2019年7月3日辽宁开原EF4级强龙卷形成条件、演变特征和机理

综合应用高时空分辨率多源观测资料,分析了2019年7月3日下午辽宁开原EF4级强龙卷的天气形势、环境条件、对流触发、对流风暴演变特征和龙卷的形成与消亡机制。开原龙卷发生在东北冷涡西南侧500 hPa西北气流、850 hPa切变线、地面强西南暖湿气流中;除了对流层中下层相对湿度低、抬升凝结高度较高是开原龙卷的不利环境条件外,其他有利于强中气旋龙卷的环境条件都具备。但风廓线雷达观测和天气雷达观测的径向速度场显示0～1 km垂直风切变的增强具有中尺度特征,表明边界层强风与中层急流相耦合形成了非常有利于龙卷的垂直风切变条件。形成开原龙卷的直接系统是一孤立超级单体,具有典型的超级单体雷达回波特征、强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征等;其由地面干线辐合线与东侧的阵风锋辐合线共同作用触发。该对流风暴前部产生的降水先使得开原及周边地区大气快速饱和、显著改善了大气低层湿度条件,当对流风暴后部钩状回波部分移动到该区域时,有利于其不太强的下沉气流产生强度适宜的冷池,加之边界层强暖湿气流入流、强低层和中层垂直风切变与强烈上升气流的共同作用,从而产生了该次开原龙卷。地面自动站观测温度分布表明,开原龙卷超级单体的冷池与环境大气温度差异在2~4℃时有利于龙卷形成,而当对流风暴的强下沉气流使冷池温差加大到7℃时,不利于近地面垂直涡度维持,导致龙卷消亡。     

台风“艾云尼”（2018）外围两次近距离龙卷的环境条件和雷达特征

2018年6月8日在距台风“艾云尼”中心80 km、160 km的广州市南沙区横沥镇、佛山市南海区大沥镇两地罕见地先后出现了龙卷天气。利用X波段双偏振雷达组网、广州S波段双偏振雷达、风廓线雷达和区域加密自动站等观测资料对两次近距离台风龙卷过程的环境条件和雷达特征进行了分析。环境条件分析表明,两次龙卷发生地位于低层西南急流和东南急流辐合区,所处环境为弱的对流有效位能（CAPE）、低的抬升凝结高度和强的低层垂直风切变环境中,0~1 km垂直风切变值超过15×10-3 s-1。中小尺度雷达特征分析表明:（1）两地龙卷由台风外围微型超级单体引起,超级单体在发展强盛阶段有钩状回波、入流缺口、中层回波悬垂等典型特征,最强反射率因子55~60 dBz,强度≥50 dBz强回波发展高度在4 km以下,微型超级单体有水平尺度2~3 km的中气旋,由于速度模糊影响,仅在南海龙卷发生前9 min广州S波段雷达能自动识别中气旋。（2）与南沙龙卷相联系的中气旋核心高度低,强度进一步加强紧缩导致龙卷发生;而与南海龙卷相联系的中气旋从中层发展,中气旋加强紧缩下降到更低导致龙卷发生。（3）两地弱龙卷发生时广州和南海双偏振雷达没能捕捉到龙卷碎片（TDS）特征,南海X波段雷达能提前30 min监测到入流急流,提前27 min探测出钩状回波等特征,并通过分析ZDR弧和KDP弧可判断低层强盛的上升气流和强的垂直风切变利于风暴的发展。（4）佛山四部X波段组网雷达反演的1 km水平风场可分析出小尺度涡旋结构,对应钩状回波尾端有强的风向切变,这对龙卷发生地点的判断和风暴的流场结构有较好指示意义。      

内蒙古一次强龙卷天气的中尺度特征分析

本文利用新一代多普勒天气雷达资料、逐5分钟自动站资料、常规观测和NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料等,对2021年6月25日发生在内蒙古太仆寺旗的一次强龙卷过程进行分析研究。结果表明,龙卷发生在前倾槽背景下,出现在低层的西南气流当中。龙卷发生的环境场特征为上干冷下暖湿的不稳定大气层结;地面辐合线及干线为强对流提供了触发条件;低抬升凝结高度、强低层垂直风切变和大的对流有效位能为龙卷提供了有利条件。此次龙卷过程由多个超级单体风暴相互作用造成的,雷达回波资料分析显示超级单体出现明显的钩状回波,“V”型缺口,回波悬垂、旁瓣回波的特征,雷达距离龙卷发生地超过100 km,未识别出龙卷涡旋特征,但识别出了中气旋,中气旋最大转动速度达到了15 m/s,为弱到中等中气旋;龙卷发生前基于单体的垂直累积液态水和最大反射率回波顶高有明显的跃增。     

2013年3月20日广东东莞罕见龙卷冰雹特征及成因分析

利用常规观测、NCEP/NCAR再分析、多普勒天气雷达及自动气象站资料等,对2013年3月20日发生在东莞的一次罕见龙卷、冰雹等致灾性强对流天气过程进行分析。结果表明：1）龙卷过境时的单站气压、温度、风向风速与雷雨大风过境时明显不同,前者具有较典型的龙卷特征。2）华南地区高低空强的风随高度增大的垂直变化、上干下湿的位势不稳定层结以及低层高湿、增温为对流天气发展提供了有利的环境条件,冷空气南压和近地面边界层中小尺度辐合系统为其提供了触发机制。3）中等强度的对流有效位能（CAPE）、强的0-6 km深层垂直风切变以及较强的0-1 km低层垂直风切变为龙卷产生提供了可能性。4）龙卷、冰雹强对流风暴的发展加强与近地面边界层中小尺度辐合系统加强有密切关系。5）同时出现冰雹、大风、龙卷时,最强回波为72 dBz;龙卷出现在超级单体的钩状回波附近,更靠近后侧V形缺口;多时次观测到三体散射（TBSS）回波,与降雹对应;反射率垂直剖面图上可见明显的低层弱回波区、中高层回波悬垂,有界弱回波区（BWER）先于龙卷20多分钟出现。径向速度图上,龙卷出现时超级单体风暴同时具有龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）和中气旋特征。     

2017年内蒙古赤峰“8.11”龙卷环境场及雷达特征分析

利用多普勒雷达观测资料,结合NCEP FNL 1.0°×1.0°再分析资料、探空资料,对2017年8月11日内蒙古赤峰市龙卷进行了分析。分析表明:(1)大尺度环境场提供了上干下湿不稳定层结条件,切变线和地面干线为对流触发条件;对流有效位能超过2 000 J/kg,抬升凝结高度低于1 km,低层垂直风切变10×10~(-3)s~(-1),为龙卷发生提供了有利条件。(2)发生龙卷的超级单体风暴低层有明显的钩状回波,弱回波区及与之对应的前侧V型缺口及后侧V型缺口特征;雷达距离龙卷发生地超过100 km,未识别出龙卷涡旋特征,但识别出了三维相关切变和中气旋,中气旋最大转动速度达到了18 m/s,为中到强等级的中气旋。(3)产生龙卷的超级单体风暴最大反射率因子在60 d BZ左右,而且在龙卷发生前基于单体的垂直累积液态水和风暴顶高有明显的跃增。(4)龙卷接地前,对应的中气旋顶高≤6 km,切变≥15×10~(-3)s~(-1)。     

广东两次台风龙卷的环境背景和雷达回波对比

利用常规气象观测、广州多普勒天气雷达及NCEP/NCAR再分析等资料对比广东省佛山市2015年10月4日EF3级和2006年8月4日EF2级台风外围强龙卷过程。结果表明:两次强龙卷都发生在登陆台风的东北象限,低层辐合、高层辐散及中低空强劲东南急流在珠江三角洲叠加是其产生的相似环境背景。环境参数均表现为较小的对流有效位能、低的对流抑制与抬升凝结高度、强的垂直风切变和大的风暴相对螺旋度。两个龙卷母体均为微型超级单体,前者雷达回波强度更强,钩状回波特征更明显;都存在强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征（TVS）,中气旋都在中低层形成后,向更低层发展最终导致龙卷。TVS比龙卷触地提前1个体扫出现,或与龙卷触地同时发生,中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高均很低。但两次龙卷触地前后,前者中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高出现突降现象,而后者中气旋和TVS的底高和顶高一直维持较低高度。龙卷触地前后,两者风暴单体的最强切变均出现剧增现象,但前者TVS的最强切变更强,比后者大1倍以上。     

白城市2012年两次强对流天气对比分析

通过分析2012年6月12日和7月1日发生在白城市境内的强对流天气的环境背景和多普勒雷达资料、探空资料表明：两次强对流发生前,强对流发生地附近低层垂直风切变较大,抬升凝结高度较低,空气湿度较大,对流有效位能（CAPE）较大。雷达资料显示：两次强对流天气中,产生强对流天气的雷达回波强度均超过45dBz,且存在明显的“钩”状,强天气产生在“钩状”回波附近,回波具有“WER”或“BWER”结构。冰雹和短时强降水回波均具有较大的VIL值,速度场上存在“逆风区”或“中气旋”。不同之处是产生冰雹的强回波高度超过一20℃等温线高度,一般强回波高度超过8km,产生短时强降水的强回波高度较低,一般在6km左右处,,产生龙卷的强回波VIL没有冰雹和短时强降水大,两次龙卷过程的母体虽然回波形态、强度和高度各异,但均具有“钩状”回波结构,且速度场都存在中气旋。另外,雷达导出产品中的中气旋识别产品对强对流天气的监测有重要的应用价值,尤其是TVS识别对龙卷发生有一定指示意义,雷达超前于龙卷发生约半小时识别出中气旋,这对龙卷的预警非常有意义。     

1804号台风“艾云尼”龙卷分析

2018年6月8日,在1804号台风“艾云尼”螺旋雨带中发生了两次陆龙卷天气,分别袭击了广州市南沙区横沥镇和佛山市南海区大沥镇。利用广州CINRAD/SA多普勒天气雷达、佛山CINRAD/XD多普勒天气雷达、5 min间隔的地面自动气象站和MICAPS等资料,研究了两次陆龙卷的天气背景、环境参数和龙卷风暴中尺度结构特征。结果表明:广州南沙龙卷为台风环流外围龙卷,位于台风中心的东北象限,强度为EF3级;佛山南海龙卷为台风环流内部龙卷,位于台风中心的东侧,强度为EF1级。龙卷均发生在中低空强东南急流在珠江口附近上下叠加和高层辐散的有利大尺度环流背景下。环境条件表现为较强的低层风垂直切变和较大的风暴相对螺旋度（SRH）、较小的对流有效位能（CAPE）和对流抑制能量（CIN）、极低的抬升凝结高度（LCL）;地面存在中尺度辐合线和小尺度涡旋。广州S波段雷达探测到两次龙卷母风暴的低层钩状回波和入流缺口回波特征及低层中等强度中气旋,龙卷出现在钩状回波顶端、中气旋中心附近。佛山X波段双偏振雷达清晰地探测到佛山南海区大沥龙卷的微型超级单体和龙卷碎片特征（TDS）。      

"山竹"(1822)台风外围佛山强龙卷天气过程观测分析

利用地面气象观测、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达及现场灾调等资料,对2018年9月17日上午发生在佛山的"山竹"台风(1822)外围强龙卷天气过程进行分析。结果表明:龙卷发生在台风登陆后前进方向右前侧的东北象限,强度为EF2级。低层急流汇合与高层辐散相互配合提供了有利的环流背景,环境场表现为中等偏弱的对流有效位能、弱的对流抑制能量、低的抬升凝结高度、大的风暴相对螺旋度和0—1 km强垂直风切变等特征。地面气象要素受龙卷影响表现出明显的信号,龙卷过境前后单站气压降低/升高明显,风向出现明显气旋式旋转。产生龙卷的风暴为低质心微超级单体,龙卷出现在雷达钩状回波的弱回波区附近,雷达低仰角速度图上出现强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征,中气旋尺度小、伸展高度低,且在龙卷发生前其最强切变突然增强。当环境条件有利时,在台风龙卷的高发区,当雷达低仰角速度图上出现中等强度以上中气旋,且底高在1 km以下时,可以考虑发布龙卷预警。     

一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究

利用徐州多普勒天气雷达、常规观测和地面加密观测资料,对2005年7月30日发生在安徽北部的伴随强烈龙卷和暴雨的强降水超级单体风暴的环境条件和回波结构演变特征进行了详细分析。主要结果如下:（1）该强降水超级单体产生在中等大小的对流有效位能和较大的深层垂直风切变条件下,同时抬升凝结高度很低,边界层内的低层垂直风切变很大,地面存在阵风锋。上述中等程度的对流有效位能值和大的深层垂直风切变有利于超级单体风暴的产生,而大的低层垂直风切变、低的抬升凝结高度和地面阵风锋的存在有利于F2级以上强龙卷的产生。（2）该超级单体的演化可以归结为“带状回波－典型强降水超级单体－弓形回波” 三个阶段。在带状回波阶段,该超级单体的发展从一条狭长对流雨带的变短变粗开始,雨带中间的对流单体内首先有中气旋发展,从4 km左右高度首先出现,然后同时向上和向下发展,前侧入流缺口变得明显,接着雨带南端的单体中也有中气旋发展。在典型强降水超级单体阶段, 雨带南端单体逐渐与中间单体合并,构成一个庞大深厚的强降水超级单体和被包裹在其中的直径12 km左右、深厚强烈的中气旋,然后由于后侧入流的开始出现,低层回波形态层演变为“S”形,而中层回波呈现为螺旋型。（3）龙卷出现在“S” 形回波阶段,在龙卷出现前,有一个龙卷涡旋特征TVS（Tornadic Vortex Signature）出现在中气旋的中心,其对应的垂直涡度值估计为6.0×10-2s-1。龙卷地点上空有很强的风暴顶辐散, 散度值约为0.8×10-2s-1。弓形回波阶段的开始由在弓形回波北部逗点头回波的中心的另一个中气旋形成为标志,原有的中气旋位于弓形回波顶点附近,随后弓形回波的北宽南窄的不对称结构逐渐明显,原有的位于弓形回波顶点附近的中气旋消失, 并出现地面直线型风害。另外,还对此次过程中气旋产生和超级单体形态的演变的可能机制进行了探讨。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.