东北地区冷夏、热夏长期预报的初步研究

使用1951—1978年北半球海平面气压、500毫巴、100毫巴月平均环流资料和太乎洋海水表面温度资料,讨论了形成我国东北地区冷夏、热夏的环流和海温特征及其演变,得出了一些制作长期天气予报的着眼点和予报工具。     

银川市灰霾天气环流分析及预报思路

以2000—2009年416次银川市发生的灰霾天气为研究对象,利用同期NCEP逐日再分析海平面气压场、500hPa形势场资料,分析了银川市灰霾天气发生的变化特征及易产生灰霾天气的中层环流形势和地面气压场分布特征,给出了灰霾天气预报思路。分析发现：银川市灰霾天气平均每年发生近42d,最多可达61d;一年四季均有可能发生,且季节变化明显,秋冬季是灰霾和持续性灰霾天气易发季节,特别是每年的11～12月;灰霾天气多发生在环流形势相对稳定的背景下,当500hPa宁夏处于西北气流、平直西风气流、西南气流中,地面位于锋前暖区或气压梯度较小区域或锋面过境前后易出现灰霾天气,有时受暖高压脊控制也可以出现灰霾天气。在灰霾天气易发季节,当出现有利于发生灰霾天气的环流背景和地面气压场分布特征时,要综合分析大气环流形势演变、高低层系统配置状况、大气层结稳定状态和各种气象要素的变化,并结合卫星云图等观测资料来确定灰霾天气发生的可能性。     

近45 a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873～1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料,定义了北大西洋涛动指数.用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系.指出,北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切.强涛动年,冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征;夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低.还表明,强涛动年冬季,西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱,大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征,对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近.     

东亚与北美大气环流区域性特征的比较研究

本文以30年500hPa和海平面气压月平均资料为依据,对比分析了东亚和北美大气环流区域性特征的差异,以及不同的气候特征。如美国龙卷风灾害频繁。而中国季风雨带明显等。     

东亚夏季风的自然变率——NCARCam3模拟结果分析

利用季节循环的全球观测海表温度及海冰驱动NCARCam3全球大气环流模式的100a模拟结果,通过定义东亚夏季风指数,分析了模拟的大气内部变化中东亚夏季风的变化特征。结果表明：模拟的东亚夏季风自然变率主要表现为3—7a较显著的年际周期,并具有较明显的年代际变化特征。在弱夏季风年代,亚洲大陆海平面气压增强,日本附近及东亚沿海地区海平面气压降低;500hPa位势高度上,欧洲地区为负高度距平,里海附近地区为正高度距平,日本及其以东太平洋为负高度距平,易形成类似欧亚（EU）型的遥相关波列。在强夏季风年代,其环流异常分布基本与弱夏季风年代相反。模拟的东亚夏季风变化与夏季大气内部500hPa高度场上EU型遥相关波列的关系密切。     

两个相似路径热带气旋环流特征的对比分析

9615、0814号强台风路径、强度相似,西北偏西移进入广西沿海和南部,均对广西产生了较强风雨天气,影响严重.利用常规资料和EC、JP资料,对这两个台风的移动路径和环流形势进行了对比分析.分析结果表明,中纬从中亚到东亚有高压脊或以纬向环流为主,西风槽偏北,西北太平洋副热带高压一直强大且呈带状分布或不断加强与西伸,地面较强冷空气南下影响是两个热带气旋稳定向西北偏西方向移动的原因;而由于副高形态和演变的不同,地面冷空气影响不同而使冷高压与台风之间气压梯度不同使得各台风路径有些微的差异.分析还发现200hPa散度、850hPa涡度、850hPa南北风分布的不同对台风路径影响也不同.     

冬季赤道西太平洋环流状况与后期亚洲季风

基于月平均NCEP再分析资料(1958～1997年)以及中国336个台站月降水总量(195l～1994年),通过合成、相关以及统计显著性检验方法,研究了赤道西太平洋区域冬季环流状况与后期春夏季亚洲(东亚和南亚)季风环流变化的关系.研究结果表明,冬季赤道西太平洋环流状况对后期南亚季风和东亚季风以及我国夏季降水均有显著的滞后影响.冬季赤道西太平洋海域海平面气压偏高(低),对应反气旋(气旋)性环流异常,致使后期东亚和南亚夏季风均偏弱(强)以及我国长江流域夏季降水偏多(少),揭示了实施这种滞后影响的一般特征.     

东亚冬、夏季风强度指数及其与陕西降水变化的关系

使用最新的海平面气压资料计算了东亚冬、夏季风强度指数，分析了近50a东亚季风的变化特征，以及东亚季风强度与陕西省降水的同期和非同期相关关系，结果表明：强的东亚冬季风，易造成陕西省冬季降水偏少，强的东亚夏季风，易造成陕西省夏季北部多雨、南部少雨的气候特征，反之亦然。此外，比较了强弱东亚冬季风年北半球500hPa高度场距平特征差异，从大气环流方面分析了东亚季风影响陕西省气候变化的原因。     

近45a冬季北大西洋涛动异常与我国气候的关系

利用1873－1995年的北半球海平面气压月平均资料，定义了北大西洋涛动指数。用近45a资料研究了北大西洋涛动与我国冬、夏季气候变化的关系。指出，北大西洋涛动异常变化与我国冬、夏季天气气候关系密切。强涛动年，冬季我国是偏暖、多雨的气候特征；夏季我国江淮之间地区气温明显偏低。还表明，强涛动年冬季，西太平洋副热带高压强度与西伯利亚高压及高空经向环流都明显偏弱，大气环流具有弱WA遥相关型、弱的东亚冬季风特征，对应的夏季环流特征与强东亚夏季风特征较接近。     

近百年北半球冬季海平面气压场与冬季气温的多时间尺度相关

用１８８４～１９９４年资料研究了北半球冬季海平面气压距平场的时空结构及其与北半球冬季气温的相关关系。指出,近百年北半球冬季大尺度海平面气压场表现为４个基本模态。研究了这些模态的空间环流结构和时间演变特征（长期趋势、突变及阶段性）。指出,反映北半球阿留申低压强度的冬季海平面气压距平场的第二特征模态,在年际,年代际变化关系上与北半球的平均气温关系是非常密切的。     

An analysis of the spatial pattern of summer persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall regime in Guizhou Province of Southwest China and the control factors

In this study, we investigated spatial and temporal variation patterns of persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall events in Guizhou Province of southwest China during 1951–2004. We first performed conventional frequency analysis using the annual maximum daily series at 36 weather stations fit to log-normal distribution curves. Then, we examined the frequencies of moderate-to-heavy rainfall events (>?=?20 mm/day) and persistent rainfall events (10–day running sum >?=?100 mm) during the summer season (June through August). Using principal component analysis, we identified various spatial patterns of the rainfall regime and macroscale atmospheric conditions that influence these patterns. It was found that a minor mode of variation in the 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly field over East Asia (the third principal component) had a very good relationship to the dominant regional precipitation regime (Spearman’s correlation coefficient?=?–0.623). This mode of circulation represents the N–S variation of the upper-air pressure gradients over East Asia. During its positive phase, the pressure gradient south of 40°N is reduced and accompanied by a ridge over the East China coast, while the pressure gradient north of this latitude is enhanced. Correspondingly, the study region experiences fewer persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall events. In its negative phase, the pattern in the 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly field is reversed and the study region experiences more persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall events. This circulation mode is related to both East Asian and Indian summer monsoons. It is also associated with the northward intrusion of the West Pacific subtropical high, the size of the circumpolar vortex over the Pacific, and the impact of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Impacts of the leading modes of tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly on sub-seasonal evolution of the circulation and rainfall over East Asia during boreal spring and summer

The two leading modes of the interannual variability of the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly are the Indian Ocean basin mode (IOBM) and the Indian Ocean dipole mode (IODM) from March to August. In this paper, the relationship between the TIO SST anomaly and the sub-seasonal evolution of the circulation and rainfall over East Asia during boreal spring and summer is investigated by using correlation analysis and composite analysis based on multi-source observation data from 1979 to 2013, together with numerical simulations from an atmospheric general circulation model. The results indicate that the impacts of the IOBM on the circulation and rainfall over East Asia vary remarkably from spring to summer. The anomalous anticyclone over the tropical Northwest Pacific induced by the warm IOBM is closely linked with the Pacific–Japan or East Asia–Pacific teleconnection pattern, which persists from March to August. In the upper troposphere over East Asia, the warm phase of the IOBM generates a significant anticyclonic response from March to May. In June and July, however, the circulation response is characterized by enhanced subtropical westerly flow. A distinct anomalous cyclone is found in August. Overall, the IOBM can exert significant influence on the western North Pacific subtropical high, the South Asian high, and the East Asian jet, which collectively modulate the precipitation anomaly over East Asia. In contrast, the effects of the IODM on the climate anomaly over East Asia are relatively weak in boreal spring and summer. Therefore, studying the impacts of the TIO SST anomaly on the climate anomaly in East Asia should take full account of the different sub-seasonal response during boreal spring and summer.     

VARIATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SEA LEVEL PRESSURE OVER PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON COLD SUMMER IN EAST ASIA

An EOF analysis was performed to investigate the variations of sea surface temperature (SST) of Pacific and Indian Oceans.Result shows that the distribution of SST anomaly exhibits a distinct anticorrelation pattern between Northwest and Southeast Pacific,as well as between Northwest Pacific and the Arabian Sea.It also shows that the sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly between North Pacific and North Indian Oceans is of a seesaw pattern,which we named the North Paci-fic and North Indian Ocean Oscillation (PIO).Such a phenomenon is closely correlated with the cold summer in East Asia.     

夏季东亚高空西风急流气候特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析风场资料定义了西风急流强度指数和位置指数,然后利用EOF方法对西风急流进行了进一步的分析,分析了高空西风急流的空间分布特征,从强度和位置两方面分析了西风急流与东亚环流及其与海温的关系。分析表明： EOF第一模态反映了东亚高空急流的位置指数,第二模态反映了高空急流的强度指数。东亚高空急流与对流层大气环流包括南亚高压,西太平洋副热带高压,东亚夏季风存在着密切关系,其气候变化与热带副热带东太平洋、印度洋海温密切相关。     

La Niña diversity and Northwest Indian Ocean Rim teleconnections

The differences in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) expressions of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events of the same phase have been linked with different global atmospheric circulation patterns. This study examines the dynamical forcing of precipitation during October–December (OND) and March–May (MAM) over East Africa and during December–March (DJFM) over Central-Southwest Asia for 1950–2010 associated with four tropical Pacific SST patterns characteristic of La Niña events, the cold phase of ENSO. The self-organizing map method along with a statistical distinguishability test was used to isolate La Niña events, and seasonal precipitation forcing was investigated in terms of the tropical overturning circulation and thermodynamic and moisture budgets. Recent La Niña events with strong opposing SST anomalies between the central and western Pacific Ocean (phases 3 and 4), force the strongest global circulation modifications and drought over the Northwest Indian Ocean Rim. Over East Africa during MAM and OND, subsidence is forced by an enhanced tropical overturning circulation and precipitation reductions are exacerbated by increases in moisture flux divergence. Over Central-Southwest Asia during DJFM, the thermodynamic forcing of subsidence is primarily responsible for precipitation reductions, with moisture flux divergence acting as a secondary mechanism to reduce precipitation. Eastern Pacific La Niña events in the absence of west Pacific SST anomalies (phases 1 and 2), are associated with weaker global teleconnections, particularly over the Indian Ocean Rim. The weak regional teleconnections result in statistically insignificant precipitation modifications over East Africa and Central-Southwest Asia.     

Predictability of Northwest Pacific climate during summer and the role of the tropical Indian Ocean

A seasonal forecast system based on a global, fully coupled ocean?Catmosphere general circulation model is used to (1) evaluate the interannual predictability of the Northwest Pacific climate during June?CAugust following El Ni?o [JJA(1)], and (2) examine the contribution from the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) variability. The model retrospective forecast for 1983?C2006 captures major modes of atmospheric variability over the Northwest Pacific during JJA(1), including a rise in sea level pressure (SLP), an anomalous anticyclone at the surface, and a reduction in subtropical rainfall, and increased rainfall to the northeast over East Asia. The anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) for the leading principal components (PCs) of SLP and rainfall stays above 0.5 for lead time up to 3?C4?months. The predictability for zonal wind is slightly better. An additional experiment is performed by prescribing the SST climatology over the TIO. In this run, designated as NoTIO, the Northwest Pacific anticyclone during JJA(1) weakens considerably and reduces its westward extension. Without an interactive TIO, the ACC for PC prediction drops significantly. To diagnose the TIO effect on the circulation, the differences between the two runs (Control minus NoTIO) are analyzed. The diagnosis shows that El Nino causes the TIO SST to rise and to remain high until JJA(1). In response to the higher than usual SST, precipitation increases over the TIO and excites a warm atmospheric Kelvin wave, which propagates into the western Pacific along the equator. The decrease in equatorial SLP drives northeasterly wind anomalies, induces surface wind divergence, and suppresses convection over the subtropical Northwest Pacific. An anomalous anticyclone forms in the Northwest Pacific, and the intensified moisture transport on its northwest flank causes rainfall to increase over East Asia. In the NoTIO experiment, the Northwest Pacific anticyclone weakens but does not disappear. Other mechanisms for maintaining this anomalous circulation are discussed.     

东北春季极端连续无雨日与前冬北太平洋海平面气压的可能联系北大核心

基于1960—2019年中国东北地区108个台站逐日降水资料、JRA-55再分析资料和Hadley中心海温数据,分析了东北地区春季极端连续无雨日的年际变化特征及其与前冬北太平洋地区大气环流和海表温度的关系。研究表明,东北地区春季极端连续无雨日集中在3—4月。当3—4月极端连续无雨日偏多时,贝加尔湖地区存在异常高压,东北地区受偏北气流影响,局地水汽辐散。进一步分析发现,东北地区3—4月极端连续无雨日与前冬1—2月北太平洋地区偶极型海平面气压存在密切联系。该大气模态可以引起同期北太平洋海温呈现出马蹄形异常分布并持续到3—4月。在3—4月,海温异常可以通过改变北太平洋上空的经向温度梯度,引起东亚到北太平洋地区的西风变化,进而有利于贝加尔湖地区出现异常高压。另一方面,海温异常还会增强北半球中纬度的波列活动,东传的波列也可以增强贝加尔湖地区的高压。上述异常环流为东北地区极端连续无雨日的增加提供了有利背景条件。留一交叉验证结果显示,前冬1—2月北太平洋地区偶极型海平面气压可作为东北春季极端连续无雨日的潜在预测因子。     

山东夏季降水异常的前兆信号特征

利用山东省内1960～2003年40个观测站的夏季降水资料和NCEP/NCAP再分析资料,分析了山东夏季降水空间分布、时间尺度的演变特征以及山东夏季降水异常时大气环流、热带对流活动的异常特征,结果表明:山东夏季降水总体呈现由鲁南向鲁北递减的趋热,空间分布具有一致性.涝年的前期冬季极涡向东扩展,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏强;旱年前期冬季极涡偏向西半球,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏弱.涝年热带印度洋、南海至西太平洋地区对流增强,热带东太平洋地区对流减弱,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北;旱年则相反.涝年前期冬季由于冬季风较强及低纬度地区冷涌活跃,加强了低纬地区的对流活动,增强了Hadely环流,加强了能量及水汽向中、高纬度地区的输运,从而引起山东降水增多.     

西北区东部夏季极端降水事件同太平洋SSTA的遥相关

利用近50年月平均NCEP再分析高度场、风场、NOAA重构海表温度以及中国西北区东部38个台站逐日降水资料,运用SVD及合成分析等方法,研究了太平洋SSTA对我国西北区东部夏季极端降水事件的可能影响。结果表明,冬季太平洋海表温度对后期西北区东部夏季极端降水事件的影响最显著,并且赤道中东太平洋是影响西北区东部夏季极端降水事件的关键区,当赤道中东太平洋海表温度发生异常时,首先引起纬向和经向垂直环流圈发生异常,进而强迫大气环流发生调整,先后通过PNA和WP遥相关使得西太平洋副热带高压发生异常,最终使得西北区东部夏季极端降水事件发生异常。     

山东夏季降水异常的前兆信号特征

利用山东省内1960-2003年40个观测站的夏季降水资料和NCEP/NCAP再分析资料,分析了山东夏季降水空间分布、时间尺度的演变特征以及山东夏季降水异常时大气环流、热带对流活动的异常特征,结果表明:山东夏季降水总体呈现由鲁南向鲁北递减的趋热,空间分布具有一致性。涝年的前期冬季极涡向东扩展,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏强;旱年前期冬季极涡偏向西半球,东亚大槽和东亚冬季风较常年偏弱。涝年热带印度洋、南海至西太平洋地区对流增强,热带东太平洋地区对流减弱,西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北;旱年则相反。涝年前期冬季由于冬季风较强及低纬度地区冷涌活跃,加强了低纬地区的对流活动,增强了Hadely环流,加强了能量及水汽向中、高纬度地区的输运,从而引起山东降水增多。