基于灾害风险因子的青海省干旱灾害风险区划

利用1961—2018年青海省气象资料、地理信息数据和社会经济数据,对青海省干旱灾害风险区划进行研究。结果表明:(1)致灾因子危险性较高的地区主要在青海省东部和南部,较低地区主要在青海省西部。(2)孕灾环境脆弱性整体自西北向东南逐渐降低,西北地区脆弱性风险较高,东南部较低。(3)承灾体暴露风险较高的地区主要在青海省东部,其他地区风险较低。(4)防灾减灾能力较高的地区主要在青海省西北部,而青海省南部和东部防灾减灾能力较低。(5)干旱灾害综合风险总体自东向西递减,高风险区主要在青海省东部地区,低风险区主要在青海省西部地区。(6)青海省干旱灾害高风险区主要由于致灾因子危险性及承灾体暴露性都较高,低风险区主要是致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性较低,且防灾减灾能力强。     

苏浙沪地区高温灾害风险区划研究

利用1961—2009年苏浙沪地区144个气象站的观测数据和2008—2010年苏浙沪地区社会经济资料,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感度、承灾体易损性及抗灾能力4个方面综合评估和分析了苏浙沪地区高温灾害风险的空间差异。结果表明:1961—2009年苏浙沪地区高温致灾因子呈南高北低的分布特征,浙江地区高温致灾因子危险性明显大于上海和江苏地区;孕灾环境敏感度指数呈北部和中部地区高、南部地区低的分布,高温灾害高敏感区主要分布在江苏、上海及浙北的平原和沿海地区;经济发达和规模较大的苏浙沪核心城市多为高温灾害承灾体高易损性区,苏北和浙南相对欠发达地区多为高温灾害承灾体低易损性区、次低易损性区或中等易损性区;沪宁杭地区高温灾害的抗灾能力最强,对应的抗灾能力风险较低,而苏北地区和浙南山区高温灾害的的抗灾能力风险较高。综合致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感度、承灾体易损性和抗灾能力4个方面,苏浙沪地区高温灾害综合风险总体呈中南部地区风险高、北部地区风险低的分布,高温灾害高风险区和次高风险区主要集中分布在浙江大部及上海、苏南部分地区,高温灾害低风险区或次低风险区主要分布在长江以北和浙江沿海地区。     

海南环岛高速强降雨灾害风险分析

基于2010—2014年G98海南环岛高速公路降水资料及公安交管部门提供的交通事故资料,分析海南环岛高速公路交通事故分布特征,发现强降雨是诱发交通事故最多的灾害性天气。运用灰色关联度方法针对降雨引发的交通事故进行评估分析,通过死亡人数、受伤人数和直接经济财产损失3项评估指标得到40次典型个例的灰色关联度排序。以年累计降雨日数、最大日降雨量、最大小时降雨量作为致灾因子危险性指标;以环岛高速公路气象灾害风险普查得到的强降雨致灾隐患路段、单向车流量作为承灾体脆弱性指标;以因降雨造成的交通事故发生频次和事故灰色关联度最大值作为承灾体易损性指标,构建环岛高速强降雨气象灾害风险区划指数模型,计算11个高速公路管理站的风险区划指数,得到海南环岛高速公路强降雨气象灾害的客观风险空间分布,发现定安—万宁路段是强降雨高风险路段,在交通气象服务中应重点关注。     

高速公路雾灾风险区划模型

运用2011年12月至2015年11月河北省11条高速公路沿线156套交通气象监测站资料、142个国家气象站雾灾资料、因雾造成的交通事故和封闭管制资料、高速公路日均车流量、路网密度等资料,基于致灾因子危险性、承灾体空间脆弱性以及承灾体易损性3个方面建立了高速公路雾灾风险区划模型,并绘制河北省高速公路雾灾风险区划图。结果发现:(1)河北北部地区、西部山区、沧州沿海地区的高速公路雾灾风险等级较低,而东部和南部平原地区的高速公路雾灾风险等级较高,可为交通安全管理部门提供一定的参考依据;(2)在相同区域内,局地浓雾多发、交通事故多发、大范围雾日多都可造成高速公路雾灾风险等级升高。     

河池市冰雹气候特征及风险区划

利用1981～2010河池市气象观测站记录的冰雹资料及纪要栏记录雹灾资料,分析河池市冰雹气候特征,在对雹灾孕灾环境敏感性、致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性等多因子综合分析基础上,构建冰雹灾害风险评价的指标体系和模型,对灾害风险程度进行评价和等级划分.最后,基于GIS平台进行叠加分析,绘制冰雹灾害风险区划图.     

南郑县暴雨灾害风险区划研究

利用南郑县国家一般气象站1971—2016年、28个区域自动气象站2012—2016年降雨资料,DEM高程数据,辖区内社会经济资料,确定暴雨灾害的致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体易损性等区划因子,并使用ArcGIS对各项因子进行模拟计算,得到南郑县暴雨灾害风险区划图。区划结果表明:低风险区和次低风险区基本分布在南郑县北部,中等风险区基本分布在南郑县中部,次高风险区和高风险区基本分布在南郑县南部、东南部。     

河北省高速公路路面结冰风险区划研究

基于河北省2011—2015年10月至第二年4月国家气象站数据、交通气象站数据、路面结冰风险普查数据、因路面结冰造成的交通管制和交通事故数据、车流量数据以及地理信息等数据,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性和承载体敏感性构建了高速公路路面结冰风险区划评价指标,利用层次分析法和GIS技术制定了河北省高速公路路面结冰风险区划...     

基于GIS的四川省降水诱发型滑坡泥石流风险区划

通过分析四川省滑坡泥石流地质灾害的致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性和承灾体脆弱性,构建了四川省降水诱发型滑坡泥石流风险评估指标体系,并基于灾害系统学原理的风险评估模型,结合层次分析法和信息量法,利用GIS工具完成了四川省降水诱发型滑坡泥石流地质灾害风险区划。结果表明:（1）诱发滑坡泥石流前期15 d平均有效雨量较大的区域主要位于四川盆地北部、西南部、东南部分地区和攀西地区南部,较小的地区主要位于川西高原和盆地中部。（2）四川盆地北部、西南部和攀西地区东部是降水致灾因子危险性等级最高区域,盆周山区、攀西地区以及阿坝州东部地区孕灾环境敏感性等级在较高及以上,中等以上承灾体脆弱性等级基本位于盆地地区,盆周山区、川西高原及攀西地区脆弱性等级大多在中等以下。（3）风险区划显示高危险区主要分布在盆地北部、西南部和攀西地区,与四川省滑坡泥石流活动情况一致。      

天津市静海区暴雨灾害风险精细化评估北大核心

根据天津市静海区18个乡镇2009—2018年逐时降水量,以及社会经济、地理地形、水利设施等数据,结合历史受灾信息,分别对静海区的暴雨致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性及防灾减灾能力进行分析,采用GIS技术和统计方法多因子叠加,综合得出静海地区暴雨灾害风险精细化评估和区划。研究发现,静海区北部区域以及南部中旺镇及其周边风险较高,而静海地区中部的风险较低;暴雨灾害高风险区主要分布在致灾因子敏感性、承灾体易损性较高而防灾减灾能力较低的静海镇和梁头镇及其周边,应加强防灾减灾设施建设。     

基于GIS的洛阳市高温灾害风险区划

利用洛阳市1961-2010年历史气候资料和地理信息数据,通过分析高温灾害致灾因子、孕灾环境因子、承灾体易损性因子和防灾减灾因子4个因子的指标,利用层次分析法确定各个因子指标的权重建立高温气象灾害风险评价体系。其中选取洛阳市9个观测站高温日数,并运用皮尔逊Ⅲ型概率密度模型分别从不同频率推测高温影响程度并分析高温危险性因子;利用洛阳市基础地理信息数据,选取海拔高度和河网密度作为评价孕灾环境因子指标;利用洛阳市土地利用分类分析不同土地类型承载体潜在易损性,同时考虑高温易受伤害人群的人口比例怍为承载体易损性因子指标;防灾减灾因子利用各乡镇财政一般收入水平和人均可支配收入作为量化指标。从区划图中可以看出：总体高温风险等级北部高于南部;东北部、中部风险等级最高,其中偃师中部、伊川西部和南部地区、嵩县北部地区风险等级最高;次高风险等级主要分布在新安、宜阳、伊川中东部、孟津东部和西部、嵩县中部等地区;栾川、嵩县南部、洛宁西部风险等级最低。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;