年际时间尺度上北太平洋副热带高压对ENSO的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料、Hadley中心海表面温度资料和美国马里兰大学（UMD）的SODA6海洋再分析资料,针对北太平洋副热带高压的完整系统（简称副高）,定义了定量化表征500 hPa高度场和海平面气压场（SLP）副高的面积及强度指数,揭示了在年际时间尺度上超前于ENSO事件的SLP副高异常特征及其对ENSO事件建立的触发作用。通过相关及合成分析的研究结果表明,在年际时间尺度上,前期SLP副高的异常变化可以触发ENSO事件,而与SLP副高相联系的热带西太平洋表面风场异常变化起着重要的作用。     

副高变化与河南汛期旱涝关系

利用 195 1～ 1998年副高特征量历史资料 ,揭示了副高特征量的季节和年际变化特征 ,并进行副高形态分类 ,分析了副高特征量变化与河南汛期旱涝的关系。     

副高变化与河南汛期旱涝关系

利用1951～1998年副高特征量历史资料,揭示了副高特征量的季节和年际变化特征,并进行副高形态分类,分析了副高特征量变化与河南汛期早涝的关系.     

副高变化与河南汛期早旱涝关系

利用1951－1998年副高特征量历史资料，揭示了副高特征量的季节和年变化特征，并进行画高形态分类，分析了副高特征量变化与河南汛期旱涝的关系。     

西北太平洋主要洋流区海温距平差与夏季副高的关系

本文对西北太平洋主要洋流区之间的海温距平差与副热带高压各特征量进行相关分析,讨论了由于南北海温距平差异而造成副高异常的可能机制。通过分析,给出副高异常年西北太平洋主要洋流区海温距平场的不同分布,指出影响夏季副高异常的关键海域及最佳时段,为预报夏季副高各特征量的变化趋势提供了一种途径。      

90年代西太平洋副高异常的分析

西太平洋副热带高压的活动是影响我国东部降水的主要因子之一。监测和研究副高的活动对预测我国东部汛期降水有重要意义。但９０年代副高特征量出现连续异常,分析指出,特征量的这种异常并不代表副高活动真正异常,而是与计算特征量所用资料的变更有关。对１９９１年１１月到１９９６年２月使用Ｔ４２模式资料期间的５００ｈＰａ高度,利用ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ重分析资料进行了订正,并重新计算了此期间的副高诸特征量。     

海气相互作用与湖北大涝的关系分析

利用1951~1994年北太平洋海温、副热带高压环流特征量、湖北大涝资料,通过对北太平洋海温场和副热带高压(以下简称副高)的特征指数与湖北大涝的相关普查,发现几个关键区域的海温异常分布与湖北大涝有密切关系;特别春季和初夏的副高异常分布是影响湖北大涝的主要因素;海温和副高两者之间的异常变化密切关联;海温异常变化早于副高异常变化约1~3个月。利用统计预报方法分别建立了利用海温因子、副高环流特征量因子预报湖北大涝的模型,并在汛期进行了试验。验证表明:湖北大涝与海气相互作用密切相关,北太平洋海温异常引起副高异常,副高异常导致湖北大涝的出现。     

赤道中东太平洋海温异常时与夏季副高的关系分析

通过对夏季副高的各特征量和综合指数的分析，找出副高与赤道中东太平洋海温处于冷暖位相（即拉尼娜和厄尔尼诺事件）的相关关系，从而通过海温的异常可以预测次年夏季副高的强弱及位置，对我国夏季范围降水和台风等灾害性天气进行预测。     

副高与陕西夏季旱涝的关系

本文应用北半球500毫巴平均图,分析了早涝年同期副高特征及副高特征量(如副高面积指数、副高综合指数等)长期过程演变特征,又分析了西风带系统,副高和旱涝相互关系,在这基础上寻找了夏季旱涝的预报指标,建立了预报方程。     

西太平洋副高的位置和强度间的关系

本文统计验证了西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)位置变化与强度之间的相关联系及相对独立性,并试从副高的活动特征解释这一现象;这一工作有助于进一步认识副高诸特征量间的关系和正确地综合分析副高的各种活动特征,对于副高形态的分类也是有益的。     

Low-frequency coupled atmosphere-ocean variability in the southern Indian Ocean

The low-frequency atmosphere-ocean coupled variability of the southern Indian Ocean(SIO) was investigated using observation data over 1958-2010.These data were obtained from ECMWF for sea level pressure(SLP) and wind,from NCEP/NCAR for heat fluxes,and from the Hadley Center for SST.To obtain the coupled air-sea variability,we performed SVD analyses on SST and SLP.The primary coupled mode represents 43% of the total square covariance and is featured by weak westerly winds along 45-30 S.This weakened subtropical anticyclone forces fluctuations in a well-known subtropical dipole structure in the SST via wind-induced processes.The SST changes in response to atmosphere forcing and is predictable with a lead-time of 1-2 months.Atmosphere-ocean coupling of this mode is strongest during the austral summer.Its principle component is characterized by mixed interannual and interdecadal fluctuations.There is a strong relationship between the first mode and Antarctic Oscillation(AAO).The AAO can influence the coupled processes in the SIO by modulating the subtropical high.The second mode,accounting for 30% of the total square covariance,represents a 25-year period interdecadal oscillation in the strength of the subtropical anticyclone that is accompanied by fluctuations of a monopole structure in the SST along the 35-25 S band.It is caused by subsidence of the atmosphere.The present study also shows that physical processes of both local thermodynamic and ocean circulation in the SIO have a crucial role in the formation of the atmosphere-ocean covariability.     

南极绕极波动及其与中国夏季降水异常的关联

利用NCEP／NCAR逐月SLP再分析资料，通过复经验正交函数展开(CEOF)，借助其第1模态恢复场研究了1952-1998年期间南极绕极波动的年代际变化和传播特征。结果表明，东南太平洋是研究南极绕极波动(ACW)的关键区，并由此定义东南太平洋ACW活动指数(EPAI)。相关分析揭示了秋季EPAI与次年中国夏季降水有着密切的关系，当秋季EPAI出现异常正位相时，即当东南太平洋SLP距平出现正异常时，次年春、夏季澳大利亚高压偏强，进而由于越赤道气流的增强及西太平洋副高调整引起次年夏季中国出现华南多雨、江淮少雨的雨型分布，证实了ACW是另一个与中国夏季降水异常有密切关联的年际变化强信号。     

亚太地区冬季海平面气压异常的偶极型结构及其与海温的关系

利用全球月平均海平面气压资料以及海表温度资料,采用旋转经验正交函数分解(REOF)、Morlet小波分析、相关分析及合成分析等方法研究了亚洲—太平洋地区(20°N～70°N,40°E～120°W)冬季海平面气压异常的空间结构与时间演变特征,并进—步分析了该地区冬季海平面气压异常与全球海温异常的关系.结果表明:亚太地区冬...     

Predictability of Northwest Pacific climate during summer and the role of the tropical Indian Ocean

A seasonal forecast system based on a global, fully coupled ocean?Catmosphere general circulation model is used to (1) evaluate the interannual predictability of the Northwest Pacific climate during June?CAugust following El Ni?o [JJA(1)], and (2) examine the contribution from the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) variability. The model retrospective forecast for 1983?C2006 captures major modes of atmospheric variability over the Northwest Pacific during JJA(1), including a rise in sea level pressure (SLP), an anomalous anticyclone at the surface, and a reduction in subtropical rainfall, and increased rainfall to the northeast over East Asia. The anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) for the leading principal components (PCs) of SLP and rainfall stays above 0.5 for lead time up to 3?C4?months. The predictability for zonal wind is slightly better. An additional experiment is performed by prescribing the SST climatology over the TIO. In this run, designated as NoTIO, the Northwest Pacific anticyclone during JJA(1) weakens considerably and reduces its westward extension. Without an interactive TIO, the ACC for PC prediction drops significantly. To diagnose the TIO effect on the circulation, the differences between the two runs (Control minus NoTIO) are analyzed. The diagnosis shows that El Nino causes the TIO SST to rise and to remain high until JJA(1). In response to the higher than usual SST, precipitation increases over the TIO and excites a warm atmospheric Kelvin wave, which propagates into the western Pacific along the equator. The decrease in equatorial SLP drives northeasterly wind anomalies, induces surface wind divergence, and suppresses convection over the subtropical Northwest Pacific. An anomalous anticyclone forms in the Northwest Pacific, and the intensified moisture transport on its northwest flank causes rainfall to increase over East Asia. In the NoTIO experiment, the Northwest Pacific anticyclone weakens but does not disappear. Other mechanisms for maintaining this anomalous circulation are discussed.     

21个气候模式对东亚夏季环流模拟的评估Ｉ：气候态.

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的40 a再分析资料(ERA40),评估了参与政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告(IPCC AR4)的21个全球海气耦合模式对东亚地区夏季大气环流气候态的模拟能力.结果表明:(1)尽管各模式模拟性能差异较大,但模式对东亚地区海平面气压场(SLP)、850 hPa风场及500 hPa位势高度场的气候态均有较好模拟;整体来说,500 hPa位势高度场模拟效果最好,SLP场模拟相对较差;(2)SLP在高原上模拟存在明显不足;多数模式能较好模拟850 hPa纬向、经向风场的基本特征;500 hPa位势高度场各模式模拟偏差一致性的区域性差异不明显;(3)模式对东亚地区夏季两大环流系统模拟整体偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压模拟明显偏弱.     

Monthly Synoptic Patterns Associated with Wet/Dry Conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean

Summary An investigation of the main features of large-scale synoptic patterns over Europe and the adjacent areas for extreme winter periods during 1980–1995 over the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) is performed. The NASA reanalysis data set is used to investigate composite sea level pressure (SLP), geopotential height of the 500 hPa surface (H-500) and precipitation–wet, normal and dry patterns for each month during the period October–March. It is found that the wet and dry cool seasons in the EM are associated with distinct SLP and H-500 anomaly patterns over Europe and the adjacent regions. During the dry spells large-scale positive SLP/H-500 anomaly areas prevail over Eastern Europe. A negative SLP anomaly is normally found during these periods over southwestern and Western Europe. During the wet cool seasons in the EM there are mainly negative SLP/H-500 anomaly areas over Eastern Europe to the north east of the EM. Positive SLP/H-500 anomalies are found over Western Europe. During wet months a trough zone between the Siberian and the Azorean Highs is positioned over the eastern part of the Mediterranean. During dry months the Siberian anticyclone is more intensive and the zone with low surface pressure is displaced to the central part of the northern Mediterranean. Received May 26, 1999 Revised August 26, 1999     

Phase transition of the Pacific decadal oscillation and decadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon in the 20th century

This paper focuses on the relationship between the phase transition of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and decadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) in the twentieth century. The first transition occurred in the 1940s, with an enhanced SST in the North Pacific and reduced SST in the tropical eastern Pacific and South Indian Ocean. In agreement with these SST changes, a higher SLP was found in most parts of the Pacific, while a lower SLP was found in the North Pacific and most parts of the Indian Ocean. In this case, the EASM was largely enhanced with a southerly anomaly in the lower troposphere along the east coast of China. Correspondingly, there was less rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and more rainfall in northern and southern China. An opposite change was found when the PDO reversed its phase in the late 1970s. In the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific, however, the SST was enhanced in both the 1940s and 1970s. As a result, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) tended to extend westward with a larger magnitude in the 1970s. The major features were reasonably reproduced by an atmospheric general circulation model (IAP AGCM4.0) prescribed with observed SST and sea ice. On the other hand, the westward extension of the WPSH was exaggerated in the 1970s, while it was underestimated in the 1940s. Besides, the spatial pattern of the simulated summer rainfall in eastern China tended to shift southward compared with the observation.     

THE IMPACT OF NOAA SATELLITE SOUNDING DATA ON THE SYSTEMATIC FORECAST ERROR OF B-MODEL

This paper is to examine the impact of satellite data on the systematic error of operational B-model in China.Em-phasis is put on the study of the impact of satellite sounding data on forecasts of the sea level pressure field and 500 hPaheight.The major findings are as follows.(1)The B-model usually underforecasts the strength of features in the sea level pressure(SLP)field,i.e.pressuresare too low near high pressure systems and too high near low pressure systems.(2)The nature of the systematic errors found in the 500 hPa height forecasts is not as clear cut as that of the SLPforecasts,but most often the same type of pattern is seen,i.e.,the heights in troughs are not low enough and those inridges are not high enough.(3)The use of satellite data in the B-model analysis/forecast system is found to have an impact upon the model'sforecast of SLP and 500 hPa height.Systematic errors in the vicinity of surface lows/500 hPa troughs over the oceansare usually found to be significantly reduced.A less conclusive mix of positive and negative impacts was found for allother types of features.     

Reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa geopotential heights back to the late 19th century

Summary In this study the authors have developed a statistical method and have reconstructed Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa heights back to the late 19th century using one temperature and three sea level pressure (SLP) data sets. First, the relationship between ERA40 500 hPa heights and surface temperature and SLP was screened using stepwise multiple regression based on the calibration period of 1958–2002 (1998/2000 according to the availability of SLP data). All selected predictors (temperature and SLP) were significant and their variance contribution was greater than 1%. On average, there were 8.1 variables retained in the final regression equations. Second, the regression equations were applied to compute the 500 hPa height through to the late 19th century for the whole Northern Hemisphere. As the SLP and temperature coverage improved over time, the number of predictors decreased by about 1 in the most recent periods, and the root mean squared error decreased by about 0.8 m. A leave-one-out cross-validation method was used to test the skill and stability of the regression models. The reduction of error during the cross-validation period of 1958–1997 varied from 0.33 to 0.56, depending on the SLP data. Reconstructions were also checked using NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa heights from January 1949 to December 1957, and compared with the historical reconstruction over Europe. Reconstructions show high consistency with these independent data sets. Generally, the reconstruction provides a valuable opportunity to analyze, as well as to validate climate simulations of the variability in free atmosphere circulations over the past one hundred years.