正压大气与斜压大气

正压大气是一种假设的大气状态。在这种大气中,等压面和等温面在所有高度上都相重合。这样,等压面上各点温度相同,其坡度随高度不改变。所以,在正压大气中,地转风随高度也不改变,即热成风为零。 “正压”概念虽然是一种理想的大气状态,但应用这一概念分析某些大气问题时,却能得出近似于实际大气的某些有用的结论。例如,罗斯贝     

我国实际大气与国际标准大气

在进行压力高度计校准、飞机和火箭设计、飞机性能计算及弹道制表等工作时,需要了解大气温度、压力、密度等参数随高度的分布情况。为此,国际上曾有过多种能用简单方式近似地表示大气参数垂直分布的大气模式(称为标准大气或参考大气),对于“低空”(对流层、平流层),国际标准化组织所采用的标准     

火星大气

火星上接近球面的大气约含二氧化碳95%、氮2.5%和氩1.5%,还有微量的氧、一氧化碳、氖、氪和氙.火星大气中缺少一个关键性的重要化合物:水蒸气.火星上的大     

大气探测

大气探测太阳辐射日最大值挑取之我见按照《气象辐射观测方法》８．１．５的规定，因仪器故障或其它原因，使记录仪打印（显示）的直接辐射日最大值有误时，应从各定时打印（显示）的瞬时值中挑选最大者。该处理规定没有考虑浑浊度观测时记录器打印（显示）的直接辐射值。...     

大气探测

大气探测地面最高温度表示值偏低原因天气晴朗时，常出现地面最高温度表读数低于地面温度表１４ｈ读数。众所周知，地面最高温度表每日２０ｈ观测后要做示度调整。由于每日都要拿动，致使其接触的土壤比地面温度表疏松。疏松的土壤空气相对增多，热容量增大，导热率减小，...     

大气探测

大气探测Ｃ波段测风雷达天线挡住球影时的捕捉目标方法Ｃ波段测风雷达观测探空气球时，初始阶段要由机内光学引导系统引导雷达实现自动跟踪。在某些天气条件下，光学跟踪器～雷达天线～探测气球三者往往成一直线，即雷达抛物面天线遮挡住球影，致使无法引导。我们在实践中...     

大气探测

大气探测虹吸雨量计自记迹线缺测处理之我见虹吸雨量计自记迹线缺测是台站经常遇到的问题。《规范》规定,若缺测时间内的累计量无法从自记纸上直接计算出来时,可用定时观测的降水量与两定时之间正常自记迹线的累计量计算得出的累计量代替,即缺测时间内的累计量＝定时观...     

大气探测

大气探测南阳市降水污染特点不管是从理论上还是从对早期荒僻地区雪样测量结果都表明,在天然条件下,大气中的ＣＯ２溶于纯净雨水中,降水的ｐＨ值在５．６５左右。于是,降水ｐＨ值是否小于５．６已成为是否为酸雨的标准。通过对南阳市观测站１９９５～１９９７年酸雨资...     

大气探测

地面最高温度表示值低于14时0cm地温表示值的原因地面最高温度表20时的读数应≥地面0cm温度表任一次读数。在实际预审工作中发现,地面最高温度表读数有低于0cm温度表读数的现象,且在夏季出现的次数较多。地面最高温度表放置不完全符合规范,是造成这种现象的原因之一。?..     

华东地区大气臭氧总量的变化特点

分析了１９９３年１２月至１９９４年１１月的大气臭氧总量资料并与同纬度全球平均值进行比较，分析了大气臭氧总量的年变化、日变化和季节变化。结果表明，臭氧总量的年变化中有双峰特征，它的日变化则以中午时较高，早晚较低；季节变化以春季高，冬季低，与大气透明度的关系较为密切     

Atmospheric chemistry of hydrogen fluoride

Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence.     

利用太阳光度计反演郑州地区水汽含量

利用CE-318型太阳光度计936 nm波段的太阳辐射观测资料,采用改进的Langley法反演了郑州地区大气柱水汽含量,并分析了大气柱水汽含量与地面水汽压之间的关系。结果表明:郑州地区大气柱水汽含量的季节变化:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,日变化为早晚低,中午高;郑州地区大气柱水汽含量与地面水汽压之间存在着良好的线性关系。     

Response of Atmospheric Energy to Historical Climate Change in CMIP5

Three forms of atmospheric energy, i.e., internal, potential, and latent, are analyzed based on the historical simulations of 32 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) models and two reanalysis datasets(NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40). The spatial pattern of climatological mean atmospheric energy is well reproduced by all CMIP5 models. The variation of globally averaged atmospheric energy is similar to that of surface air temperature(SAT) for most models. The atmospheric energy from both simulation and reanalysis decreases following the volcanic eruption in low-latitude zones. Generally, the climatological mean of simulated atmospheric energy from most models is close to that obtained from NCEP/NCAR, while the simulated atmospheric energy trend is close to that obtained from ERA-40. Under a certain variation of SAT, the simulated global latent energy has the largest increase ratio, and the increase ratio of potential energy is the smallest.     

利用太阳光度计反演渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量

利用CE-318型太阳光度计936nm水汽吸收通道的太阳辐射观测值和太阳光度计在该通道的透过率与水汽量关系，采用瞬态法反演了渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽总量。结果表明：利用太阳光度计936nm通道可以反演晴空大气柱水汽总量，其局限性是要在晴空下使用；渤海湾西岸大气柱水汽含量时间分布极不均匀；不同季节晴空日的水汽含量日变化有所不同。     

大气气溶胶变化对农业影响的研究进展

随着工业化和城市化的迅速发展,大气气溶胶含量和种类明显增加,它们通过直接吸收和反射太阳辐射以及改变其它辐射强迫因子(云、臭氧)的大小间接影响地气系统的能量收支,从而影响气候。气溶胶变化对气候的影响已有较多的研究,而对植被(农业)的影响是一个相对较新的研究领域,文章简要概述了大气气溶胶辐射强迫效应和大气气溶胶对农业的影响研究现状及国内外主要研究成果,并对气溶胶监测方法及模式评估方面可能存在的问题作了简单的分析。     

Blowing Snow Forecast Using Numerical Atmospheric Model Output Data

The object under study is the blowing snow, i.e., the transport of snow lifted from the snow surface. The method is described for predicting the blowing snow initiation using the output data of the WRF-ARW numerical atmospheric model. The skill scores are presented for the forecasts for January 2013 calculated from data of 10 stations of the Canadian weather observation network.     

太原市大气电场特征分析

本文主要使用大气电场监测系统资料,分析了太原市大气电场的日变化和年变化,着重分析了高污染地区大气电场值明显高于其他地区的典型特征。在其他不受污染的陆地区域,晴天电场值维持在＋120V左右,而太原市会达到＋600v以上。分析其原因主要是：太原市大气常年污染较严重,主要为气溶胶状态污染物,有粉尘、烟液滴、雾、降尘、飘尘、悬浮物等,导致大气电导率降低,大气电场强度显著增加。日变化为双峰双谷型,主高值出现在傍晚,次高值出现在午前;主低值出现在清晨,次低值出现在午后,与太阳和人类活动保持较好的一致性。年变化为单峰单谷型,极大值出现在冬季,极小值出现在夏季。     

从湍流经典理论到大气湍流非平衡态热力学理论

湍流是日常生活中一种普遍的自然现象,也是经典物理学仍未完全解决的难题。湍流更是大气运动的最基本特征。本文系统地回顾了大气湍流经典理论发展简史,进一步详细介绍了大气湍流非平衡态热力学理论。大气湍流非平衡态热力学理论在熵平衡方程中引入动力过程,进而统一推导出大气湍流输送的Fourier定律、Flick定律和Newton定律,证明了Dufour效应、Soret效应、可逆动力过程与热力不可逆湍流输送过程之间的交叉耦合效应,以及湍流强度定理。这些定律和定理中得到了观测的事实验证,同时它们的唯象系数也由观测资料所确定。湍流强度定理揭示,湍流发展的宏观原因是速度和温度的剪切效应,Reynolds湍流和Rayleigh-Bénard湍流共存于大气湍流中。热力过程和动力过程间耦合效应现象的发现突破了传统湍流输送理论,即Fourier定律、Flick定律和Newton定律的观点——一个宏观量的输送通量等价于这个宏观量的梯度湍流输送通量。热力和动力过程间的耦合原理认为,一个宏观量的输送通量包括这个量的梯度湍流输送通量和速度耦合输送通量两部分。因此,能量和物质的垂直输送通量除了相应物理量梯度造成的湍流输送外,还应包括垂直速度耦合效应,即辐散或辐合运动造成的耦合效应。在一个很宽的尺度范围内,地表面的空间特征是非均匀的。下垫面非均匀性造成的对流运动将引起大气的辐散或辐合运动。这可能是导致地表能量收支不平衡的重要原因之一。垂直速度对垂直湍流输送的交叉耦合效应为非均匀下垫面大气边界层理论的发展,并为克服地表能量收支不平衡问题及非均匀下垫面大气边界层参数化遇到的困难提供了可能的线索。     

青藏高原珠峰绒布河谷地区大气近地层观测研究

利用“珠峰环境监测2001”期间获得的绒布河谷近地层观测资料,分析研究了珠峰地区近地层大气温度、湿度、风向风速、地表温度和辐射等气象要素的日间平均分布规律,并探讨了它们之间的相互关系,指出诸如下垫面性质、地形特征、水陆分布差异等造成珠峰地区气象要素特殊分布的原因,为全面认识青藏高原大气边界层结构,考察珠峰环境,研究该地区地-气之间物质和能量交换提供科学的事实依据。