MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计反演产品的质量评估

利用MWP967KV型地基微波辐射计和L波段探空资料,采用了平均误差、相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,评估了微波辐射计和L波段探空在降水和无降水时温度、相对湿度、水汽密度的差异,了解地基微波辐射计的性能。研究结果表明:(1)微波辐射计和探空探测温度、相对湿度和水汽密度为显著性的线性相关,两者相对湿度相关性不如温度和水汽密度高,且离散度较大。(2)无降水时,相对湿度和水汽密度平均误差小,有降水时,温度和相对湿度的均方根误差大;在低层时,无降水时温度平均误差小,水汽密度的均方根误差大,中高层时,有降水时温度平均误差小,水汽密度均方根误差大。(3)温度和水汽密度为显著性正相关;相对湿度在有降水时表现为0~2km的显著性正相关和9.25~10km的显著性负相关,无降水时表现为0~8km的显著性正相关。总体来看,微波辐射计能弥补探空时空不足的问题,相对湿度的可信度需要进一步提高,降水对微波辐射计影响较大。      

Rain rate estimation from a synergetic use of SSM/I, AVHRR and meso-scale numerical model data

Summary In this paper a retrieval technique for estimating rainfall rates is introduced. The novel feature of this technique is the combination of two satellite radiometers — the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) — with mesoscale weather prediction model data. This offers an adjustment of the model atmospheres to reality which is necessary for calculating brightness temperatures that can be compared with microwave satellite measurements.In sensitivity studies it was found that the estimation of precipitation is determined to a high degree by the particle size distribution of rain and snow, especially by the size distribution of solid hydrometeors. These studies also reveal the influence of the knowledge of the correct cloud coverage inside a SSM/I pixel and the importance of using a realistic temperature profile instead of using standard atmospheres.The retrieval technique is based on radiative transfer calculations using the model of Kummerow et al. (1989). The algorithm consists of two parts: First Guess (FG) brightness temperatures for the SSM/I frequencies are generated as a function of the cloud top height and the cloud coverage, derived from AVHRR data and predictions from a meso-scale model. The rainfall rate of different types of clouds containing raindrops, ice particles and coexisting ice and water hydrometeors is then calculated as a function of the cloud top height. As an example, a strong convective rain event over the western part of Europe and over the Alps is taken to evaluate the performance of this technique. Good agreement with radar data from the German Weather Service was achieved. Compared to statistical rainfall algorithms, the current algorithm shows a better performance of detecting rainfall areas.With 12 Figures     

GCOM-W AMSR2资料在CMA_GFS 四维变分中的同化应用

卫星微波仪器的辐射率资料,由于兼具卫星观测的全天空优势和微波观测的全天候特性,成为数值天气预报系统同化的日益重要的角色。微波成像仪作为被动微波辐射计的重要一类,其在数值预报中的应用潜力亟待进一步的检验和更充分的挖掘。针对全球水循环变化观测卫星GCOM-W上搭载的第2代先进微波扫描辐射计AMSR2的10个通道,建立了半径200 km的稀疏化方案;研发了包含9项检验的质量控制方案,对于污染低频通道观测的太阳耀光现象和无线电信号干扰等因素进行屏蔽;设计基于经典预报因子的偏差订正方案,对仪器系统偏差进行有效的校正;采用基于变分同化后验估计的观测误差统计,克服了观测误差难以准确估计的问题。通过以上方法,GCOM-W AMSR2共有10个通道辐射率资料在中国自主研发的全球/区域同化预报系统（CMA_GFS,原名为GRAPES_GFS）3.0版的四维变分同化系统（4DVar）中实现了直接同化应用。1个月的批量试验证明,同化GCOM-W AMSR2后,CMA_GFS湿度分析场得到了一定的改进,各量级定量降水中期预报评分有所提高,同时,GCOM-W AMSR2辐射率直接同化对CMA_GFS南半球和赤道地区预报有明显正贡献。研究证实AMSR2能够很好地弥补常规观测资料稀疏区的资料匮乏,发挥水汽敏感特性,改进湿度分析和降水预报的技巧。      

MP-3000A微波辐射计探测原理及误差分析

MP-3000A微波辐射计是一种新型35通道微波辐射计。相对于探空和GPS水汽探测,它可以连续得到从地面到10km高度上高分辨率的温度、相对湿度和水汽廓线以及较低分辨率的液态水廓线。廓线从0m～10km共58个数据层,利用探测区域的历史探空资料和神经网络算法正向模拟微波辐射量,从而得出温湿廓线。本文介绍了MP-3000A微波辐射计的主要功能、工作原理和误差来源。     

Comparisons of Soil Moisture Datasets over the Tibetan Plateau and Application to the Simulation of Asia Summer Monsoon Onset

The influence of soil moisture on Asian monsoon simulation/prediction was less studied, partly due to a lack of available and reliable soil moisture datasets. In this study, we firstly compare several soil moisture datasets over the Tibetan Plateau, and find that the remote sensing products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) can capture realistic temporal variations of soil moisture better than the two reanalyses (NCEP and ECMWF) during the pre-monsoon season...     

Evaluation of the Community Microwave Emission Model Coupled with the Community Land Model over East Asia

The Community Microwave Emission Model (CMEM) developed by the European Centre for Me-dium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) can provide a link between surface states and satellite observations and simulate the passive microwave brightness temperature of the surface at low frequencies (from 1 GHz to 20 GHz).This study evaluated the performance of the CMEM cou-pled with the Community Land Model (CLM) (CMEM-CLM) using C-band (6.9 GHz) microwave brightness temperatures from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) over East Asia.Preliminary results support the argument that the simulated brightness temperatures of CMEM-CLM from July 2005 to June 2010 are comparable to AMSR-E observational data.CMEM-CLM performed better for vertical polarization,for which the root mean square error was approximately 15 K,compared to over 30 K for horizontal polarization.An evaluation performed over seven sub-regions in China indicated that CMEM-CLM was able to capture the temporal evolution of C-band brightness temperatures well,and the best correlation with AMSR-E appeared over western Northwest China (over 0.9 for vertical polarization).However,larger biases were found over southern North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.     

克州地区春季一次强风沙天气成因分析

利用常规观测资料、数值预报物理量场和NCEP/NCAR每日4次全球再分析网格点资料,对2010年03月28日发生在克州境内的一场罕见大风、沙尘暴天气过程进行了诊断分析,探讨了这次强风沙天气的成因,结果表明：高空低压槽和地面冷锋及锋后强冷平流、高空急流的加强及高空形成的次级环流使高空动量有效下传到地面起到了积极的动能作用,大风沙尘上空螺旋度上负下正的垂直分布与大风沙尘的出现有很好的对应关系,大风沙尘发生前后压、温、湿要素出现的剧烈突变对预报也有很好的指示意义。     

地基微波辐射计对乌鲁木齐暴雨天气过程的观测分析

MP-3000A是一种新型大气探测仪器,可以连续得到从地面到10km高度上高分辨率的温度、相对湿度、水汽廓线以及液态水廓线。通过选取2011年5月1日的微波辐射计观测数据,分析在降水发生前后的水汽密度和液态水含量的变化,发现大气降水与水汽密度和液态水含量有很紧密的联系。大气中的可降水量一般会维持在25mm,当大气中的可降水量值超过50mm,液态水含量值开始增加的时候,发生降水的可能性增大;降水过后,液态水含量若是没有回落到0.0mm以内,在未来的2～3h内还是会发生降水,因此研究微波辐射计探测的大气水汽密度和液态水含量,将有助于提高短时、临近预报的准确度。     

A Technique for Direct Retrieval of Surface Specific Humidity Over Open Oceans from Irs-P4/Msmr Satellite Data

The Multi frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) onboard Oceasat-1 was used to develop a retrieval method fornear-surface specific humidity by means of multivariate regressiontechnique. The MSMR measures the microwaveradiances in 8 channels at the frequencies of 6.6, 10.7, 18 and 21 GHzfor both vertical and horizontal polarizations. Regression coefficients were derived using the ship reports of the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) for the months of July, October and December, in 1999. Daily near-surface specific humidity data from COADS in 2° × 2° latitude/longitude bins and collocated brightness temperature data from MSMR were used to derive the coefficients. The derived coefficients werevalidated with humidity given in COADS.A linear relationship is established to determine the near-surface specifichumidity from MSMR brightness temperature (Tb) with an rms error of 1.2 g kg^-1 for individual situations and an rms errorof 0.84 g kg^-1 for monthly time scales over global oceans.The retrieval algorithm is validonly for the open sea regions.     

大气风温湿垂直观测网资料快速更新混合同化试验研究

基于WRF预报模式、WRFDA Hybrid集合变分同化系统和ETKF方法,构建了面向城市气象观测网数据的快速更新混合同化系统。针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料数据同化,开展了静态背景误差调整因子(特征长度尺度因子和方差因子)、局地化距离和集合权重系数4个重要参数敏感性试验研究。试验结果表明：当温度、相对湿度、u风和v风的特征长度尺度因子和方差因子分别调整为0.7/1.0、1.0/1.0、0.7/1.0和0.7/1.0,局地化距离和集合权重系数分别调整为11.2 km和0.5时,快速更新混合同化系统的分析场均方根误差最小。为对比三种常用同化方案,开展了默认参数混合同化、最优参数混合同化、三维变分同化对比试验,试验结果表明：在针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料的快速更新同化预报试验中,混合同化方案表现优于三维变分,同时相对于默认参数混合同化方案,最优参数混合同化方案的风场、温度及湿度的分析场和预报场得到了进一步改善：风温湿的分析场均方根误差分别最大降低了13%、19%和5%,12～24 h预报场的均方根误差分别最大降低了2%、12%和5%。     

地基微波辐射计观测资料在一次雷电潜势预报中的应用分析

在利用对流参数建立湖北省雷电潜势预报的基础上,重点研究地基微波辐射计资料在改进雷电潜势预报中的应用价值,继而修正对流参数及其阈值区间,由此建立一种可通过后续参数订正实现的雷电短期潜势预报方法。首先对2013年4月29日一次西南涡东移造成的雷电过程中地基微波辐射计资料的可靠性进行了分析,继而通过比较基于单一数值模式和微波辐射计资料计算的不稳定参数与雷电活动的相关性后发现,85%以上的雷电样本活跃在K指数≥33 ℃、T_850-500≥23 ℃、A指数≥10 ℃和ΔT_d850≤3 ℃等指数范围内,而微波辐射计资料计算的6个不稳定指数显示,与雷电密集区对应的指数中,和雷电相关性较高的K指数、T_850-500、A指数分别为35 ℃、25 ℃和12 ℃,使用两种阈值分别对雷电潜势预报方程中的预报因子进行0,1化。个例检验效果表明地基微波辐射计在改进雷电潜势预报落区和概率方面有一定参考作用。      

FY-3A微波资料在“莫拉克”台风预报中的同化试验

我国新一代极轨气象卫星FY-3A于2008年5月26日发射成功,携带的微波垂直探测仪与NOAA系列卫星的ATOVS性能相似。为研究微波垂直探测仪资料在台风数值预报中的作用,实现我国FY-3A卫星的微波探测资料的直接同化,达到改进台风预报的目的,利用FY-3A微波探测资料,以WRF-3DVar系统为基础,针对2009年第8号台风"莫拉克"路径和强度预报,开展数值预报直接同化技术研究。试验结果表明,直接同化FY-3A微波资料对数值模式初始场改进要优于仅仅同化常规观测资料,对缺乏观测资料的海洋上改进尤为明显,模式初始场更加合理地反映海上台风环流形势以及温湿条件,海上台风的模式初始位置也得到了校正;经过FY-3A微波资料三维变分直接同化后,区域中尺度模式对台风路径预报效果具有积极的改善作用。     

Active and passive remote sensing of precipitating storms during CaPE. Part II: Intercomparison of precipitation retrievals over land from AMPR radiometer and CP-2 radar

Summary One of the recent campaigns devoted to precipitation studies using both active and passive microwave remote sensing systems was the Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment (CaPE), which took place in central Florida during the summer of 1991. During CaPE, the airborne Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR), having four channels at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1 and 85.5 GHz and the National Center for Atmospheric Research CP-2 multiparameter radar at S-band (3 GHz) and X-band (10 GHz) were operated simultaneously. In this paper, we compare estimated hydrometeor liquid/ice water contents and surface rainrates, both retrieved from the AMPR radiometer and CP-2 radar measurements, for a case study consisting of a heavy precipitating storm over land near Cape Canaveral on August 12, 1991. The multi-frequency radiometer-based retrieval scheme uses a cloud-precipitation dataset generated from a cloud model and extended by a physically-constrained Monte Carlo procedure, along with a discrete-ordinate radiative transfer model and a principal component statistical technique to help formulate non-linear regression equations for the sought-after hydrometeor quantities. By applying linear discriminant analysis, the algorithm is used to estimate column integrated liquid/ice water contents, as well as the vertical profiles of these quantities to within a specified accuracy. Rainfall rates are estimated either by non-linear regression or by a suitable fallout model. The analysis has confined itself to along-track nadir-looking AMPR measuremets to avoid complications with variable polarization mixing and geometric distortion for off-nadir observations. Considering the different model assumptions used in the two types of retrieval algorithms and the diverse geophysical information content within the two types of measurements, substantial agreement between the radar- and radiometer-derived retrievals has been achieved for the columnar liquid/ice water contents and rainrates.With 19 FiguresThe National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

All-sky Data Assimilation of MWTS-2 and MWHS-2 in the Met Office Global NWP System.

Microwave radiances from passive polar-orbiting radiometers have been, until recently, assimilated in the Met Office global numerical weather prediction system after the scenes significantly affected by atmospheric scattering are discarded.Recent system upgrades have seen the introduction of a scattering-permitting observation operator and the development of a variable observation error using both liquid and ice water paths as proxies of scattering-induced bias. Applied to the Fengyun 3 Microwave Temperature Sounder 2(MWTS-2) and the Microwave Humidity Sounder 2(MWHS-2), this methodology increases the data usage by up to 8% at 183 GHz. It also allows for the investigation into the assimilation of MWHS-2 118 GHz channels, sensitive to temperature and lower tropospheric humidity, but whose large sensitivity to ice cloud have prevented their use thus far. While the impact on the forecast is mostly neutral with small but significant shortrange improvements, 0.3% in terms of root mean square error, for southern winds and low-level temperature, balanced by 0.2% degradations of short-range northern and tropical low-level temperature, benefits are observed in the background fit of independent instruments used in the system. The lower tropospheric temperature sounding Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer(IASI) channels see a reduction of the standard deviation in the background departure of up to 1.2%. The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A(AMSU-A) stratospheric sounding channels improve by up to 0.5% and the Microwave Humidity Sounder(MHS) humidity sounding channels improve by up to 0.4%.     

Physical initialization with the Arakawa-Schubert scheme in the Navy's operational global forecast model

Summary The method of physical initialization, in which one attempts to match observed and model-generated diabatic processes prior to commencing a forecast, is applied to a T47 version of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). Particular emphasis is devoted to the matching of observed convective rainfall, inferred from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), with that produced by NOGAPS' Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization scheme. To accomplish the matching, the model's specific humidity field is adjusted at each time step during a preforecast integration period. This adjustment consists of adding a perturbation in relative humidity, with linear vertical profile, to the model's relative humidity; the amplitude of the perturbation is proportional to the difference between observed and model precipitation rates. Results show significantly improved rainfall accumulations during the period in which the model is forced with the observed precipitation. However, this positive impact largely disappears within 24 hours after the forcing is removed, that is, the model has difficulty in maintaining the assimilated rainfall on its own. Possible explanations for this problem are considered, one of the more likely being the model's low resolution.With 7 Figures     

Moisture structure of the quasi-biweekly mode revealed by AIRS in western Pacific

Using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) humidity profiles, rainfall from the Tropical Rainfall Mea- suring Mission (TRMM) Global Precipitation Index (GPI), Quick Scatterometer (QSCAT) satellite-observed surface winds, and SST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for NASA's Earth Observing System (AMSR E), we analyzed the structure of the summer quasi-biweekly mode (QBM) over the western Pacific in 2003-2004. We find that the signal of 10-20-day oscillations in the western Pacific originates fro...     

Climate sensitivity studies of the Greenland ice sheet using satellite AVHRR,SMMR, SSM/I and in situ data

Summary The feasibility of using satellite data for climate research over the Greenland ice sheet is discussed. In particular, we demonstrate the usefulness of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Global Area Coverage (GAC) data for narrow-band albedo retrieval. Our study supports the use of lower resolution AVHRR (GAC) data for process studies over most of the Greenland ice sheet. Based on LAC data time series analysis, we can resolve relative albedo changes on the order of 2–5%. In addition, we examine Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave data for snow typing and other signals of climatological significance. Based on relationships between in situ measurements and horizontally polarized 19 and 37 GHz observations, wet snow regions are identified. The wet snow regions increase in aerial percentage from 9% of the total ice surface in June to a maximum of 26% in August 1990. Furthermore, the relationship between brightness temperatures and accumulation rates in the northeastern part of Greenland is described. We found a consistent increase in accumulation rate for the northeastern part of the ice sheet from 1981 to 1986.With 16 Figures     

Detection and Correction of AMSR-E Radio-Frequency Interference

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) affects greatly the quality of the data and retrieval products from space-borne microwave radiometry. Analysis of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite observations reveals very strong and widespread RFI contam- inations on the C- and X-band data. Fortunately, the strong and moderate RFI signals can be easily identified using an index on observed brightness temperature spectrum. It is the weak RFI that is diffi- cult to be separated from the nature surface emission. In this study, a new algorithm is proposed for RFI detection and correction. The simulated brightness temperature is used as a background signal (B) and a departure of the observation from the background (O-B) is utilized for detection of RFI. It is found that the O-B departure can result from either a natural event (e.g., precipitation or flooding) or an RFI signal. A separation between the nature event and RFI is further realized based on the scattering index (SI). A positive SI index and low brightness temperatures at high frequencies indicate precipitation. In the RFI correction, a relationship between AMSR-E measurements at 10.65 GHz and those at 18.7 or 6.925 GHz is first developed using the AMSR-E training data sets under RFI-free conditions. Contamination of AMSR-E measurements at 10.65 GHz is then predicted from the RFI-free measurements at 18.7 or 6.925 GHz using this relationship. It is shown that AMSR-E measurements with the RFI-correction algorithm have better agreement with simulations in a variety of surface conditions.     

Evaluation of AMSR-E——Derived Soil Moisture over Northern China

In this study,the authors evaluated two re-motely sensed surface soil moisture datasets derived from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer of the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) over northern China.The soil moisture datasets were derived from algorithms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and jointly developed by the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (VUA-NASA).The NSIDC and VUA-NASA products were compared to in situ soil moisture data from nine enhanced coordinated observation stations.The VUA-NASA dataset presented a strong correlation with top layer in situ soil moisture observations,and the correla-tion coefficients ranged from 0.34 to 0.73 (p0.01).The correlation coefficients decreased as the observed soil layer depth increased.The correlation coefficients be-tween the NSIDC retrievals and the top layer in situ ob-servations were between 0.10 and 0.62 (p0.01).Fur-thermore,VUA-NASA soil moisture variations agreed well with in situ soil moisture dynamics and responded sensitively to precipitation events.In contrast,the NSIDC dataset failed to capture signals of soil moisture dynamics.The analyses demonstrated that the VUA-NASA product was capable of representing soil moisture conditions over northern China.     

地基35通道微波辐射计观测资料的初步分析

选取2008年6月的微波辐射计观测数据和同期探空数据进行对比分析。结果发现两者温湿度的相关系数分别为0.994和0.697,都通过了置信度为0.001的显著性水平检验,表明其总体趋势是相近似的。对于廓线的分析采用的是各层的平均值,微波辐射计和探空的结果都反映了温度随着高度呈现递减趋势,而且经过方差分析两者在0.05水平差异不显著。但相对湿度的廓线结果经过方差分析在0.01水平差异极显著。