天气雷达-雨量计网联合探测区域降水量的精度

本文分析5次降水天气过程的数字化天气雷达资料和16个雨量计资料表明:用天气雷达-雨量计网联合探测区域降水量的精度比单独使用雷达或常规雨量计网的探测精度高。文中还讨论了联合探测方案其它一些优点。     

雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合估算降水量

为了提高区域降水量观测的空间分辨率, 提出了雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法。首先, 利用粒子激光探测仪观测到的滴谱资料建立实时的Z-I关系, 然后, 利用变分法对同时有雷达回波和雨量计资料的点的实测校准因子进行校准, 获得最优校准因子分析场, 最后, 对有雨量计的点取雨量计实际观测值, 没有雨量计的点利用最优校准因子分析场估算降水。利用此方法对辽宁省2007年5月15日一次天气过程进行降水量估算, 结果表明: 雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法结合了雨量站观测资料单点精度高和雷达资料时空分辨率高的优点, 提高了降水量的估算精度, 更好地反映了降水的空间分布。     

Real-Time Synchronous Integration of Radar and Raingauge Measurements Based on the Quasi Same-Rain-Volume Sampling

A technique for real-time synchronous integration of radar and raingauge measurements based on the concept of the quasi same-rain-volume sampling(QSVS)is presented.Because of the temporal and spatial discrepancies and resolution differences,the integration of radar measurements with raingauge observations has long been a difficult task.Observations indicate that there exists a correlation that conforms to the power law between hourly accumulated raingauge measurement(QG)and detected radar echo(ZOH)over the raingauge.On the basis of this,a concept of the QSVS and five direct correspondent formulas of radar and raingauge samples are built up,aiming to eliminate the temporal and spatial discrepancies.A convenient and practical sampling method-the time integral vertical synchronous sampling(TIVS)is proposed and the ZOH-QG relationship is studied.It is significant that under the fixed exponent,the coefficient AB or AM varies flexibly in accordance with the temporal and spatial variability of natural precipitation,having the function of synchronously integrating the Z-R conversion and the gauge adjustment into a single equation,and thus the precipitation estimation errors caused by detecting resolution differences between radar and raingauge can be obviously mitigated.The real-time synchronous integration technique using the ZOH-QG relationship to estimate the ground hourly rainfall accumulation is called the radar-gauge synchronous integration method(RASIM).The experiments of two cases show that the accuracy of estimated surface hourly rainfall accumulation within 230 km is about 90%,and the average relative error for the point estimation over the whole process is about 20%.Through the detailed analysis of the applicability of TIVS in three environmental fields with various wind drifts,the physical essence of TIVS is explored: it is an approximate QSVS.By analyzing the data pairs of radar and raingauge,an effective quality-control procedure is established,which can greatly improve the stability and rationarity of the ZOH-QG relationship.The forecasting product of hourly rainfall accumulation derived from the RASIM has been put into operation.It is demonstrated that the RASIM plays an important role in the quantitative monitoring and forecasting of short-term torrential rainfall.     

雷达反射率因子垂直廓线研究和多种遥感资料综合估计降水

利用同一Ｚ－Ｉ关系下地面降水与雷达回波强度的空间最佳匹配思想,提出了一种定量降水的新方法：考察Ｉ－Ｈ曲线,确定与地面的雨量计资料最相近的Ｉ值的所在高度,然后此用此高度上的Ｉ值反演降水。发现降水与很多因子有关,而云顶温度,反照率及云顶温度的时间梯度最为明显。研究表明用多因子方程估计降水效果较好。     

春秋季层状云降水过程Z-I关系计算与讨论

运用最优化方法,按天气系统、降水过程计算层状云降水过程Ｚ－Ｉ关系序列。然后用每 关系得到降雨的雷达估计值,与雨量计实测降雨量比较,对雷达测量降水精度问题进行探讨。     

分组Z—I关系及其在淮河流域雷达测雨中应用

本文使用713雷达及其数字化终端,对淮河正阳关以上流域进行了定量测量降雨的试验。用最优化处理方法,按DBZ值大小分组统计,得到了这一地区Z-I关系的序列。然后,用这组关系得到降雨的雷达估算值。试验结果表明,距雷达50－100km之间的区域雷达定量测雨的精度较好。和雨量计测值比较,雷达估算的单站一小时雨量的平均相对误差为46％,单站过程雨量的平均相对误差为30％。雷达定量测雨可以作为常规雨量站网的补充,准实时地提供多种雨情信息。     

稳定性层状云降雨量的估算研究

利用2000-2004年711雷达观测的稳定性层状云降雨回波资料，结合雨滴谱和地面雨量自记资料，使用统计方法，分析了引起稳定性层状云降雨量大小改变的因子，得出稳定性层状云降雨量大小除与雷达回波强度关系最为密切外，还和云顶高度、暖云厚度等因素有关，分析了产生误差的原因，建立了多元回归方程，为使用雷达回波对降雨量的估算提供了一种方法。     

稳定性层状云降雨量的估算研究

利用5 a 711雷达观测的稳定性层状云降雨回波,结合雨滴谱和地面雨量自计资料,使用统计方法,分析了引起稳定性层状云降雨量大小改变的因子,得出稳定性层状云降雨量大小除与雷达回波强度关系最为密切外,还和云顶高度、暖云厚度等因素有关。分析了产生误差的原因,建立了多元回归方程,为利用雷达回波对降雨量的估算提供了一种方法。     

梅雨锋云系内对流回波与层状回波的研究

本文利用1998年“淮河流域能量与水分循环试验（HUBEX）”所获得的大量雷达资料及遥测雨量计计资料，细致分析了淮河流域梅雨锋云系的结构，根据层状云和对流云在雷达回波图中的不同特征，本文提出用松散系数D（反映云系结构疏松程度）来区分大范围云带中的降水云类型，同529张PPI资料统计表明，若D＞0．17则说明该区结构松散，降水属于层状云降水，D≤0．17时，云区是对流性降水，由于梅雨锋水具有明显的不均匀结构特征，其中锋面对流云带和强下挂回波带是造成强降水的主要原因，在用地面雨量资料和雷达资料对地面降水进行短时（3小时以内）校正时，针对不同的降水类型采用不同的Z－R关系比用同一种Z－R关系的校正精度大约提高4％。     

Analysis of heavy rainfall events in North Rhine–Westphalia with radar and raingauge data

Five heavy rainfall events were investigated with radar and raingauge data. Special attention was paid to quality check and adjustment of radar data. Attenuation effects could be observed on both, C-Band and on X-Band radar. Adjustment of radar data to raingauge values turned out to be difficult in the vicinity of heavy local rain cells. Four adjustment methods were analysed and radar data from different radar stations were compared. As a further result of this project, the spatial extent of the precipitation fields was identified by adjusted radar data and compared to raingauge data. For each rainfall event, radar derived accumulated rainfall images and catchment time series were produced.