中国地面气温统计降尺度预报方法研究

利用中国752个基本、基准地面气象观测站2000—2010年地面温度日值数据,采用具有自适应特征的Kalman滤波类型的递减平均统计降尺度技术,对中国地面温度进行精细化预报研究。分析该方案的降尺度效果,并与常用插值降尺度方法进行比较。结果表明:1)递减平均统计降尺度技术相比插值方法有较大的提高,显著减小东西部预报效果差异,1~3 d预报的均方根误差减小了1.4℃;2)该方案1~3 d预报的均方根误差为1.5℃,预报误差从东南地区(均方根误差为1.4℃)向西北地区(均方根误差为1.8℃)逐渐增大,并且预报效果夏季优于冬季。因此,递减平均统计降尺度技术对中国地面温度进行精细化预报是可行的。     

黑河流域降水统计——动力降尺度问题研究

依据区域气候模式RIEMS2.0输出的3 km高分辨率数据和站点降水记录分析了中国西北黑河流域降水的动力降尺度和统计—动力降尺度问题,检验了多种因子组合下多元线性回归（MLR）和贝叶斯模式平均（BMA）降尺度模型,评估了降尺度降水的均方根误差、相关系数、方差百分率及“负降水”偏差率等方面的统计特征。结果表明,动力降尺度降水相关系数最高,误差也最大,降水方差达到观测值的1.5～2倍;除相关系数外,统计—动力降尺度模型的几个统计特征均最优,纯统计模型次之。检验表明,仅用700 hPa位势高度场、经向风和比湿等构建的统计降尺度模型估计的站点降水相关系数较低,均方根误差也较大。当在统计降尺度模型中引入模式降水因子后站点降水的估计得到明显改善,其中MLR类模型的降水相关系数和方差百分率均明显高于BMA类模型,均方根误差二者相当,但前者“负降水”出现频次明显大于后者,“负降水”偏差主要出现在降水稀少的冬半年及黑河中、下游干旱或极端干旱区,上游出现频率较低,其中MLR类模型“负降水”出现频次明显高于BMA类模型,后者仅出现在黑河中、下游地区。包含模式降水因子的统计—动力降尺度模型能减少“负降水”出现...     

基于WRF张弛方法的辽宁地区动力降尺度研究

动力降尺度被广泛的应用于区域气候降尺度工作中,用来制作高时空分辨率的区域气候场。本文采用WRF模式的张弛方法对美国第三代再分析资料(CFSR)进行了动力降尺度,使用观测张弛法同化自动气象站观测资料的同时,采用分析张弛法同化了大尺度再分析资料。选取辽宁省7月和10月作为夏季和秋季代表月份,分析不同降尺度方案对地面要素的模拟能力,发现使用张弛方法在区域气候降尺度过程中,可以明显提高地面2 m温度、10 m风速和2 m相对湿度的模拟能力,其中使用张弛算法同化大尺度的再分析资料和观测资料的准确度最高,相较于控制试验,7月和10月温度、风速和相对湿度的平均均方根误差分别减少了25%、39%和30%。     

两种确定性初值形成方案对集合预报技巧的影响研究

为了进一步提高GRAPES-REPS的降水预报性能,将GRAPES-Meso业务模式的高分辨率同化分析初值通过动力升尺度方法(简称GRAPES-M-US方案)产生GRAPES-REPS确定性初值,在此基础上进行了连续10 d的集合预报试验,并与基于T639全球模式同化分析初值动力降尺度方案(简称T639-G-DS方案)得到的确定性初值以及相应的集合预报结果进行了对比分析及预报检验,重点关注了降水预报的检验结果。结果表明:基于GRAPES-M-US方案得到的确定性初值相对于T639-G-DS方案得到的确定性初值而言,在低层具备更多的中小尺度信息;低层连续性变量预报表现较好,850 hPa的位势高度和温度的均方根误差以及概率预报评分(CRPS)均表现出了一定的改进效果,而中层和高层要素改进不显著,10 m风速均方根误差和CRPS均有较明显的改进效果,2 m温度均方根误差和CRPS则基本相当;对降水预报而言,24 h预报时效的小雨、中雨和大雨量级的TS评分、Brier评分和相对作用特征面积(AROC)均有一定的改进,其余预报时效总体而言基本相当或略有负效果;在2017年8月7日的强降水个例中,对强降水落区和强度的预报表现出了一定的"细化"和"纠偏"效果;总体而言,GRAPES-M-US方案较T639-G-DS方案表现出了一定的优势,特别是在短期降水预报方面。     

多模式动力降尺度对中国中东部地区极端气温指数的模拟评估

利用LMDZ4变网格大气环流模式分别嵌套于BCC-csm1.1-m、CNRM-CM5、FGOALS-g2、IPSL-CM5A-MR和MPI-ESM-MR等5个全球模式,进行中国中东部地区1961-2005年动力降尺度模拟试验,对比分析降尺度前后各模式对中国中东部极端气温指数的模拟能力。结果表明,相较全球模式,LMDZ4模式较好地刻画了青藏高原、四川盆地等复杂地形的变化,能更好地表现出中国中东部地区极端气温的空间分布。但降尺度改善效果具有明显的区域性差异,对于最高气温、最低气温和霜冻日数,降尺度之后主要在东北、西北、青藏高原以及西南地区改善明显,与观测场的空间相关系数提高至0.95以上,均方根误差低于0.5℃（0.5 d）,且降尺度后模式对最低气温和最高气温空间相关系数的改善程度随地形升高而增大;对于热浪指数,降尺度后在东北、华南以及西南地区热浪分布大值区改善效果明显,但模式间的一致性不高。降尺度在一定程度上模拟出与观测一致的最高、最低气温的线性趋势空间分布,在东北、华北、青藏高原和西南地区最低气温和霜冻日数趋势误差较全球模式小。降尺度模式集合（RMME）对极端气温气候平均场和线性趋势均有较高的模拟能力。多模式动力降尺度能够提高全球模式对中国区域极端气温的模拟能力,为提高未来预估能力提供了基础。     

静止和极轨卫星陆表温度产品的改进方法

针对天气、气候和生态环境监测对较高空间分辨率静止气象卫星陆表温度及全天候极轨卫星陆表温度的需求,分别发展静止气象卫星陆表温度空间降尺度和极轨气象卫星陆表温度云下重构算法,并对其进行改进处理。其中,静止气象卫星陆表温度空间降尺度模型充分利用静止气象卫星高时频和多光谱观测的优势,基于同一卫星同一遥感器所观测的陆表温度和相关通道亮度温度的日变化特征建立非线性统计回归模型,同时考虑下垫面类型的影响,方法应用于我国静止气象卫星风云四号A星(Fengyun-4A,FY-4A)先进的静止轨道辐射成像仪(advanced geosynchronous radiation imager,AGRI)陆表温度的降尺度,结果表明,所发展的降尺度模型不仅可以将FY-4AAGRI的陆表温度由4 km降尺度到2 km,而且可以较好保持降尺度前陆表温度精度,降尺度前后陆表温度均方根误差最大为1.35 K。极轨气象卫星陆表温度云下重构则发展了DINEOF模型,并基于土地利用数据(Land-Use,LU)进行结果的二次订正,实现极轨气象卫星陆表温度的全天候获取,方法应用于极轨气象卫星FY-3D中等分辨率光谱成像仪(med...     

我国地面降水的分级回归统计降尺度预报研究

利用TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF,the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)、日本气象厅(JMA,the Japan Meteorological Agency)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction)以及英国气象局(UKMO,the UK Met Office)4个中心1~7 d预报的日降水量集合预报资料,并以中国降水融合产品作为"观测值",对我国地面降水量预报进行统计降尺度处理。采用空间滑动窗口增加中雨和大雨雨量样本,建立分级雨量的回归方程,并与未分级雨量的统计降尺度预报进行对比。结果表明,对于不同模式、不同预报时效以及不同降水量级,统计降尺度的预报技巧改进程度不尽相同。统计降尺度的预报技巧依赖于模式本身的预报效果。相比雨量未分级回归,雨量分级回归的统计降尺度预报与观测值的距平相关系数更高,均方根误差更小,不同量级降水的ETS评分明显提高。对雨量分级回归统计降尺度预报结果进行二次订正,可大大减少小雨的空报。     

青藏高原夏季砾石与有机质对土壤水热影响的数值模拟

青藏高原(简称高原,下同)地形复杂,各个区域土壤条件差异较大,土壤砾石与有机质对土壤水热有较大的影响。本文使用耦合了CLM4.5的区域气候模式RegCM4.7,通过修改模式所用地表数据以及相应的土壤水热参数化方案,分别建立了砾石方案(test2)和砾石-有机质方案(test3)。模拟结果表明:test2较原方案(test1)对于高原西部的模拟效果提升明显,但对于高原东部的模拟效果欠佳。test3在test2的基础上,提升了高原中部与东部浅层土壤的模拟效果。test3的浅层土壤区域平均温度均方根误差从2.11 ℃下降到0.47 ℃,浅层土壤区域平均湿度均方根误差从0.05 mm³·mm^-3下降到0.01 mm³·mm^-3。同时,三种方案均能较好地模拟高原的地表温度。其中test3误差最小,区域平均的均方根误差从2.18 ℃下降到0.74 ℃,与再分析数据更加接近。     

厦门地区地面气温的多模式集成统计降尺度预报研究

利用双线性插值与线性回归方法、消除偏差集合平均(bias-removed ensemble mean,BREM)和多模式超级集合预报(Super-ensemble Prediction,SUP)方法对厦门地区的地面气温进行统计降尺度分析,结果表明:在2013年夏季的3个月中,降尺度后三个单模式对厦门地面气温的预报效果显著改善。使用多模式集成预报方法(BREM和SUP)后,预报误差进一步减小。对比整体预报效果最好的单模式ECMWF,降尺度后3~96h预报误差均在3℃以下。此外,结合SUP方法的降尺度预报能最大程度的改善地面气温的预报误差。     

福建省ECMWF细网格模式2 m温度预报误差分析与订正

选取2022年1月1日—12月31日ECMWF细网格模式2 m温度预报24 h以内预报时效产品和对应时次的福建省70个国家站观测资料进行分析,采用ARIMA(差分自回归移动平均)模型和双权重ARIMA模型分别对2 m温度预报产品进行偏差订正,并对订正前后的结果进行对比分析。结果表明：1) ECMWF模式2 m温度预报在福建省主要呈现冷偏差,随着预报时效的增加,均方根误差和准确率随之变差;分别用两种模型进行订正,平均绝对误差由2.1℃以内减小到1.6℃以内,均方根误差从2.5℃以内降低到2.1℃以内,且偏差越大,订正效果越明显。2) ECMWF模式2 m温度逐月预报效果差异较大,订正后各评价指标均有显著改进,各月平均误差在-0.5—0.5℃。3) ECMWF模式2 m温度预报偏差主要表现为福建东部沿海小、中西部较大;订正后平均绝对误差和均方根误差减小至2℃以内,且对高海拔地区的站点改善效果更加明显。与ARIMA模型相比,双权重ARIMA模型订正后平均绝对误差与均方根误差更小、准确率更高,订正效果更好。     

A Hybrid Statistical-Dynamical Downscaling of Air Temperature over Scandinavia Using the WRF Model

An accurate simulation of air temperature at local scales is crucial for the vast majority of weather and climate applications.In this work,a hybrid statistical–dynamical downscaling method and a high-resolution dynamical-only downscaling method are applied to daily mean,minimum and maximum air temperatures to investigate the quality of localscale estimates produced by downscaling.These two downscaling approaches are evaluated using station observation data obtained from the Finnish Meteorological Institute over a near-coastal region of western Finland.The dynamical downscaling is performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model,and the statistical downscaling method implemented is the Cumulative Distribution Function-transform(CDF-t).The CDF-t is trained using 20 years of WRF-downscaled Climate Forecast System Reanalysis data over the region at a 3-km spatial resolution for the central month of each season.The performance of the two methods is assessed qualitatively,by inspection of quantile-quantile plots,and quantitatively,through the Cramer-von Mises,mean absolute error,and root-mean-square error diagnostics.The hybrid approach is found to provide significantly more skillful forecasts of the observed daily mean and maximum air temperatures than those of the dynamical-only downscaling(for all seasons).The hybrid method proves to be less computationally expensive,and also to give more skillful temperature forecasts(at least for the Finnish near-coastal region).     

Uncertainty analysis of statistical downscaling models using Hadley Centre Coupled Model

Regression-based statistical downscaling is a method broadly used to resolve the coarse spatial resolution of general circulation models. Nevertheless, the assessment of uncertainties linked with climatic variables is essential to climate impact studies. This study presents a procedure to characterize the uncertainty in regression-based statistical downscaling of daily precipitation and temperature over a highly vulnerable area (semiarid catchment) in the west of Iran, based on two downscaling models: a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) model. Biases in mean, variance, and wet/dry spells are estimated for downscaled data using vigorous statistical tests for 30 years of observed and downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data taken from the National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis predictors for the years of 1961 to 1990. In the case of daily temperature, uncertainty is estimated by comparing monthly mean and variance of downscaled and observed daily data at a 95 % confidence level. In daily precipitation, downscaling uncertainties were evaluated from comparing monthly mean dry and wet spell lengths and their confidence intervals, cumulative frequency distributions of monthly mean of daily precipitation, and the distributions of monthly wet and dry days for observed and modeled daily precipitation. Results showed that uncertainty in downscaled precipitation is high, but simulation of daily temperature can reproduce extreme events accurately. Finally, this study shows that the SDSM is the most proficient model at reproducing various statistical characteristics of observed data at a 95 % confidence level, while the ANN model is the least capable in this respect. This study attempts to test uncertainties of regression-based statistical downscaling techniques in a semiarid area and therefore contributes to an improvement of the quality of predictions of climate change impact assessment in regions of this type.     

Statistical downscaling of summer temperature extremes in northern China

Two approaches of statistical downscaling were applied to indices of temperature extremes based on percentiles of daily maximum and minimum temperature observations at Beijing station in summer during 1960-2008. One was to downscale daily maximum and minimum temperatures by using EOF analysis and stepwise linear regression at first, then to calculate the indices of extremes; the other was to directly downscale the percentile-based indices by using seasonal large-scale temperature and geo-potential height records. The cross-validation results showed that the latter approach has a better performance than the former. Then, the latter approach was applied to 48 meteorological stations in northern China. The cross-validation results for all 48 stations showed close correlation between the percentile-based indices and the seasonal large-scale variables. Finally, future scenarios of indices of temperature extremes in northern China were projected by applying the statistical downscaling to Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 (HadCM3) simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 (RCP 4.5) scenario of the Fifth Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). The results showed that the 90th percentile of daily maximum temperatures will increase by about 1.5℃, and the 10th of daily minimum temperatures will increase by about 2℃ during the period 2011-35 relative to 1980-99.     

CGCM3 predictors used for daily temperature and precipitation downscaling in Southern Québec, Canada

This study provides some guidance on the choice of predictor variables from both reanalysis products and the third version of the Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) outputs for regression-based statistical downscaling models (SDMs) for climate change application in southern Québec (Canada). Twenty CGCM3 grid points and four surface observation sites in the study area were employed. Twenty-five deseasonalized predictors and four deseasonalized predictands (daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation occurrence and wet day precipitation amount) were used to investigate correlation coefficients among predictors and to evaluate their predictive ability when used in a multiple linear regression (MLR) downscaling model. The basic statistical characteristics of vorticity at 1,000-, 850- and 500-hPa levels, U-component of velocity at 1,000-hPa level, temperature at 2?m (T ₂) and wind direction at 1,000- and 500-hPa level of CGCM3 showed a larger difference with those of the NCEP reanalysis data. Therefore, those seven variables require high caution to be included as predictors in statistical downscaling models. Specific humidity at 1,000-, 850- and 500-hPa levels, geopotential height at 850- and 500-hPa levels and T ₂ were the most sensitive predictors for future climate conditions (i.e. A1B and A2 emission scenarios). Specific humidity and geopotential height at different levels and T ₂ were important explainable predictors for the daily temperatures. Mean sea level pressure, specific humidity, U and V components and divergence showed potential as predictors for daily precipitation. Spatial explained variance of MLRs between predictors of every different CGCM3 grid points and the four predictands showed large values at the CGCM3 grid points located near the observation sites, whereas relatively small values were shown at the CGCM3 grid points located more than 400?km from the sites. The explained variance of the downscaled predictands by predictors of three or four CGCM3 grid points located near the observation site produced 2–5% larger R-squares than those by predictors of the nearest grid point. The results illustrated that the use of predictors from more than one AOGCM grid points located near the observation site can increase the skill of the MLR downscaling models.     

Performance comparison of three predictor selection methods for statistical downscaling of daily precipitation

Predictor selection is a critical factor affecting the statistical downscaling of daily precipitation. This study provides a general comparison between uncertainties in downscaled results from three commonly used predictor selection methods (correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, and stepwise regression analysis). Uncertainty is analyzed by comparing statistical indices, including the mean, variance, and the distribution of monthly mean daily precipitation, wet spell length, and the number of wet days. The downscaled results are produced by the artificial neural network (ANN) statistical downscaling model and 50 years (1961–2010) of observed daily precipitation together with reanalysis predictors. Although results show little difference between downscaling methods, stepwise regression analysis is generally the best method for selecting predictors for the ANN statistical downscaling model of daily precipitation, followed by partial correlation analysis and then correlation analysis.     

GRAPES全球模式预报检验评估——2016年夏季四川地面要素

本文使用2016年6~8月GRAPES全球模式2m温度和10m风场24、48、72h时效预报场和同期四川省156个国家气象站逐日地面温度和风场资料,选取预报准确率、平均误差、平均绝对误差、均方根误差和Alpha Index5个统计量对2016年夏季四川3个区域(盆地区、过渡区和高原区)2m温度和10m风场进行了较为详细的检验评估。研究结果表明:模式对10m最大风速的预报效果较好,准确率较高,最高可达80.64%。模式对过渡区温度预报效果较差,准确率基本低于10%,但是对盆地区温度的预报有一定可信度。模式对10m最大风速的风向预报效果不如最大风速值。全省各区各要素的AI值都在0.7左右变化,表明模式预报的随机误差大,预报和观测吻合较差。本研究还发现,整体来看模式对盆地各要素预报效果较好,对于地形复杂地区(高原区、过渡区)预报效果较差。此外,模式存在一定的系统误差,2m温度的系统误差盆地区约为-2.3~-1.7℃,过渡区约为-8.3~-6.0℃,高原区约为-7.3~-5.0℃;10m最大风速值的系统误差盆地区约为-1.3~-0.6m/s,过渡区约为-2.3~-1.3m/s,高原区约为-2.7~-1.1m/s。      

Multisite statistical downscaling model for daily precipitation combined by multivariate multiple linear regression and stochastic weather generator

This study provides a multi-site hybrid statistical downscaling procedure combining regression-based and stochastic weather generation approaches for multisite simulation of daily precipitation. In the hybrid model, the multivariate multiple linear regression (MMLR) is employed for simultaneous downscaling of deterministic series of daily precipitation occurrence and amount using large-scale reanalysis predictors over nine different observed stations in southern Québec (Canada). The multivariate normal distribution, the first-order Markov chain model, and the probability distribution mapping technique are employed for reproducing temporal variability and spatial dependency on the multisite observations of precipitation series. The regression-based MMLR model explained 16?%?~?22?% of total variance in daily precipitation occurrence series and 13?%?~?25?% of total variance in daily precipitation amount series of the nine observation sites. Moreover, it constantly over-represented the spatial dependency of daily precipitation occurrence and amount. In generating daily precipitation, the hybrid model showed good temporal reproduction ability for number of wet days, cross-site correlation, and probabilities of consecutive wet days, and maximum 3-days precipitation total amount for all observation sites. However, the reproducing ability of the hybrid model for spatio-temporal variations can be improved, i.e. to further increase the explained variance of the observed precipitation series, as for example by using regional-scale predictors in the MMLR model. However, in all downscaling precipitation results, the hybrid model benefits from the stochastic weather generator procedure with respect to the single use of deterministic component in the MMLR model.     

Principal component analysis of air temperature in Belgium

Summary A principal component analysis has been performed on the monthly means of the daily extremes of the air temperature at the thermometric network of Belgium. For both the maximum and the minimum temperatures, two components are found to have a climatological significance, the first one giving the common seasonal variation. For the maximum, the second component depends directly on the proximity of the sea, while for the minimum, the second component gives the correction due partly to the proximity of the sea and partly to the site configuration of the station (plateau or valley). In both cases, the variance explained by the two components amounts to or exceeds 99.9% of the total variance.With 4 Figures     

Evaluation of an urban land surface scheme over a tropical suburban neighborhood

A two-step statistical downscaling method has been reviewed and adapted to simulate twenty-first-century climate projections for the Gulf of Fonseca (Central America, Pacific Coast) using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) climate models. The downscaling methodology is adjusted after looking for good predictor fields for this area (where the geostrophic approximation fails and the real wind fields are the most applicable). The method’s performance for daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature is analysed and revealed suitable results for all variables. For instance, the method is able to simulate the characteristic cycle of the wet season for this area, which includes a mid-summer drought between two peaks. Future projections show a gradual temperature increase throughout the twenty-first century and a change in the features of the wet season (the first peak and mid-summer rainfall being reduced relative to the second peak, earlier onset of the wet season and a broader second peak).