1995年北半球主要环流特征及其影响

１９９５年北半球大气环流的主要特征是：５００ｈＰａ西太平洋副热带高压异常偏强，初夏脊线位置偏南，盛夏偏北；亚洲西风带，春季经向环流发展，初夏东亚阻塞形势稳定，盛夏纬向环流盛行；５００ｈＰａ青藏高原位势高度夏半年偏高，冬半年偏低；北半球１００ｈＰａ位势高度低纬度持续偏高，中高纬度持续偏低，南亚高压偏强；１９９４年开始的厄尔尼诺事件于１９９５年３月结束。     

北半球冬季遥相关型环流异常的若干性质

用１９５１－１９８５年间北半球冬季７００，５００，１００ｈＰａ月平均位势高度场，分析了Ｗａｌｌａｃｅ等提出的５个遥相关型所对应的环流异常和它们的性质，发现它们在对流层中下部是相当正压结构，在对流层上部减弱消失，某些遥相关型（如ＥＵ，ＰＮＡ）环流异常存在明显；主要遥相关型环流异常的持续时间约为一个月。     

1994年北半球环流特征及其影响

１９９４年北半球主要环流特征表现为：５００ｈＰａ副高明显偏强西伸，盛夏位置异常偏北；欧亚地区盛行伟向环流，北半球极涡向极地收缩，强度偏弱；盛夏东亚中纬地区维持稳定的高压脊，西风带锋区位置偏北；夏季１００ｈＰａ南亚高压强度偏强、位置偏北、东伸明显；热带海洋出现明显异常，一次新的厄尔尼诺事件形成。北半球大气环流和热带海洋的异常对我国天气气候产生了明显影响。     

1997年北半球大气环流特征及其影响

１９９７年北半球主要环流特征为：５００ｈＰａ西太平洋副热带高压盛夏由弱转强、西伸明显、脊线位置偏北;亚洲中纬度经、纬向环流交替出现,纬向环流盛行,春、秋季经向环流加强,冬、夏季冷空气异常偏弱;盛夏南海季风增强,印度季风偏弱;赤道辐合带偏弱。北半球１００ｈＰａ中低纬度位势高度持续偏高,南亚高压东扩明显;热带海洋出现异常,一次新的厄尔尼诺事件发生,强度大、发展快。在ＥＮＳＯ和大气环流的共同影响下我国天     

1980年和1981年旱涝异常的热力及环流特征

应用５００ｈＰａ非绝热热流量诊断资料和５００ｈＰａ、１００ｈＰａ高度资料，分析了１９８０、１９８１年北半球大所热力场及大气环流特征。分析结果表明：这两年盛夏，北半球非热热流量距平存在明显差异，在欧亚大陆一带表现出相反发布，前期６月也具有类似特征，相应北半球大气环流存在显著不同。     

1993年北半球环流特征及其对我国天气气候的影响

１９９３年北半球主要环流特征表现为：５００ｈＰａ副产持续加强西伸，位置偏南；亚洲中纬度春，夏经向环流发展，东亚太平洋遥相关型稳定；西藏高原５００ｈＰａ位势高度持续偏高，印缅槽持续偏弱；１００ｈＰａ位势高度场低纬持续偏高，中，高纬持续偏低，夏季南亚高压位置异常偏高。热带海洋出现明显异常，一次新的厄尔尼诺现象发生。热带海洋和北半球大气环流的异常对我国天气气候产生明显影响。     

北半球4月500hPa平均场遥相关型与我省秋季降水异常的的关系及其物理机制

本文从春季４月北半球５００ｈＰａ月平均高度场存在的５个遥相关型出发，计算了１９５１－１９９０年各遥相关型的逐年强度指数，研究了强度指数与我省交年秋季降水的关系，并地其物理机制作了初步探讨。结果表明，４月５００ｈＰａ的西太平洋型（ＷＰ）、太平洋北美型（ＰＮＡ）的强弱，与我省次年秋季大范围旱涝关系密切，而且物理机制较为清楚。     

亚洲季风区大气热源和水汽汇的季节内变化Ⅱ. 水汽汇的季节内变化

研究了北半球初秋（９月）５００ｈＰａ孟加拉湾（１５°Ｎ，８５°Ｅ）与日本海（４０°Ｎ，１３０°Ｅ）的遥相关结构、年际变化及其与热带东风急流、厄尔尼诺事件、中国降水的关系．指出，当孟加拉湾５００ｈＰａ高度上升时，日本海高度下降。这时通常是低南方涛动指数或发生厄尔尼诺、并且在１００ｈＰａ上热带东风入口区为西风距平。这些特征造成中国东部初秋降水偏少。利用这些结果可以清楚地诊断近４０年中发生的厄尔尼诺事件。     

陕西汛期旱涝与大气环流PNA型异常的联系

本文使用自然正交函数（ＥＯＦ）展开方法，对北半球１９５５－１９８４年１－１２月５００ｈＰａ高度场进行分析，研究发现大气环流ＰＮＡ型具有明显的季节特点，ＰＮＡ型的异常变化对陕西６－９月汛期降水异常发生具有一定的指示意义。     

大气遥相关与湖北省温度及降水异常的关系

利用已定义的遥相关强度指数公式,分别计算了１９５１－１９９５年北半球５００ｈＰａ夏季和冬季（１２、１、２月）的遥相关强度指数,同时计算了湖北省１０个代表站温度距平、降水距平百分率与各遥相关型的相关系数。结果表明,对湖北省温度有影响的遥相关型主要有１２月的ＥＵＰ指数、７月的ＮＡＥＷ指数;对湖北省降水有影响的遥相关型主要有冬季的ＰＮＡ、ＥＵＰ指数等。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.