雷电灾害风险评估中PC因子选择方法

PC 因子是指雷电灾害风险评估中雷击建(构)筑物导致电气电子系统失效的概率参数值,该因子的选取方法直接影响评估结果的准确度。通过对PC因子的分析,从概念出发,探讨定量计算该因子参数值的方法,得出结论：选取PC 因子的参数值既要依据国家标准判断分析电涌保护器（SPD)的设计合理性及SPD的保护局限性,又需要通过当地闪电定位历史资料的统计分析来确定雷电流峰值的分布概率;PC值的选取应在确保评估对象SPD设计科学、有效的基础上,通过分析评估位置雷电流峰值概率,判断SPD的保护概率,以定量确定PC因子的参数值。     

雷击风险评估中损害概率PB和PSPD参数的计算分析

通过对雷击建筑物所造成建筑物及其内部系统损害原因的分析,结合《雷电防护》GB/T21714系列标准,分析得知GB/T21714.2中损害概率PB和PSPD与雷电流的概率分布和LPL（Lighfning Pretection Level,雷电防护水平）对应的雷电流极值有关。PB的数值等于雷电流大于LPL对应雷电流最大值的概率,与其小于雷电流最小值的概率之和;PSPD的数值等于雷电流大于LPL对应雷电流最大值的概率。同时指出,《建筑物防雷设计规范》GB50057－2010中各个LPL的损害概率PB和PSPD不应直接采用GB/T21714.2中的规定值,应根据GB50057给出的雷电流参数进行计算,或利用雷电监测网的资料,获取建筑物附近一定范围内的云地闪数据,统计得到雷电流概率分布函数,依据该雷电流概率分布函数来计算PB和PSPD。     

电子信息系统雷击风险评估方法及其应用

根据武汉市所辖汉口、江夏、新洲、黄陂、蔡甸等5个气象站近40年(1961-2000年)平均年雷电日数资料。采用建筑物电子信息系统雷击风险评估计算方法,对武汉市一幢通信大楼电子信息系统的雷击风险进行了评估。其结论是．该通信大楼电子信息系统雷电防护等级为A级,对其电源系统应采用4级浪涌保护器(SPD)加以保护,对其信号系统应采用3级SPD加以保护。     

金沙站雷电特征及其雷电防护技术探讨

利用金沙大气本底站2006年7月至2007年12月雷电观测资料及2006-2007年闪电定位资料、咸宁市1960-2004年的雷电观测资料.通过实地考查、气象资料论证和分析,对金沙站雷电特性、雷电活动规律和雷击风险情况进行了分析.结果表明:金沙大气本底站雷暴日数接近于咸宁市,雷电流强度最大幅值和雷击密度郜高于周边地区,建筑物、电气线路和活动人员处于易落雷区,发生直接雷击的风险较大.运用防雷的理论技术结合相关技术规范的要求,提出了金沙站的防雷应从直击雷保护、电涌保护、地网设置、等电位措施、屏蔽措施、综合布线等方面综合考虑,要遵循有关规范并适当提高标准进行防护,建筑物应按二类防雷标准进行设计,站区内的建筑物、设备、线路及活动人员均应处于LPZOB区,电子信息系统防雷等级确定为A级,SPD设计不少于3级,第一级SPD的通流量50～80 kA(10/350μS波形)为宜.     

天津地区雷电流幅值及累积概率分布特征

为研究天津地区雷电流幅值特征,选取2008—2018年ADTD闪电定位数据,研究分析了雷电流幅值时间分布特征和累积概率分布特征。结果表明:天津地区11 a间共计发生闪电106474次,负闪占比89.26%,远高于正闪;雷电流幅值主要集中在2—100 kA,占闪电总数的97.76%,160—200 kA范围内的闪电次数较少,平均正闪电流强度明显大于负闪电流强度;雷电流强度季节特征较为显著,正闪雷电流强度呈双峰分布,负闪雷电流强度分布较为平均,春季正闪活动频繁,秋季次之,夏季负闪频发,冬季雷电活动发生较少,以正闪居多;雷电流高于25 kA时,正闪电流幅值累积概率显著高于负闪,低于25 kA时,负闪电流幅值累积概率高于正闪。负闪电流幅值的累积概率分布与总闪更为接近,与正闪分布差异显著,闪电总数电流累计概率分布主要受负闪影响。通过对比分析发现IEEE工作组(电气与电子工程师协会)推荐的累积概率分布函数更适合于天津地区,特别是雷电流幅值在25—55 kA范围内时,累积概率与推荐公式基本相同。将天津地区雷电流幅值累积概率公式尝试应用于雷电灾害风险评估中,可为精准确定雷电灾害风险评估参数P_(B)取值,精确计算雷击建筑物损失风险提供参考。     

自然风景区雷电灾害风险评估方法研究

根据模糊理论和层次分析的方法,建立自然风景区雷电灾害风险评估模型。以三峡某自然风景区为例,选取符合该景区特性的准则层和方案层及其参数值,评估雷击人员伤亡损失风险,提出切实有效的整改措施。评估结果表明:该自然风景区雷电灾害风险较高;闪电密度、雷电流强度、雷电预警和响应系统、直击雷防护措施以及防接触和跨步电压措施对该自然风景区雷电灾害风险影响程度最大;为了减小雷电灾害风险,该自然风景区应建立雷电预警和响应系统,设置临时避雷场所,完善直击雷防护措施以及防接触和跨步电压措施,并进行防雷装置安全性能常规检测。     

电涌保护器在建筑物防雷设计中的应用

阐述了感应雷电的危害及成灾方式，针对建筑物感应雷电防护设计中存在的问题，讨论了利用电涌保护器(SPD)实施四级保护的具体设计方法和防护措施。     

雷电流幅值特征分析及在雷电灾害风险评估中的应用

通过福建省闪电定位系统监测到的2007—2011年的闪电定位数据,并利用SPSS与MATLAB等软件对其进行分析与统计。了解福建省范围内所发生闪电的雷电流幅值集中分布范围与雷电流累积概率的特征,并通过软件与现行雷电流幅值累积概率的公式进行数据拟合,总结最适合福建省雷电流幅值累积概率的计算公式。同时,结合广泛用于雷电灾害风险评估中的IEC 62305-2010的评估方法,对雷击建筑物导致的物理损坏概率（PB）等参数提供界定的参考。     

计算机网络与通信系统中浪涌保护器的选择

针对雷击可能造成的雷击电磁脉冲对计算机、通信设备等微电子设备的危害情况,对雷电的分类、通信系统和计算机网络的雷电入侵途径进行阐述和分析.介绍了雷电浪涌保护器(SPD)的类型、组成元器件及主要技术指标;重点介绍在通信和计算机网络系统中SPD的选用原则和选型计算,通过对SPD最大持续运行电压、最大放电电流的详细计算,提出参照连接器类型,按照工作电压、工作频率的要求选择正确合理SPD的方法.     

电气系统中电涌保护器的雷电流能量配合设计

分析了电涌保护器(SPD)使用中所涉及到的雷电流能量配合设计。首先分析了单级SPD与被保护设备之间的配合,使用最大振荡距离和耦合距离的计算公式来测算配合的成功性;其次分析了多级SPD之间的配合,着重分析了两级SPD(开关型和限压型组合)的配合,并采用瞬态级间电压降微分方程作为能量配合中所必须遵循的关系式,以及用不同雷电流波形来计算解耦合器的大小,最后提出一个可行的SPD能量配合设计基本步骤。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.