台风“达维”（1210）非对称性结构及其对风雨分布的影响分析

针对台风登陆后常有的显著非对称性特征,以2012年10号台风“达维”为例,利用常规观测站、区域自动气象站、卫星云图和NCEP再分析资料等,采用天气学、统计学方法,定量地分析了非对称性台风在登陆后结构的变化及其对风雨的影响机制。研究表明：台风非对称结构对风雨的影响不仅表现在相对于台风中心不同象限量值上的差异,同时也表现在其量值分布形态的差异上;台风“达维”非对称降水差异的主要原因是位于东部象限的强上升区和西北象限的下沉稳定区;右前侧低空暖湿输送带和对流不稳定层结是产生强降水的主要原因。     

0509号台风麦莎的结构与外围暴雨分布特征

利用地面加密观测资料、FY-2C卫星TBB资料和NCEP再分析资料，对2005年8月6～8日0509号台风麦莎登陆后环流结构及暴雨分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明：台风麦莎具有明显不对称结构，台风东侧和北侧的积云对流较为旺盛；台风环流地面正涡度中心位于台风东侧，并随着台风北上移向台风东北象限并加强。地面强辐合区随着倒槽发展向偏北方向伸展；850hPa台风环流场表现为东侧和北侧的环流强盛，偏东风低空急流在台风北上过程中从东南风急流转为东北风急流；台风东侧暖，西侧冷，其东北侧有强暖平流输送。200hPa高空急流发展，急流入口区右侧强辐散有利于台风登陆后长时间维持。500hPa强上升运动区与台风外围暴雨区有较好对应关系。     

台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”(0505)移动路径影响的数值试验研究

利用非静力模式MM5模拟台风“海棠”（0505）穿过台湾岛再次登陆的移动路径，分析了“海棠”登陆台湾岛前后结构特征变化。结果表明：台风自身的非对称结构与台风异常移动路径密切相关。另外，就台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”登陆台湾前打转和在台湾海峡出现“V”型移动异常路径影响进行数值试验表明：台湾岛地形不但可以直接影响台风移动路径，而且通过影响台风非对称结构来改变台风移动路径，因此，登陆台湾前逆时针打转异常路径是在弱引导气流中台风自身非对称结构和台湾岛地形共同作用的结果；台湾岛地形有使台风东北-西南向非对称增大趋势，而在台风进入台湾海峡前后对东南。西北向非对称有明显不同影响。     

岛屿地形和对流凝结潜热对登陆台风"黄蜂"影响的数值研究

采用广州有限区域数值预报模式,以登陆台风"黄蜂"(0214号)为例,研究海南岛屿地形和对流凝结潜热对登陆台风"黄蜂"的影响.结果表明,台风"黄蜂"从海南岛东侧附近经过时,海南岛屿地形对登陆台风"黄蜂"的移动路径影响不明显,但是对海南岛附近的降水有明显影响,模式中有无对流凝结潜热加热对台风"黄蜂"的移动路径和降水等均有明显的影响.     

北雁荡山地形对2020年“黑格比”台风暴雨影响的数值模拟

2020年第4号台风“黑格比”在浙南登陆后过境北雁荡山期间在山区引发了特大暴雨。基于中尺度数值模式WRFV4.0.2对台风进行高分辨率数值模拟，分析北雁荡山地形对此次台风暴雨的作用，并设置了升降地形敏感性试验。结果表明：数值试验较好地模拟了台风移动及特大暴雨的落区和强度，台风大风区明显不对称分布，台风登陆后第一、四象限过境山区，其东侧强偏南气流向山区输送了充足水汽。台风登陆前山区低空存在一条由台风内核拖曳出的狭长螺旋辐合带，水汽通量辐合与风场辐合相一致。台风眼墙过境时沿着降水中心的迎风坡有强烈上升运动，动力条件极好，水汽输送带由近地面向对流层低层延展，山区有零星对流单体触发加强。台风后部环流影响时在高海拔山区风速减弱、绕流激发了中尺度低涡，强降水中心迎风坡上出现持续性、停滞不动的强正涡度中心，是特大暴雨发生的主要原因。地形敏感性试验中无地形时降水减幅40%～50%，地形高度翻倍降水增幅超过60%。     

华南登陆热带气旋“珍珠”和“派比安”的对流非对称分布观测分析

采用广东省中尺度地面气象站和天气雷达的观测资料,对2006年登陆华南的热带气旋(TC)"珍珠"和"派比安"的对流非对称分布进行了分析.结果表明:在登陆TC"珍珠"和"派比安"从登陆前12小时到登陆后6小时期间,强对流主要位于TC中心的"东"、"北"象限,即TC移动路径的右侧和前方;同时TC对流在垂直方向也存在明显的差异.分析还发现,虽然登陆TC"珍珠"和"派比安"都有相同的对流非对称分布,但是引起这种对流非对称分布的原因并不完全相同,登陆TC"珍珠"的对流非对称分布主要与强的环境垂直风切变、低层水平风场切变、低层辐合和辐散的影响有关,而登陆TC"派比安"的对流非对称分布主要与低层辐合和辐散的影响有关.     

台风“海燕”（2013）暴雨非对称结构及中尺度特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、地面雨量加密自动站资料及多普勒雷达产品资料,对2013年第30号超强台风“海燕”暴雨的非对称结构及中尺度降雨的形成机制、落区特征进行分析。研究结果显示:（1）“海燕”停编前有4个MCS呈东西向带状分布在广西南部,维持时间约9~12 h;台风减弱停编后在广西东南部有1~2个呈南北向的MCS,维持时间为2~4 h,造成此次台风过程的最强降水;（2）在“海燕”影响过程中,能量锋在贵州和广西维持并明显北倾、能量低值中心南下控制桂西北,使该地暴雨骤停、而桂东南在南风急流及地形作用下暴雨维持,是台风暴雨呈现东南强西北弱的非对称结构的主要成因;（3）台风登陆广西至停编时段的中尺度降雨是在高层的位涡异常与低层的位温异常叠加所形成的大气结构下,锋面触发不稳定能量形成的,中尺度降雨集中在边界层能量锋区最大梯度中心、MPV1梯度区零值附近与MPV2正值中心叠加处;（4）台风减弱在停编后的中尺度降雨是由冷空气侵入六万大山东侧抬升暖湿气流形成初始中-γ对流回波,在南风急流及两山脉间的盆地地形作用下,逐步加强发展成中-β对流回波并以“列车效应”传播而形成的。      

海南岛地形对南海西行台风降水影响的数值试验

使用WRF模式对2005年9月25—27日0518号强台风“达维”(Damrey)登陆海南岛过程进行数值模拟和地形敏感性试验。模拟结果表明,在海南岛中部登陆西行的台风降水分布是南多北少,南部地区降水分布是中部山区多两边少;12 km水平格距模拟的48 h降水量和每3 h降水量与实况基本相符;台风登陆时间与地点误差较小。地形敏感性试验表明,48 h降水量在有地形时海南岛上均有50 mm以上的增幅,由于五指山地形作用致使中南部地区均有100 mm以上的增幅,两个主峰区域有200～300 mm的增幅,特别是强降水中心与两座主山峰紧密相连,地形的存在对台风在海南岛上的降水增加幅度非常明显;但在海南岛东部沿海地区有50 mm的减幅作用。从低层的中小尺度流场、高度场和垂直速度的对比分析可看出:控制试验与零地形试验结果存在明显差别,五指山脉地形可增强低层扰动,有利产生中尺度对流(MCS)小涡,从而增加台风降水。      

“海棠”台风降水非对称分布特征成因的定量分析

2005年7月19日08时～20日08时“海棠”（Haitang)台风登陆福建省前后24小时期间, 带来一次明显降水过程, 且台风北侧降水较南侧强, 呈明显非对称分布。利用WRF模式对此次降水过程进行了数值模拟, 基于模拟结果, 不仅分析研究了相对湿度、 垂直上升运动场, 同时还进行改进的湿Q矢量诊断分析, 以及计算分析地形抬升和地表摩擦的强迫作用, 定量分析“海棠”台风降水非对称分布特征形成的可能成因。结果表明:（1) WRF模式成功地模拟出了此次降水非对称分布特征、主要降水落区, 以及300 mm以上极端强降水的强度、位置, 模拟效果令人鼓舞。（2) 垂直上升运动条件可能是造成降水非对称分布特征的主要因素。（3) 台风北侧改进的湿Q矢量散度辐合强度明显较其南侧强, 进一步计算分析发现, 改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水场也呈明显非对称分布, 且台风北侧强于南侧。（4) 地形因子强迫产生的降水强度约是改进的湿Q矢量散度强迫产生的降水强度的1.6～2.5倍, 且地表摩擦作用强迫产生的降水强度约是地形抬升作用强迫产生的降水强度的2～3倍。     

两个路径相似台风暴雨过程的模拟分析

以两个路径相似的台风"海棠"和"凤凰"为研究对象,利用MM5模式对其二次登陆过程进行模拟并通过与实况的对比表明,模式对台风路径和暴雨的模拟是成功的。利用模式输出从动力、水汽、不稳定层结和地形等四方面对暴雨落区和强度进行诊断,结果表明:低层螺旋度正值区与未来12 h暴雨落区有良好对应关系,高层螺旋度负值区偏离暴雨区,螺旋度高低层耦合产生的倾斜上升气流是触发和维持台风暴雨的动力机制。在台风登陆过程中,浙南闽北一直有源源不断的水汽输入,登陆点北侧水汽输送大于南侧是造成台风降水非对称分布的重要原因。台风由暖洋面移入大陆"冷场"加强了不稳定层结,在"海棠"台风暴雨过程中,弱冷空气侵入台风环流,触发不稳定能量释放在暴雨增幅中起了重要作用,暴雨出现在相当位温等值线密集的向北倾斜锋区。地形对暴雨的增幅作用十分显著,迎风坡由于地形动力抬升有利于上升运动加强,使得对流发展旺盛,降水增加,形成暴雨中心。     

ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF CONVECTION ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALL ON THE EAST CHINA COAST

The asymmetric distribution of convection associated with tropical cyclones making landfall on the east China coast is studied with black-body temperature (TBB) data from Fengyun-2 (FY-2) geostationary weather satellite. The convection in various quadrants of the TCs is examined for the period of -24 to 6 h relative to landfall. The convection to the southern side of the TCs was much more intense than that to the northern side during the whole landfall period. The convection to the western side of the TCs was stronger than that to the eastern side for the time -8 h before and at the landfall. After landfall, the situation reverses. The asymmetric convection of the TCs was partly due to the vertical wind shear and storm motion, and partly because the process of landfall restrained the convection in relevant quadrants. Besides, the orographic uplift along the east of China was favorable to the enhancement of convection in the eastern side of the TCs. From the characteristics of convective asymmetry of the TCs landing on the south and east of China, it is known that their main difference might be the included angle between the TC path and the coastline as well as the terrain along the coast.     

Convective Asymmetries Associated with Tropical Cyclone Landfall： β-Plane Simulations

The physical processes associated with changes in the convective structure of an idealized tropical cyclone (TC) during landfall on a beta-plane were studied using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University--National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, version 3 (MM5). The simulation results suggested that the suppression of moisture supply and increased friction acted to enhance the convection from the left and front quadrants of the TC to the front and right of the TC during different periods of landfall. When surface moisture flux was turned off, convection in other parts of the quadrant was clearly suppressed and the total rainfall was reduced. When surface friction was increased, precipitation showed a marked increase after the TC made landfall. Wetter air at low and intermediate levels, and drier air at high levels around the onshore side of the coastline led to a high value of convective available potential energy (CAPE). Consequently, convection was enhanced immediately downstream of this area when the surface moisture flux was cut off. When surface friction was increased, the physical process was similar prior to landfall. After landfall, increased convergence at the onshore side of the land resulted in enhanced convection in front of the TC. Consistent with previous findings, our results suggest that during landfall the TC structure changes from one of thermodynamic symmetry to asymmetry due to differential moisture flux between the land and sea surface. The asymmetry of the thermodynamic structure, which can be explained by the distribution of CAPE, causes an asymmetric rainfall structure.     

Distribution of convection associated with tropical cyclones making landfall along the South China coast

Summary This study examines the convection distribution associated with 18 TCs that made landfall along the South China coast during 1995 and 2005. Cloud-top temperatures from high-resolution satellite imageries of the Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite 5 are used as proxy of strong convection. It is found that convection tends to be enhanced on the western side of the TC as it makes landfall in 10 of the cases, in agreement with the conclusion of some previous studies. Four cases have stronger convection on the eastern side. This “deviation” from the general rule appears to be related to the TCs being more slow-moving or their interaction of the TC with another land surface prior to its making landfall along the South China coast. For the remaining cases in which no significant asymmetries in convection can be identified, the vertical wind shear appears to enhance convection on the east side.     

OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF CONVECTION ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL CYCLONES “CHANCHU” AND “PRAPIROON” MAKING LANDFALL ALONG THE SOUTH CHINA COAST

Observational data of mesoscale surface weather stations and weather radars of Guangdong province are employed to analyze the asymmetric distribution of convection prior to, during and after landfall for tropical cyclones of Chanchu and Prapiroon making landfall on the south China coast in 2006. The results showed that strong convection is located in the eastern and northern sectors of the landfalling Chanchu and Prapiroon, namely in the front and right portions of the TC tracks, for a period of time starting from 12 h prior to landfall to 6 h after it. Their convection also had distinct differences in the vertical direction. The analysis indicated that although the landfall of Chanchu and Prapiroon has the same asymmetric distribution of convection, the causes are not exactly the same. The asymmetric distribution of convection in the case of Chanchu is mainly correlated with the impacts of a strong environmental vertical wind shear, low-level horizontal wind shear, and low-level convergence and divergence. In the case of Prapiroon, however, the asymmetric distribution of convection is mainly associated with the impacts of low-level convergence and divergence.     

登陆台湾岛热带气旋强度和结构变化的统计分析

利用1949—2008年共60年的《台风年鉴》、《热带气旋年鉴》资料及CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集,2001—2008年美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)热带气旋尺度相关资料及日本气象厅(JMA)的TBB资料,统计分析西北太平洋(包括南海)热带气旋(TC)在登陆台湾过程中强度和结构变化的基本特征,主要结论有:(1)TC登陆台湾时强度为台风及以上级别的样本数占总样本数约60%,主要出现在6—9月,东部登陆TC的强度一般比在西部登陆的强;(2)大部分TC在岛上维持6 h左右,登陆时最大风速≤5级和强度为超强台风的TC穿越台湾岛时移动比较缓慢;(3)126个登陆台湾的TC样本过岛后近中心海平面气压平均增加5.61 hPa,近中心最大风速平均减小3.58 m/s,在台湾东部地区登陆TC的衰减率比在西部登陆的大3倍左右;(4)TC在登陆台湾前6 h至离岛后6 h期间其8级和10级风圈半径均明显减小,TC形状略呈长轴为NE-SW向的椭圆状,而其最大风速的半径却逐渐增大;(5)TBB分析结果显示,TC登陆台湾前,其外围对流主要出现在南侧和西侧,结构不对称,登陆以后,TC北部及东部的对流显著发展,外围结构区域对称;但中心附近的强对流则从登陆前6 h开始逐渐减弱消失。表明TC穿越台湾过程中内核结构松散、强度减弱。     

Lightning Activity and Precipitation Characteristics of Typhoon Molave （2009） Around Its Landfall

Cloud-to-ground （CG） lightning data,storm intensity and track data,and the data from a Doppler radar and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） satellite,are used to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of lightning activity in Typhoon Molave （0906） during different periods of its landfall （pre-landfall,landfall,and post-landfall）.Parameters retrieved from the radar and the satellite are used to compare precipitation structures of the inner and outer rainbands of the typhoon,and to investigate possible causes of the different lightning characteristics.The results indicate that lightning activity was stronger in the outer rainbands than in the eyewall and inner rainbands.Lightning mainly occurred to the left （rather than ＂right＂ as in previous studies of US cases） of the moving typhoon,indicating a significant spatial asymmetry.The maximum lightning frequency in the tropical cyclone （TC） eyewall region was ahead of that in the whole TC region,and the outbreaks of eyewall lightning might indicate deepening of the cyclone.Stronger lightning in the outer rainbands is found to be associated with stronger updraft,higher concentrations of rain droplets and large ice particles at elevated mixed-phase levels,and the higher and broader convective clouds in the outer rainbands.Due to the contribution of large cloud nuclei,lightning intensity in the outer rainbands has a strong positive correlation with radar reflectivity.The ratio of positive CG lightning in the outer rainbands reached its maximum 1 h prior to occurrence of the maximum typhoon intensity at 2000 Beijing Time （BT） 18 July 2009.During the pre-landfall period （0300 BT 18 July-0050 BT 19 July）,the typhoon gradually weakened,but strong lightning still appeared.After the typhoon made landfall at 0050 BT 19 July,CG lightning density rapidly decreased,but the ratio of positive lightning increased.Notably,after the landfall of the outer rainbands at 2325 BT 18 July （approximately 1.5 h prior to the landfall of the TC）,significantly higher ice particle density derived from the TRMM data was observed in the outer rainbands,which,together with strengthened convection resulted from the local surface roughness effect,might have caused the enhanced lightning in the outer rainbands around the landfall of Molave.     

东亚高层纬向风季节内振荡与盛夏登陆中国大陆热带气旋频数年际变化的联系

利用1979—2017年欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的ERA-Interim再分析数据与中国气象局-上海台风研究所(China Meteorological Administration-Shanghai Typhoon Research Institute,CM A-STI)、美国联合台风警报中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC)整编的西北太平洋热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)资料集,分析东亚高层(200hPa)纬向风季节内振荡(Intraseasonal Oscillation,ISO)与7—8月登陆中国大陆TC频数年际变化的联系。结果表明:7—8月中国大陆登陆TC频数与西风急流出口区南侧(北侧)纬向风为显著负(正)相关,南侧显著相关区与北侧的差定义的东亚西风急流指数(East Asian Westerly Jet Index,EAWJI)可定量描述急流经向移动,EAWJI负异常时急流北移、登陆TC偏多,反之急流南移、登陆TC偏少。急流北移,TC活动区域对流层高层呈偏东风异常,产生异常东风切变,有利于TC登陆过程的维持,使登陆中国大陆TC频数增多。东亚高层纬向风ISO与年际变化的标准差场、EOF模态的高度相似性说明两者由同一空间主导模态所控制,表明若其ISO偏北偏南振荡发生频率为非正态分布,剩余偏差将改变其季节平均。TC登陆多年,东亚西风急流指数ISO呈更高频率偏北移动,引起急流出口区南侧ISO尺度扰动涡度通量辐合,使季节平均西风减小,急流位置北移,说明高层纬向风ISO可通过间接调制影响TC登陆的大尺度环流进而与登陆TC频数的年际变化相联系。     

城市效应对登陆热带气旋妮妲降水影响的模拟

运用中尺度数值模式WRF耦合城市冠层模式（urban canopy model,UCM）,对2016年登陆深圳的热带气旋妮妲（1604）（以下简称妮妲）进行数值模拟。高分辨率数值模拟较好地再现了妮妲登陆前后的强度、路径和累积降水。利用城市化过程当中城市冠层对热带气旋降水的敏感性试验结果表明:城市冠层会减弱对流运动和水汽的输送,导致热带气旋登陆后珠江口城市群区域累积降水量略减少。应用最新的土地利用资料进行的城市下垫面敏感性试验结果表明:由于城市下垫面粗糙度增加,造成登陆地面风的减速,强度减弱,潜热通量与2 m高度比湿相应减小;城市下垫面粗糙度增加会加强该区域垂直对流运动以及不稳定能量增加,有利于降水增强,尤其在城市化下垫面处,热带气旋登陆后6 h累积降水增加量最大可超过20 mm。总体而言,对登陆热带气旋降水而言,耦合城市冠层使城市区域热带气旋降水减少,但在数值模拟中城市冠层影响作用不显著。城市化下垫面对登陆热带气旋暴雨的增幅作用明显,在登陆热带气旋降水预报中应重视。     

登陆中国大陆不同区间的热带气旋特征初步分析

利用地理信息系统及程序计算得到了1949—2008年登陆中国大陆的热带气旋(TC)登陆点经纬度信息,在此基础上对登陆中国大陆的TC进行分析,最终选择110～122°E海岸线为研究区域,7—9月为研究时段,且将110～122°E海岸线以1°E为间隔划分为12段,分析这12段海岸线登陆TC的基本特征发现:118°E以东的区间TC登陆前后平均维持时间及登陆前平均强度基本上为大于118°E以西的区间,登陆后平均强度东西两段相差不大;定义了TC登陆前(后)破坏潜力指数TDP1(TDP2),TDP1(TDP2)最大值出现在区间[119,120°E)([110,111°E));ENSO事件对7—9月登陆110～122°E段的TC频数、平均登陆点位置影响并不明显,对各区间登陆TC的影响也不尽相同;各区间平均TDP1冷暖事件年对比差别较大,平均TDP2在暖事件年基本上比冷事件年大;1961—2008年,各区间对应的暴雨总站次,118°E以东的区间要远大于以西的区间,就空间分布而言,较大值的分布出现在区间[119,120°E),[110,111°E)。