Turbulent fluxes over inhomogeneous landscape

Mesoscale surface turbulent fluxes over a complex terrain surrounded by oceans have been investigated using a 3-D numerical mesoscale model, under conditions with and without synoptic flows. The study indicated that under synoptically calm condition, the allocation and intensity of mesoscale surface turbulent fluxes (MSTFs) were greatly impacted by the thermally forced mesoscale circulation (TFMC) over mesoscale heterogeneous landscape. The max-imum values of sensible (Hs) and latent (LE) heat fluxes were located over the convergent zones and considerably im-pacted by the soil wetness (M), but did not depend strongly on the atmospheric background thermal stability (β0). The simulated results suggested that the sensible heat flux was closely proportional to the square of wind speed in the surface layer. By the action of synoptic flow, the allocation of LE was shifted to downwind, its intensity increased.     

梅雨锋中尺度切变线雨带的动力结构分析

利用密集的地面观测网资料以及中尺度数值预报模式输出产品 ,分析了 1 991年 7月 8～ 9日江淮地区梅雨锋中尺度切变线雨带的中尺度动力结构。发现沿切变线走向有一条中尺度涡管 ,位于对流层中低层 ,高度呈波状起伏。波峰处有较强经向环流 ,强降水位于波峰附近的经向垂直环流之下。降水强度与涡管强度密切相关 ,涡管增强时降水增强。涡管强度与中低空的条件性对称不稳定有关。     

9406号台风与中纬度系统相互作用的中尺度特征

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5,对9406号台风从1994年7月11日12时（世界时,下同）到12日12时之间的24h降水进行了模拟,采用滤波分析方法对模式结果进行了尺度分离。中尺度场的分析表明:台风与中纬度系统的相互作用非常显著地表现在中尺度系统的活动上;高低空中尺度散度场的分布对中低纬系统相互作用所产生的降水具有一定的指示意义;台风及西风槽强度的改变将直接导致中尺度系统强度的变化,从而造成降水强度的不同。另外,还从能量学角度对不同尺度系统的能量变化进行了分析。结果表明,中尺度场的能量变化极值区与中低纬度系统的强度变化密切相关,且与降水的变化有较好的对应关系。     

A three-dimensional numerical sensitivity study of mesoscale circulations induced by circular lakes

Summary A three-dimensional mesoscale planetary boundary layer model with theE- turbulence closure is used to simulate airflow over a lake of circular shape. A series of model sensitivity studies are performed to examine the effects of lake-land temperature difference, ambient wind magnitude and direction, lake size, surface roughness, the Coriolis force and baroclinic ambient wind conditions on mesoscale lake circulations.The lake-land temperature difference is essentially the basic energy source driving the mesoscale circulations over the lake on synoptically undisturbed days. A lake-breeze convergence zone is predicted by the model due to the differential heating between the land and the water. It is found that spatial and temporal variations of this convergence zone and associated convection are strongly controlled by the direction and the magnitude of the ambient wind. Under southeasterly and southwesterly ambient winds, the lake-breeze convergence zone and the associated convection occur primarily along up wind and lateral sides of the lake with reference to the general direction of the ambient flow. In contrast to the southeasterly and southwesterly ambient winds, the lake-breeze convergence zone and the convection are predicted all around the coastline of the lake under calm wind.The model also predicts a cloudless region over the lake in all the case studies due to divergent nature of the lake-breeze circulation. The lake size is found to have a significant effect in intensifying convection. Surface roughness over the land surface is found to be important in determining the intensity of the convection. The combined effect of the Coriolis force and the differential surface roughness between land and water appear to be the responsible mechanism for producing the asymmetric shape of the lake-breeze convergence zone around the symmetric circular lake. Finally, it was found that an initial baroclinic flow has different mesoscale lake-breeze circulation patterns as compared to an initial barotropic flow.With 16 Figures     

守恒系统中台风强度变化及其可能因子的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的 f平面正压涡度方程模式 ,实施了时间积分为 36h的 2 1组试验 ,研究相邻中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果指出 :这种相互作用能否导致台风加强 ,取决于两类因子 :一是台风涡旋最大风速的取值以及圆形基流切变的强弱 ;二是切变基流中的中尺度涡旋的自身条件 ,包括中尺度涡旋的分布、尺度、强度和结构。台风强度与初始中尺度涡旋的尺度、强度之间存在着非线性的联系     

Mesoscale Vegetation-Breeze Circulations and Their Impact on Boundary Layer Structures at Night

The impact of well watered mesoscale wheat over mid-latitude arid areas on mesoscale boundary layer structures (MBLS) and climate has been investigated in the study .using a mesoscale biophysical, meteorological model (BM) developed in the current study. The BM is composed of six modules:mesoscale atmospheric module, soil module, vegetation module, snow-atmosphere interaction module, underlying surface meteorology module and subgrid scale flux parameterization module. The six modules constitute an interacting system by supplying boundary conditions to each other.The investigation indicates that a horizontal pressure gradient associated with mesoscale perturbations in temperature and humidity is created during the day, which results from more water transpired from the vegetation canopy (VC) and evaporated from underlying wet soil. Non-classical mesoscale circulations (called as vegetation-breeze) are forced by the pressure perturbations with wind speeds about 5 m / s, flowing from the VC to the adjacent     

Local Winds In A Valley City

Local winds were studied around a valley city, by using a high resolution two-dimensional mesoscale model forced by surface temperatures from a measurement campaign around Lanzhou City, China, during stagnant conditions. In the simulations nighttime winds are purely katabatic downslope winds without urban effects, despite the fact that the city is 6–7°C warmer than its surroundings all night. In contrast, daytime near-surface winds result from upslope flow resisted by an opposing simultaneous urban heat-island circulation (UHIC). Hence winds remain weak and variable around a city in a narrow valley during daytime. These conditions may lead to severe air quality problems day and night.The local circulations are sensitive to the widths of the valley and/or city,and also latitude, as is demonstrated by model experiments. Interestingly, in a flat and calm environment an extratropical daytime UHIC cell may turn into a weak `anti-UHIC' by the morning, due to frictional decoupling after sunset and subsequent inertial oscillation during the night, analogously tothe land breeze and nocturnal low-level jet formation.     

Mesoscale Heat Transport Over Complex Terrain By Slope Winds – A Conceptual Model And Numerical Simulations

Vertical heat fluxes induced by mesoscale thermally driven circulations maycontribute significantly to the subgrid-scale fluxes in large-scale models (e.g.,general circulation models). However, they are not considered in these modelsyet. To gain insight into the importance and possible parameterisation of themesoscale flux associated with slope winds, an analytical (conceptual) modelis developed to describe the relationship between the mesoscale heat flux andatmospheric and land-surface characteristics. The analytical model allows usto evaluate the mesoscale flux induced by slope winds from only a few profilemeasurements within a domain. To validate the analytical model the resultingheat flux profiles are compared to profiles of highly resolved wind and temperaturefields obtained by simulations with a mesoscale numerical model.With no or moderate synoptic wind the mesoscale heat flux generated by the slopewind circulation may be as large as, or even larger than, the turbulent fluxes at thesame height. At altitudes lower than the crest of the hills the mesoscale flux is alwayspositive (upward). Generally it causes cooling within the boundary layer and heatingabove. Despite the simplifications made to derive the analytical model, it reproducesthe profiles of the mesoscale flux quite well. According to the analytical model, themesoscale heat flux is governed by the temperature deviation at the slope surface, thedepth of the slope-wind layer, the large-scale lapse rate, and the wavelength of thetopographical features.     

On the consideration of mesoscale transports in climate modelling

Summary The dynamical effect of land surface heterogeneity on heat fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is investigated using numerical simulations with a non-hydrostatic model over a wide range of grid resolutions. It is commonly assumed that mesoscale or dynamical fluxes associated with mesoscale and convective circulations simulated by a high-resolution model (subgrid (SG) model) on the subgrid scale of a climate model (large-scale (LS) model) represent additional processes in the ABL, which are not considered by the turbulence scheme of the LS-model, and which can be parameterized using the SG-model. The present study investigates the usefulness of this methodology for small-scale and large-scale idealized heterogeneities using a SG-model resolving mesoscale or even microscale circulations to compute the mesoscale fluxes on the scale of the LS-model. It is shown that the dynamical transports as derived from the SG-model should not be used to correct the parameterized turbulent fluxes of the LS-model. The reason is that the subgrid circulations simulated by the SG-model interact with the fields of wind and scalars in the ABL, which results in reduced turbulent fluxes in the ABL. Thus the methodology of previous studies to use mesoscale/dynamical fluxes for the correction of flux profiles simulated by climate models seems to be questionable.     

1996年初次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟及其分析

文章运用新近开发的双向嵌套的MM5中尺度模式，在国家气象中心的CRAY-C92巨型机环境下，对1996年4月中旬末的华南暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟和敏感性试验。结果表明，该模式比较成功地模拟了这次暴雨过程及相关的中尺度系统的发生发展；凝结潜热通过一个类似于CISK的机制对暴雨过程的发生发展产生了至关重要的作用；低空西南急流为暴雨的发生发展输送了潜在不稳定能量，并在与暴雨的相互作用中得以维持和加强；初始时刻（暴雨发生前12小时）南海北部—华南地区低层潜在不稳定能量的储备是暴雨发生不可缺少的条件。     

Comparative Studies In The Local Circulations Induced By Land-Use And By Topography

A two-dimensional numerical model witha simplified land-use paramaterizationis used to investigate the effects of land usetopography on local circulationsystems. A criterion is presented indicating therelative importance of land use onlocal circulations.Land-use contrast in the numerical model is parameterized by moisture availability and roughness length. Numerical experiments were carried out under various atmospheric stabilities with various dimensions for the mountains.Numerical results show the following: (1) Anabatic winds prevail in high mountains,while the land–land breeze is stronger when the horizontal contrast of the heat fluxfrom each land surface is large. (2) In the early morning, anabatic winds tend to prevailover land–land breezes, but the land–land breeze tends to prevail in the later afternoon.(3) While atmospheric stability has a large influence on the mesoscale circulation, thehorizontal scale of the mountain is not as important for the intensity of the mesoscalecirculation. (4) In strong stable conditions or weak insolation, the anabatic wind tendsto be more active than the land–land breeze; namely, the heat flux from inhomogeneousland use becomes a less important factor for the generation of a mesoscale disturbancethan the orographic forcing in the case of strong atmospheric stability. (5) The predominantmesoscale circulation is predicted by a criterion based upon the horizontal adjustmenttheory of the mixed layer. The criterion proposed in this study is based on the mountainheight, the ratio of the heat flux from the different land use patterns, the atmospheric staticstability, and the time-integrated heat flux. The criterion gives results that generally agreewith the numerical results.     

Interaction of the sea breeze with a river breeze in an area of complex coastal heating

A three-dimensional finite-element mesoscale model is used to study the interaction of two different but related mesoscale phenomena in an area having a complex pattern of surface heating. The model simulations have been compared with temperature and wind fields observed on a typical fall day during the Kennedy Space Center Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment on the east coast of Florida.Numerical results and observations both show that the meso- scale flow field is significantly modified from the conventional coastal-flow patterns by the smaller meso- scale irregular geographic features in this area. A local river breeze is observed to develop around the Indian River almost the same time as the Atlantic sea breeze. A comparison of the sea and the river breezes shows a large difference in their horizontal circulations but only slight differences in their vertical scales. The sea breeze intensifies more rapidly than the river breeze, so that a lag of 1 to 1.5 h exists between their most developed stages. The river breeze is relatively stationary, whereas the sea breeze propagates inland, with an eventual merger of the two circulations occurring about 6–8 h after their onset.Different synoptic wind regimes create different flow structures. Well-defined sea- and river-breeze circulations become established under calm, weak offshore, and weak alongshore synoptic-wind conditions. Maximum vertical velocities occur in the sea-breeze front (river-breeze front) in the cases of calm (offshore winds). The sea breeze and the river breeze are weaker when the synoptic winds are stronger.Finally, the results from numerical experiments designed to isolate the rivers' effect indicate that the convergence in the sea-breeze front is suppressed when it passes over the cooler surface of the rivers.Journal Paper No. J-14150 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project No. 2779     

包含正定水汽输送算法改进的MM4中尺度模式与暴雨实例数值试验

暴雨预报是一个既重要又十分困难的问题。水汽条件是产生暴雨的关键，水汽的平流输送在模式的水汽方程中占有重要地位，模式对暴雨的预报能力必然涉及到水汽输送的计算精度问题；本文以著名的中尺度模式ＭＭ４为基础，理论测试和分析为依据，以引入新的正定高精度水汽输送算法作为消除模式水汽负值和改进中尺度模式预报能力的途径，研制了取名为改进的ＭＭ４中尺度模式，该模式除仍保留原ＭＭ４模式的所有功能外，增加了５种水汽输送算法的改进与选择，这５种算法是：１）Ｂ网格二阶守恒中心差（原ＭＭ４平流格式），２）上游差分，３）Ｂｏｔ（２阶），４）Ｂｏｔ（４阶），５）Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ格式。多个暴雨、台风个例试验表明模式预报能力对水汽输送算法精度有显著的依赖性，采用高精度的水汽输送算法水汽保证正值并提高了模式对暴雨区、降水结构、雨团活动的预报能力。改进水汽输送算法的精度是提高中尺度模式对暴雨预报能力的重要途径。     

MM5在国家气象中心CRAY-C92的实时预报试验尝试

该文利用国家气象中心CRAY-C92计算机上初步建成的一个可与实时资料连接的MM5中尺度预报试验系统,探讨在目前国家气象中心计算机资源和可获取的实时资料条件下,进行实时预报服务的可行性及可能达到的精度,采用30 km水平分辨率的模式,在1996年夏季北方汛期进行了一个半月的实时预报试验,在1997年6～7月间“庆香港回归”天气服务过程中作了实时预报服务。预报及检验结果表明:MM5模式在强降水预报方面比业务模式HLAFS有较明显的改进,能预报出某些中尺度降水的细化特征,对暴雨和大暴雨区预报有较好的参考价值;该模式可以作为城市预报的补充工具;就目前计算机和资料条件,比6 h时段更短的高频城市降水模式预报尚很难得到满意效果。     

干旱区绿洲诱发的中尺度运动的模拟及其关键因子的敏感性实验

利用一个非静力平衡的、高分辨的、二维中尺度大气数值模式，并在仅考虑简单过程的情况下，模拟了干旱区中绿洲所诱发的中尺度运动，并进行了这种中尺度大气运动的强度对绿洲水平尺度、绿洲与周围环境的水平热力差异、大尺度背景场水平风速和大尺度地表加热率等一些重要物理参数关系的敏感性实验研究。研究发现：中尺度大气运动强度随水平热力差异的增大而加强，随背景场水平风速和大尺度地表加热率增强而分别减弱。但随绿洲水平尺度的变化并不像前三个因子一样为单调函数，而是在绿洲水平尺度为20km时中尺度大气运动最强，绿洲水平尺度更大或更小时中尺度大气运动强度均会减弱。通过统计甘肃省河西地区的绿洲水平尺度分布规律，发现绿洲分布最集中的尺度在15－25km，与模拟所得到的能源发最强中尺度运动的绿洲水平尺度基本一致。     

2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨的多尺度特征

本文采用观测和NCEP分析场资料对2012年7月21日发生在北京地区的特大暴雨过程的天气形势、水汽来源和中尺度对流系统的特征进行了研究。结果如下:“7.21”北京暴雨过程是高低空与中低纬系统共同配合的结果,暴雨发生在“东高西低”的环流形势下,低涡、切变线、低槽冷锋和低空急流为此次过程的主要影响天气系统;孟加拉湾至西太平洋地区热带辐合带(ITCZ)活跃,其中热带气旋的活动有利于水汽向东亚大陆输送,此次暴雨过程中华北地区的水汽源地包括孟加拉湾和我国东部的渤海、黄海等,低层的水汽主要来自东部,中层的水汽主要来自孟加拉湾;北京的强降雨有两段,第1段降雨虽然发生在冷锋前,但有明显冷空气的侵入,并与地形和东风的作用有关,第2段降雨对流的组织和增强与冷锋强迫相关。在有利环境下,中尺度对流系统频繁发生发展,持续时间长,且稳定少动是此次特大暴雨形成的重要原因。     

一条中尺度雨带的多普勒雷达回波特征及环境条件分析

该文利用3830/CC单多普勒雷达加密资料和Micaps客观分析资料, 对2002年8月22日在副高外围偏南气流影响下, 对流回波发展形成中尺度NNE — SSW向带状回波的演变及其环境条件进行分析。结果表明:带状回波是造成这次中尺度雨带的直接影响系统, 偏南暖湿气流源源不断沿着带状输送, 利于带状回波的维持和发展; 强降水主要发生在低层风随高度顺转 (暖平流)、高空有急流和出现逆风区的阶段, 副高外围偏南气流为带状回波的形成和发展提供了水汽和热力条件, 而高空倒槽为其提供了动力条件, 湿位涡的分布特征较好地说明了这一点, 带状回波和雨带出现在斜压不稳定和正压稳定而中低层为负涡度环流的潜在不稳定区中。     

台湾岛地形对登陆台风“莫兰蒂”(1614)强对流雨带发展影响的模拟研究

2016年9月14~15日超强台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）登陆厦门后在福建省中北部引发了特大暴雨天气过程,特大暴雨由台风登陆后北侧至东北侧一个缓慢移动的长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带活动造成。利用中尺度数值模式WRF（V3.9）对台风登陆引发福建省中北部特大暴雨过程进行了大区域无嵌套数值模拟,较准确地模拟了台风引发特大暴雨的强度和落区,并成功地再现了台风登陆后北侧至东北侧长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带的发生、发展过程。分析发现,台风大风区外围几个零散的中尺度辐合区在移入台湾地形下游的弱风切变区、正涡度带、湿静力能（假相当位温、比湿）锋区后,组织发展成一个带状的中尺度辐合带而形成强对流螺旋雨带,长时间地维持和发展,并向东北方向缓慢移动。台湾地形在有利于强对流螺旋雨带长时间组织发展和维持的中尺度环境场的形成中扮演着重要角色,即地形效应在其下游形成的正涡度带（正位涡带）、雨带（位于高湿静力能区）南侧低湿静力能带（即湿静力能锋区）,对强对流螺旋雨带的长时间发展维持非常重要。地形敏感性试验的结果进一步证实了台湾地形在台风登陆后东北侧长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带形成及维持中的重要作用。     

登陆台风内中尺度强对流系统演变机制的湿位涡分析

2005年05号台风"海棠"登陆福建后,在外围云系里有个明显发展的中尺度对流云团经过温州东部及北部地区,引起了强降水,从而造成比热带风暴环流本身更具破坏力的强烈天气,因此研究台风内中尺度对流系统(M(2S)的发展机制能够为预报台风灾害提供依据.文中使用中尺度静力模式WRF对台风"海棠"登陆过程进行了模拟,模式很好地模拟了台风登陆过程的路径、强度变化趋势和降水分布,尤其是模拟出了台风环流内的一次中尺度对流系统的发展过程,并利用模拟结果对台风环流内的这次中尺度对流系统进行了与之相关联的湿位涡分析,从而揭示了台风环流内中尺度对流系统发展演变的湿位涡特征.结果表明,在对流形成阶段,MPV1即对流不稳定为MCS的形成提供背景不稳定条件,由MPV2即湿等熵面的倾斜和水平风的垂直切变而引起的涡旋发展作为强迫机制:MCS形成的区域及东南区域中低层是强对流不稳定层,蕴含丰富的不稳定能量,倾斜上升运动把对流不稳定区具有强不稳定能量的暖湿卒气向西北中层的中性层结区输送.由于θep的减小,气旋性涡度增强,有利于形成对流,另一方面,由于湿等熵面倾斜和低空急流加强而引起的涡旋发展作为一种强迫机制激发对流不稳定能晕得到释放,从而形成对流;在对流系统的发展阶段,由于低层的对流不稳定性进一步减弱,θep一步减小,气旋性涡度进一步增强,有利于MCS的增强,中层等θe线的倾斜度比绝对动量M等值线的倾斜度大,对应有条件对称不稳定区域,满足条件对称不稳定(CSI)条件,在湿等熵面倾斜和台风低空急流作用下引起的涡旋发展强迫对称不稳定能量释放,从而使得对流得以维持和加强.通过以上的分析给出了台风环流内中尺度对流系统发生发展的概念模型.     

辽宁一次暴雨过程分析与暴雨落区预报失误原因探讨

从一次高空槽和华北气旋影响的暴雨、局部大暴雨落区预报出发,利用常规地面观测资料、加密自动站资料、高空探测资料和欧洲中心（ECMWF）数值预报产品资料,对2011年7月29-31日辽宁一次暴雨、局部大暴雨过程的天气形势和物理量场进行分析。结果表明：夏季暴雨预报不仅要考虑高层形势、副热带高压强度和位置大尺度环流形势的变化,也要考虑有利的大尺度环流背景下易产生的中小尺度天气系统,此次辽宁暴雨过程中在高空槽和华北气旋的发生发展过程中激发了中尺度气旋,中尺度气旋的强度和移动路径是预报此次暴雨、局部大暴雨落区的关键因素。