关于沙丘地干表层的研究等温定常状态下干沙层的模式化

在等温定常状态下,对一个干沙层中的简单模式进行了公式化。用鸟取沙丘的沙作试验证实这个模式,其结果表明模式能得出干表层的基本特征。给出的模式把干表层厚度与土壤温度及该层中向上的水汽通量联系起来,水汽通量可视为蒸发率,从实用的观点看,它非常重要,但却不易测定。而这个模式就可根据干表层的温度及厚度估算沙丘地的蒸发率。     

沙漠土壤和大气边界层中水热交换和传输的数值模拟研究

为了解沙漠土壤和大气边界层系统中的水分和能量的交换和传输特征，本文发展了一个一维耦合模式，其中包括一个同时考虑土壤中液态水及气态水运动的沙漠土壤模式和一个基于非局地过渡湍流闭合方案的大气边界层模式。用这一耦合模式对沙漠土壤和大气界面的水热交换及沙漠土壤和大气边界层中的水热输送过程进行了模拟，同时与ＨＥＩＦＥ（ＨｅｉｈｅＲｉｖｅｒＢａｓｉｎＦｉｅｌｄＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ）沙漠站的有关资料进行了对比。模拟结果表明约６５％的净辐射能以感热（５０％）和潜热（１５％）的形式提供大气，约３５％的净辐射能以地热流量的形式进入土壤。土壤表层２ｃｍ的范围表现为水热传输的活跃层，水分和温度廓线呈现剧烈的日变化。模拟结果同时表明沙漠土壤中水分传输以气态水为主，如果忽略土壤中的气态水运动，地气界面的水汽通量计算及边界层内的湿度及水汽通量的计算会产生较大的误差     

黑河流域表层土壤水分干化特征研究

土壤水分干化是指降水发生后土壤逐渐变干的过程,此过程一般包括重力排水、大气需求限制的蒸发以及水分限制的蒸发三个阶段,此三阶段在表层土壤中表现最为明显。黑河流域发源于祁连山中段,上中下游具有十分明显的景观地带性,探讨该地区表层土壤水分干化特征将为理解流域内不同环境下土壤蒸发的规律和影响因素提供理论支撑。本文基于2016-2020年黑河流域上中下游10个气象观测站点表层土壤水分、土壤温度、气温等资料,利用降水后的土壤干化事件分析了各区域土壤水分、潜在蒸散、归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)和土壤质地等因素与表层土壤干化速率的关系,并使用指数模型拟合干化事件,总结了各站点干化速率的季节间变化规律。2016-2020年黑河流域10个站点共识别出362个有效干化事件,分析结果表明：(1)土壤进入干化期后,干化速率随土壤含水率降低而逐渐减缓,约12天后,上游、中下游站点土壤干化速率皆趋于稳定,上游站点稳定在约0.04 cm³·cm^-3·day^-1,中下游则趋于0。...     

东亚季风区地气系统的水平衡

本文利用欧洲中心ＥＣＭＷＦ１９８０～１９８９年１０年逐日资料及同期中国六大流域片的月径流量资料,用水平衡方法尝试了对东亚季风区进行蒸发估算、土壤和地下水含量估算及总的水量平衡分析。结果表明：全国陆地降水在７月份最大,平均约为９５ｍｍ,蒸发的最大值（８０ｍｍ）比其滞后１个月出现。北方流域和南方流域的水平衡特征明显不同。南方流域降水始终大于蒸发,蒸发峰值比降水峰值滞后１个月,土壤、地下水含量盛夏或初秋开始减小;北方流域蒸发有时超过降水,两者的峰值同月出现,土壤、地下水含量初夏就开始减小。东北流域片的水平衡特点介于上述南、北方流域特点之间。计算误差中由水汽通量散度项的日变化引起的误差可能占总误差的５０％。     

估算干燥沙地表面蒸发速率的简易方法

1.前言我们建立了用于干燥沙地表层的等温稳定态模式和非等温稳定态模式,并揭示了其形成的主要机制.从非等温稳定态模式可以看出,如果温度梯度不很大,那么干燥沙层中向上的水汽通量,或者说干燥沙地表面的水分蒸发速率,不受表层温度梯度的影响.这表明,可根据表面温度、水分含量及干燥沙层的厚度来估算在其近表面存在着温度梯度的沙质地的水分蒸发速率(小林哲夫等,1986;1987).     

河西地区黑河流域绿洲蒸发力特征及其计算方法

在河西地区黑河流域地气相互作用的观测研究中，我们在不同下垫面上进行了蒸发力的测量，发现绿洲内蒸发力仅是戈壁的４４％－５６％。绿洲内蒸发力并不比湿润地区有显著增大，夜间蒸发力所占比重较大是一普遍现象，用彭曼原式和修正式计算干旱地区的蒸发力，个别月份误差较大，利用空气饱和差拟合得到的经验计算公式效果最佳。     

引入考虑凝结作用的连续性方程与积云对流参数化方案修正

文章研究了在热带海洋面上的水蒸发，发现水蒸发进入大气层将改变地面气压场，且蒸发潜热分为内潜热(水汽内能)和外潜热(水汽压力能)，蒸发内潜热立即成为大气热能的一部分，而蒸发外潜热直接对大气层作功，使得大气位能增加；研究了大气中的大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水对于环境气压场与位势高度场的直接影响。用郭晓岚积云对流参数化方案(已考虑凝结内潜热对大气的加热作用)，加入了考虑因大尺度凝结降水和积云对流参数化凝结降水造成地面气压场及高空位势高度场的变化，后者应是凝结外潜热过程作用的结果。在上述研究过程中，必须引入考虑凝结作用的连续性方程，且最终可以改变有积云对流凝结降水发生的数值预报模式动力框架。     

拉格朗日方法诊断2007年7月中国东部系列极端降水的水汽输送路径及其可能蒸发源区

以2007年7月中、下旬中国中东部地区系列极端降水为研究对象,分别以NCEP/NCAR分析资料和中尺度气象模式(WRF)模拟输出驱动拉格朗日三维粒子输送模式(FLEXPART),通过对极端降水有贡献的大气粒子群(气块)的后向轨迹,诊断了极端降水事件的水汽输送路径及其可能蒸发源区,并定量估算了不同水汽源区对降水事件的相对贡献大小。结果表明,极端降水事件的水汽输送可以向上游追溯到阿拉伯海和西亚地区,青藏高原的地形和副热带高压对水汽输送路径具有重要影响。源于热带和副热带低纬度地区的气块在到达降水区域之前,经历了多次的降水和蒸发过程,其中,阿拉伯海、印度半岛、孟加拉湾、中南半岛的缅甸以及中国西南部的川、滇等地区都是水汽的蒸发源区,上述所有源区为极端降水事件贡献了约80%的水汽。但是,不同水汽源区的相对贡献计算结果发现,陆地蒸发对水汽贡献相对重要,尤其是中南半岛的缅甸、中国的川、滇等地区的地表前期蒸发对这次极端降水的贡献超过了40%,这表明上游地区前期的土壤湿度异常可能对极端降水的发生具有重要的指示意义。     

土中和地表温度影响因子的分析

本文用一个土壤和地表温度的计算模式,讨论了土壤物理参数、大气中的云量、大气透明度、土壤模式层厚度以及温度初值给定方法等因子对土壤和地表温度计算结果的影响。表明:土壤密度和比热、土壤导温率越大则地表和土壤内温度日变化越小;但是,土壤内的热量传输越大。云量影响也是显著的,尤其是对土壤内温度的影响,在云量增加时,温度和热量通量均减小。透明度的影响与云量的影响类似。土壤模式层厚度的增加,对地表温度的影响较小,对土壤温度的日振幅影响很大。在夏季,温度初值对地表温度和热通量影响较小,对土壤温度影响较大。     

农田土壤湿度变化异常原因

在无灌溉水和降水的情况下 ,因土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾等原因 ,农田土壤湿度一般来说是随时间不断下降的。但初冬季节德州气象局测量农田土壤湿度时 ,发现有本次测量数值大于前次测量数值的现象。本人对此现象进行了分析 ,发现有两方面的原因 :一是霜的影响。初冬晴好天气的早晨 ,近地面空气中的水汽冷却 ,易形成霜。上午随着阳光的照射 ,气温上升 ,霜融化后渗入土壤中 ,使得上层土壤水分得到补充。二是“倒浆”现象的影响。冬季农田土壤深度越深 ,土壤温度越高 ,就像大气中的对流现象一样 ,使深层土壤中的水汽升到上层土壤中来 ,且上、下层温差…     

The subsurface transport of heat and moisture and its effect on the environment: A numerical model

A numerical model was developed to study the transport of heat and vapor under the surface of bare soil and soil covered by some materials such as asphalt and concrete under no rainfall conditions. The computational results provide a good match with the experimental data. The results show that the transport of water vapor inside the soil has an important effect on the subsurface distribution of temperature, especially for bare soil. Because of evaporation, the temperature of bare soil is much lower than that under covered surfaces throughout the day and the temperature of the surface covered by asphalt is extremely high-higher than the atmospheric temperature even at night. An increase of thickness of the covering material further increases the temperature and heat stored under surfaces. The stored heat is released to the atmosphere at night, contributing to environmental effects such as the urban heat island.     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphereboundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures ofatmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged inprimary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation fordiurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetationevaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulentmomentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used tostudy the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in cityregions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscalemodel.     

地表非均匀性对区域平均水分通量参数化的影响

次网格尺度地表非均匀性对于网格区平均通量具有重要影响。若将网格区视为均一地表 ,并不能真实描述地 气通量交换过程 ,且可造成很大误差。文中从理论上证明 ,区域平均水分通量的变化率可分解为两部分 :第一部分为区域水分通量的算术平均变化率 ;第二部分为非均匀性所引起的水分通量变化率扰动 ,它与区域内土壤水分空间分布的变差系数有关。数值试验表明 ,地表土壤水分的水平空间变差系数集中反映了区域内土壤水分分布的非均匀程度 ,不同土壤对同样的非均匀程度其敏感性是不同的。变差系数愈大 ,非均匀性愈强 ,在相同的土壤水分平均值下 ,不同土壤类型对地表非均匀程度的敏感性并不相同。例如沙土和粘土受非均匀性的影响就可相差数十倍。     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER*

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.     

A cloud-resolving modeling study of short-term surface rainfall processes

The short-term tropical surface rainfall processes in rainfall regions (raining stratiform and convective regions) and rainfall-free regions (non-raining stratiform and clear-sky regions) are investigated based on the hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated over a 21-day period with imposed zonally uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapor advection, and sea surface temperature from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The analysis of the model domain-mean surface rainfall budget reveals that surface rainfall is mainly associated with water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying. The mean surface rainfall lags the mean water vapor convergence by 3?h. The convective?Cstratiform rainfall separation analysis shows that convective rainfall is associated with water vapor convergence, whereas stratiform rainfall is related to the local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor loss/convergence. The transport of water vapor from rainfall-free regions to rainfall regions creates the main water vapor source for rainfall while it balances local atmospheric drying in rainfall-free regions. Surface evaporation plays a minor role in short-term surface rainfall processes.     

8月中国低纬高原水汽输送过程及其与降水量极端异常的联系

利用1979—2010年ERA-Interim再分析资料、全球降水气候中心(Global Precipitation Climate Center,GPCC)的降水量资料和站点降水观测资料,通过引入水汽贡献率和水汽通过率,构建描述降水量对水汽源地蒸发量的敏感性指数等方法,揭示了8月流入低纬高原水汽的输送过程的气候特征,及其与8月低纬高原降水量极端异常的联系。结果表明:(1)8月流入低纬高原水汽的重要源地是中南半岛北部和华南一带的陆地区域,以及北部湾和孟加拉湾北部西南至东北的狭长海面。(2)8月流入低纬高原水汽的主要输送通道有两条:孟加拉湾上空狭长的西南季风;经17°N附近偏东季风在南海西北部110°E附近发生转向后的东南季风。那加丘陵和中南半岛北部的纵向岭谷明显阻挡了两支水汽输送通道。(3)8月流入低纬高原水汽主要受大气环流影响,受水汽源地蒸发量的直接影响有限。当流入低纬高原水汽异常偏多(少)时,使得可降水量偏多(少),最终导致降水量偏多(少)。     

Effect of surface layer thickness on simultaneous transport of heat and water in a bare soil and its implications for land surface schemes

Abstract

A physically‐based multi‐layer numerical model is developed to determine the coupled transport of heat and water in the soil and in the soil‐atmosphere boundary layer. Using inputs of standard weather data and initial soil conditions the model is capable of predicting the surface energy balance components as well as water content and temperature profiles in the soil. It is used to predict these variables for a bare silt loam soil under two tillage treatments, viz. culti‐packed and left loose after disc‐harrowing, and the predicted results are compared with measurements. Very good agreement between the model predictions and measured evaporation and heat fluxes and soil water and temperatures for a ten‐day period shows that the model is capable of simulating the coupled transport of soil heat and soil water and their transfer across the soil surface‐atmosphere interface adequately.

Model predictions were compared with those of CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme). It is shown that CLASS, version 2.6, provides good estimates of evaporation and hence the latent heat flux density, Q_E, under wetter soil conditions, but overestimates Q_E at moderately wet soil conditions and underestimates it under dry soil conditions. Under dry to moderately wet soil conditions the calculation of evaporation from bare soil is very sensitive to the thickness of the top layer particularly as the thickness approaches 10 cm.     

Response of hydrological cycle to recent climate changes in the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) surfaces have been experiencing an overall rapid warming and wetting while wind speed and solar radiation have been declining in the last three decades. This study investigated how climate changes influenced the hydrological cycle on the TP during 1984??2006. To facilitate the analysis, a land surface model was used to simulate surface water budget at all CMA (China Meteorological Administration) stations on the TP. The simulated results were first validated against observed ground temperature and observation-derived heat flux on the western TP and observed discharge trends on the eastern TP. The response of evaporation and runoff to the climate changes was then analyzed. Major finding are as follows. (1) Surface water balance has been changed in recent decades. Observed precipitation shows insignificant increasing trends in central TP and decreasing trends along the TP periphery while evaporation shows overall increasing trends, leading to decreased discharge at major TP water resource areas (semi-humid and humid zones in the eastern and southern TP). (2) At the annual scale, evaporation is water-limited in dry areas and energy-limited (radiation and air temperature) in wet areas; these constraints can be interpreted by the Budyko-curve. Evaporation in autumns and winters was strongly controlled by soil water storage in summers, weakening the dependence of evaporation on precipitation at seasonal scales. (3) There is a complementary effect between the simulated actual evaporation and potential evaporation, but this complementary relationship may deviate from Bouchet??s hypothesis when vapor pressure deficit (or air temperature) is too low, which suppresses the power of vapor transfer.     

WRF模式陆面参数扰动对一次西北暴雨影响的数值模拟

利用NCEP每6h一次的1°×1°再分析资料和中尺度模式WRF V3.1,以2005年7月1～2日发生在甘肃东南部的一次暴雨天气为例,根据NOAH陆面方案中土壤最大容积水含量(MAXSMC)初始扰动对此次暴雨进行了敏感性数值模拟试验。结果表明,此次暴雨对陆面参数MAXSMC扰动比较敏感,MAXSMC初值减少20%,模拟的降水与实况更接近,而增大MAXSMC则对降水的影响不大;浅层土壤湿度、低层气象要素以及地表通量均对MAXSMC扰动有一定的敏感性,但是由于不同的下垫面类型,其敏感性也存在明显的差异;地表通量的直接输送和由低层不稳定所导致的间接水汽输送的变化,对降水的影响是最主要的。在不同的区域,由于下垫面性质的差异导致二者所占的比例存在差异,故模拟的降水会出现完全不同的走势。     

On the vertical distribution of local and remote sources of water for precipitation

Summary The vertical distribution of local and remote sources of water for precipitation and total column water over the United States are evaluated in a general circulation model simulation. The Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) general circulation model (GCM) includes passive constituent tracers to determine the geographical sources of the water in the column. Results show that the local percentage of precipitable water and local percentage of precipitation can be very different. The transport of water vapor from remote oceanic sources at mid and upper levels is important to the total water in the column over the central United States, while the access of locally evaporated water in convective precipitation processes is important to the local precipitation ratio. This result resembles the conceptual formulation of the convective parameterization. However, the formulations of simple models of precipitation recycling include the assumption that the ratio of the local water in the column is equal to the ratio of the local precipitation. The present results demonstrate the uncertainty in that assumption, as locally evaporated water is more concentrated near the surface. Received November 14, 2001 Revised December 28, 2001