈现“北暖南冷”的特征。月内,我国出现3次主要的冷空气过程和1次主要的降水过程。南方地区中旬出现一次大范围强降水和持续低温天气;中东部地区分别于上旬和下旬各出现一次雾霾天气。     

2017年11月大气环流和天气分析

2017年11月大气环流特征如下,北半球极涡呈偶极型分布;北半球中高纬度环流呈4波型分布,东亚大槽偏强,西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强,南支槽平均位置位于90°E附近。11月全国平均降水量15.9 mm,较常年同期（18.8 mm）偏少15.3%,江南、华南雨日数多,全国共有58站次出现暴雨,12站日降水量超过月极大值。全国平均气温3.6℃,较常年同期（2.9℃）偏高0.7℃,全国有55站次日最高气温超过当月历史最高值,有7站日最低气温突破秋季历史最低值。月内,我国出现4次冷空气过程,3次较强降水过程,1次雾 霾天气过程。     

2015年3月大气环流和天气分析

2015年3月大气环流主要特征是:北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,位置较常年同期明显偏南,欧亚中高纬环流经向度较小,南支槽平均位置位于70°E附近;同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期明显偏强、位置偏西.3月,全国平均降水量为21.8mm,较常年同期(29.5mm)偏少26.1％.全国平均气温为5.8℃,较常年同期(4.1℃)偏高1.7℃.月内,我国出现5次主要的冷空气过程和5次主要的降水过程.江南等地多阴雨天气,我国东部出现3次轻到中度雾-霾天气,北方出现5次沙尘天气过程.     

2017年2月大气环流和天气分析

2017年2月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈单极偏心型分布,中高纬环流呈3波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度接近常年,南支槽强度较常年偏弱。2月全国平均气温0℃,较常年同期偏高1.7℃;全国平均降水量14.4 mm,比常年同期（17.4 mm）偏少17.1%。2月我国有两次强冷空气过程;3次降水过程,其中新疆出现了一次暴雪过程,日降水量打破历史极值;中东部出现两次雾 霾天气。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.     

Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas.     

气候变化对中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响评价

将耦合暴露度、灾害风险、敏感性与抗压性的脆弱性评估模型应用于中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性评价,从水资源供需平衡角度分析了气候变化对东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响。结果表明,2000年气候条件下,我国东部季风区接近90%的区域水资源处于中度脆弱及以上状态。其中水资源中度和高度脆弱区域约占全区的75%,极端脆弱区域接近15%。中国北方海河、黄河、淮河和辽河流域的水资源脆弱性最高。未来气候变化影响将加剧水资源脆弱性的风险,不同RCP排放情景下2030年代我国东部季风区水资源中度脆弱及以上区域面积有明显的扩大,极端脆弱区域将达到20%~25%。由于未来需水的进一步增加,中国北方水资源脆弱性的格局并未发生根本变化,而南方东南诸河等区域将面临可能发生的水危机。