2017年8月6日山东罕见雷暴大风成因分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料和常规观测资料,分析了2017年8月6日山东东部地区一次罕见的极大风速达到12～13级的雷暴大风事件。此次过程发生在高空西北气流影响下,中低层强垂直风切变和较大的温度直减率为雷暴大风的出现提供了有利环境条件。中尺度边界辐合线不断触发新的对流单体,最终形成飑线结构。此次过程10级以上雷暴大风在雷达图上的主要特征包括：近地层显著的径向辐散（速度差≥35 m·s-1）或者大的径向速度（速度绝对值≥29 m·s-1）;较显著的中层径向辐合（MARC）特征（速度差≥30 m·s-1）或者强中反气旋结构（速度差≥31 m·s-1）;中气旋底部高度扩展至2 km以下等特征。     

吉林省中部一次局地大暴雨的中尺度成因分析

利用探空资料、常规气象资料、中尺度气象加密观测资料及多普勒雷达回波产品等资料,对2010年7月25日吉林省双阳站局地大暴雨的中尺度系统演变特征、动力、不稳定条件及雷达回波特征进行了分析。分析结果表明：低空中尺度切变、地面中尺度辐合线是本次局地暴雨的主要中尺度系统,850hPa露点锋提供本次局地暴雨的触发机制;局地暴雨发生在较强的对流不稳定及冷空气侵入导致迅速增强的垂直风切变的条件下;暴雨发生前中低空有明显较强的上升运动,冷空气开始下沉入侵形成垂直环流,为暴雨的发生提供了动力条件;雷达回波图上“人”字型回波带合并,其上多个对流单体新生持续经过暴雨区造成强降水,回波带上的逆风区与局地暴雨有较好的对应关系,强回波及逆风区对局地暴雨有较好的指示意义。     

“2002.6.30”滇中低涡暴雨的中尺度分析

利用MICAPS常规资料和GMS卫星云图，3830—C多普勒雷达观测资料，对2002年6月30日发生于滇中地区的暴雨天气过程进行诊断和分析，发现暴雨过程由中低层低涡切变造成，暴雨区与垂直速度及涡度所表现的强烈上升区对应，并伴有高能高湿条件；同时卫星云图上有中尺度低涡云团发展。多普勒雷达回波资料分析表明，暴雨过程中出现了明显的中尺度系统，如中尺度辐合线、中尺度气旋、逆风区等，具有典型的对流型特征。     

2010年“6.15”闽西大暴雨过程中尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图、新一代天气雷达以及区域自动站资料,分析2010年6月15日福建省龙岩市一次大暴雨过程中尺度特征。结果表明:此次降水过程是在高空槽东移,低层强劲西南急流背景下产生的,主要强降水发生在低空切变线右前侧和低空西南急流出口左侧;此次过程暴雨落区位于层结不稳定的湿区中(θse≥348K),低层辐合、高层辐散明显;雷达回波分析表明,西南急流加强(减弱)对强降水的发生(减弱)有较强的指示作用。对于其中的五个中尺度雨团,在雷达回波上表现为中高空有冷平流入侵,中低层的中尺度辐合、中尺度风切变、西南急流以及逆风区。地面流场中的中尺度辐合线,对未来强降水落区有一定的预报提前量。     

影响滇东南地区的几次西行台风低压暴雨的雷达回波对比分析

通过影响滇东南地区的西行台风低压个例的分析得到滇东南台风低压天气的一些雷达回波特征。其西侧持续强盛的低空偏南急流使西移到云南的热带低压维持和加强,以及大量的对流层中低层中尺度扰动的存在是此类暴雨的触发机制;逆风区、气旋式辐合、大风区以及持续的暖平流是造成台风低压暴雨过程的直接的中小尺度天气系统。     

肇庆市一次超级单体的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用广州S波段多普勒雷达资料,对2004年7月1日夜间发生在广东省肇庆市的一次强对流天气过程进行分析,发现引起这次强对流的风暴具有超级单体风暴的特征。这个超级单体南边出现两条明显的出流边界,分别位于钩状回波的西南和东南。相应的中低层径向速度图呈现一个弱中尺度气旋,旋转速度达12m·s-1。该超级单体的移动方向在盛行风向的右侧约30°,属于右移风暴。     

华北回流强降水天气过程的中尺度分析

使用华北地区加密自动站资料、 多普勒雷达资料和NCEP（1°×1°）再分析资料, 应用中尺度滤波方法、 诊断分析方法等, 对2003年10月华北回流暴雨天气过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明： 在回流冷空气与西南暖湿气流相遇产生的辐合带中存在中尺度低压和切变; 中尺度低压和切变主要在600 hPa以下, 中尺度低压随高度向西、 向北倾斜, 东西向中尺度切变随高度向北倾斜。此次回流暴雨过程中有5个中尺度雨团活动, 其中3个中尺度雨团与中尺度低压和切变配合且随低压和切变移动, 暴雨期间多普勒雷达速度图上出现了持续2 h以上的逆风区。     

单多普勒天气雷达在暴雨临近预报中的应用

利用3824－C单多普勒天气雷达资料，分析了暴雨过程中的中尺度系统：低空急流、暖平流、暖切变、冷切变、逆风区的雷达回波特征；通过对它们的识别及与降水特征、暴雨落区的比较研究，表明这些中尺度系统在暴雨的临近预报中都有明确的指示意义。     

黔东北一次局地特大暴雨天气的雷达回波特征分析

使用铜仁本地CINRAD—CD多普勒天气雷达、地面加密自动站资料,对2014年6月3日傍晚至6月4日发生在铜仁市的特大暴雨进行雷达回波特征分析。结果表明：混合型降水回波的＂准静止状态＂和回波有组织地排列形成＂列车效应＂是产生此次特大暴雨最直观的特征;最强暴雨落区在多普勒雷达径向速度图上β中尺度逆风区附近;正负速度区的变化及逆风区附近强对流多单体的持续影响常常会产生局地暴雨;暴雨回波的强回波核总是位于云体的中下部是暴雨回波的典型特征;特殊的地形条件也是产生此次大暴雨的一个重要因素。     

多普勒雷达资料在暴雨短时临近预报中的应用

利用多普勒天气雷达资料,分析暴雨过程中的中尺度系统:逆风区、辐合流场、低空急流、暖平流、暖切变、冷切变等的雷达回波特征.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.