上海区域要素客观预报方法效果检验

数值模式的客观释用是数值模式在业务工作中发挥效能的重要环节。在对上海区域数值模式近5年的模式直接输出(DMO)进行检验的基础上,分别采用卡尔曼滤波释用(KLM)和最优化集成释用(OCF)的方法进行要素客观释用,总结出区域数值模式的预报性能,客观释用也取得令人鼓舞的结果:(1)近几年,上海区域数值模式的直接输出结果(DMO)对温度、湿度以及风向的预报改善不明显,甚至还有变差现象,风速的预报自2005年起有改善,但主要体现在预报的稳定性方面。(2)KLM方法较DMO在温度、相对湿度和风速的预报上均有明显提高,但是风向的预报无明显提高,预报准确率甚至略有下降。(3)OCF方法的预报性能较KLM方法略有提高。温度、相对湿度以及风向的预报准确率提高约2%,风速预报与KLM方法相当。在春季和冬季,OCF的预报水平已经与主观综合预报相当,如果主观综合预报能充分参考OCF的预报结果,主观综合预报"春季和冬季预报误差相对偏大"这一弱点能得到改善。检验结果能为数值模式的开发和调试者提供有益的参考,而最优化集成方法的成功业务尝试也佐证了集成预报在数值模式客观释用中的美好前景。     

OCF气温预报大误差日的对比检验分析北大核心CSCD

为评价用于公众气象服务的精细化多模式客观集成预报服务产品(refined multi-model objective consensus forecasting service products,以下简称OCF)多模式集成气温预报效果,分析其误差成因,以中国区域OCF日最高气温和日最低气温预报检验为切入点,对服务影响较大的大误差日及其典型特例——降温日开展检验分析,并与参与OCF集成的ECMWF和NCEP气温预报进行对比。结果表明:OCF日最高气温和日最低气温总体上预报性能优于参与集成的模式预报,准确率夏季高冬季低,拉开了气温变化范围,也有效减小了误差。OCF的大误差日较少,但2~3 d时效及冬半年的大误差日较ECMWF多,与集成的模式预报性能、降温天气相关。针对降温日的检验分析发现:OCF、ECMWF和NCEP在降温日的预报性能有所下降,OCF日最高气温预报误差增长尤其快;OCF对降温日的日最低气温、非降温区域的日最高气温进行了有效订正,但在降温日的降温区域里,其日最高气温预报有明显的正误差特征。基于以上分析,提出了OCF气温集成订正技术改进方向,说明针对性的检验更利于发现客观模式预报及集成订正的问题。     

三峡库区流域面雨量预报模糊检验

采用面雨量模糊评分方法，对三峡库区流域面雨量预报中3种客观预报(相似预报、T213降水预报、MM5模式预报)和面雨量综合集成预报结果进行综合评定。检验结果表明，3种预报模式对流域面雨量预报水平相差不大，冬半年的预报评分高于夏半年。在业务中采用动态权重系数法对3种预报方法预报结果进行集成，其集成预报的评定质量高于每种单独预报质量。在流域面雨量预报质量检验中采用了模糊评分法，该方法能够较为客观地反映预报和实况之间的差距，也可以用于降水定量预报评定中。     

基于模式集成的内蒙古夏季降水客观预报方法研究

文章基于消除偏差的模式集成客观预报技术,建立实时运行的降水预报模型,对内蒙古夏季降水进行预报。采用的集成模式资料为内蒙古数值预报业务系统和欧洲中期天气预报中心高分辨率数值预报产品。通过应用频次分布方法对大尺度模式进行预报偏差消除,应用TS权重方法对模式进行集成,建立了分季节、分量级、逐站点的精细化预报模型。对模型预报效果的客观检验结果表明:集成产品在原模式的基础上各量级预报准确率均有提升,主要改善在小雨及大雨和暴雨量级。针对内蒙古夏季发生的大部分大暴雨事件,集成产品在降水范围、强降水落区和极值预报方面都明显优于单模式预报。     

吉林省暴雨客观预报业务系统应用效果检验分析

本文依托气象行业专项GYHY200906011“华北、东北暴雨发生发展特点及预报技术研究”项目及相关课题研制的“多模式变权集成预报业务系统”和“吉林省暴雨物理量诊断客观集成预报业务系统”,对2010年-2012年6—8月、2013年6—7月的区域暴雨过程预报进行了检验分析,结果表明：两系统对暴雨预报均有较好的指示意义,其中“多模式变权集成预报业务系统”空报率较低,“吉林省暴雨物理量诊断及客观集成预报业务系统”漏报率较低。从暴雨的影响系统来看,两种客观的暴雨预报方法对台风暴雨预报效果最好,副高后部暴雨次之,冷涡暴雨预报误差与前两系统相比稍差些。     

人工智能技术的热带气旋预报综述(之一)——BP神经网络和集成方法的热带气旋预报研究和业务应用

热带气旋路径和强度的客观定量预报是当前热带气旋预报研究和业务预报工作中的重点和难点。简要介绍了有关热带气旋业务预报技术的研究现状,综述了人工智能神经网络技术方法中最广泛使用的BP神经网络模型、进化计算遗传算法—神经网络的热带气旋路径、强度集成预报方法,以及近十多年来,这些方法在实际业务预报中与国内外主要数值预报模式及其他客观预报方法预报性能的对比分析,指出了人工智能神经网络和遗传神经网络集成预报方法等在热带气旋强度、路径预报中的优势和不足,并提出了未来更深入研究需要关注的重点关键问题。     

台风路径多模式集成预报技术研究

利用NCEP、ECMWF、日本数值、英国数值、上海台风模式和广州模式包含全球模式和区域在内的6家数值模式资料,利用近似SEAV方法,设计台风路径多模式集成预报方法(SHME),并用2014—2016年的台风客观预报数据进行多模式集成预报的效果检验,且与ECMWF模式进行比较,通过比较发现,SHME方法较ECMWF在12～48 h预报上有明显改进,在72～120 h预报2014年尤其突出,2015—2016年均与ECMWF预报效果相当。     

多模式集成释用在广东智能网格温度预报中的应用评估

结合2019年全球和区域业务模式最新调整,对广东省气象台研发的温度多模式集成释用产品在网格预报业务中的表现,从整体预报性能、误差空间分布和分类适用性等方面进行了系统评估,结果表明:(1)同参与集成的模式相比,多模式集成释用气温预报的误差最小、准确率(误差2℃以内)最高,且无明显季节性波动,是具有较高业务参考价值的客观产品;(2)因加入了真实地形订正方案,多模式集成释用对模式地形偏差造成的山区温度误差偏大现象改善明显;(3)多模式集成在持续性高温、缓慢回温、无明显降水配合的弱冷空气以及持续性无降水过程中表现较优,在中等强度以上冷空气造成的持续性降温过程易表现不稳定,在预报中需留意形势场预报中低层温度梯度是否有明显疏散。     

西昌卫星发射场大-暴雨的预报集成

综合集成是提高预报产品应用效能的一种有效的方法,将集对分析中的联系度概念用于西昌发射场大-暴雨过程预报综合集成,首先对大-暴雨天气过程进行分型,确定国家气象中心T213模式预报、西昌发射场降水模式的客观预报、预报员经验预报与西昌发射场大-暴雨过程的联系度,用权重法将大-暴雨预报进行集成,从而给出集不同预报于一体的西昌发射场大-暴雨过程预报集成方法.     

集对分析在云南强降水预报集成方法中的应用

将集对分析中的联系度概念用于云南省强降水过程预报集成 ,首先对强降水天气过程进行分型 ,确定MM5模式预报、省台客观指导预报、预报员经验预报与云南强降水过程的联系度 ,用权重法将强降水预报进行集成 ,从而给出集不同预报于一体的云南全省性强降水过程预报集成方法     

China's EarthLab——Forefront of Earth System Simulation Research

This article introduces "EarthLab ", a major new Earth system numerical simulation facility developed in China.EarthLab is a numerical simulation system for a physical climate system, an environmental system, an ecological system, a solid earth system, and a space weather system as a whole with a high-performance scientific computing platform.EarthLab consists of five key elements—namely: a global earth numerical simulation system, a regional high-precision simulation system, a supercomputing support and management system, a database, data assimilation and visualization system, and a high-performance computing system for earth sciences. EarthLab helps to study the atmosphere, hydrosphere,cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, as well as their interactions, to improve the accuracy of predictions by integrating simulations and observations, and to provide a scientific foundation for major issues such as national disaster prevention and mitigation. The construction and operation of EarthLab will involve close cooperation with joint contributions and shared benefits.     

1644—1911年广东省旱涝多时间尺度变化特征及影响因子分析

建立清代1644—1911年广东的旱涝指数序列,采用滑动t检验、完备总体经验模态函数分析了清代广东旱涝的突变特征和多时间尺度周期性特征。结果表明,清代广东旱涝指数整体较平稳,呈现先明显增加后减少、后略微增加的趋势。旱涝指数序列具有多个跃变点,且有年际尺度4.2 a和7.8 a,年代际尺度11.6 a、15.2 a、36.5 a和70.1 a,世纪尺度130.3 a左右的周期。发现广东旱涝有多个周期与太阳黑子相对数序列及东亚季风指数序列周期接近,故用交叉小波分析发现广东旱涝指数序列与太阳黑子相对数序列在0~6 a、7~8 a和11~16 a等多个时间尺度具有强凝聚性共振周期,与东亚夏季风指数序列在4~8 a和25~45 a等多个时间尺度具有强凝聚性共振周期。      

Why were some La Niñas followed by another La Niña?

This paper investigates why some La Niña events are followed by another La Niña and some others are not. We propose two preconditions that result in continuation of a La Niña. The first one is that La Niña must be a strong event (a major La Niña). This ensures that the reflected Rossby wave signal at the eastern boundary of the Pacific has a strong westward propagating cold ocean temperature anomaly over the off-equatorial region. The off-equator cold anomaly may not be conducive to the equatorial recharge process, and as a result, may favor the persistence of cold ocean subsurface temperature anomaly and prevent the transition from La Niña to El Niño. The second precondition is whether there are eastward propagating downwelling Kelvin waves during the decay phase of a major La Niña. Eastward propagating downwelling Kelvin waves could lead to demise for a tendency for a follow-up La Niña. The equatorial Kelvin wave activities are associated with fluctuations of surface wind in the equatorial far-western Pacific. The analysis suggests that both the surface wind in the equatorial far-western Pacific and the recharge/discharge of the equatorial Pacific are indicators for occurrence or no occurrence of a follow-up La Niña event.     

海门一次F1级龙卷的多普勒天气雷达特征分析

用多普勒天气雷达、常规观测和地面加密观测资料对2011年7月13日发生在江苏南通海门市树勋镇的龙卷风过程进行了详细分析。得出:较长时间的不稳定层结的存在,较低的抬升凝结高度,较强的水平和垂直风切变以及地面干线的存在为龙卷风的发生发展提供很好的动力条件;底层冷空气的切入,较强的风切变易使单体发展更加旺盛。强回波中心高度和垂直积分液态含水量的下降,径向速度风场中气旋性涡旋的迅速发展是对龙卷风提前警戒的很好指标。龙卷风进行过程中,此系统为低位质心的对流系统,产生的天气是龙卷,伴随大风,与冰雹的高位质心对流系统有明显的区别。中气旋高度,最大切变高度的骤降,中气旋尺度的急剧收缩预示着龙卷的发生,为我们今后的龙卷风预警提供有利的参考。     

“15.7”广西超长持续性暴雨过程多尺度特征分析

利用多源气象资料,通过综合诊断分析方法,对2015年一次广西持续性暴雨过程进行多尺度特征分析。(1) 南亚高压经历了双体型构建,副热带长波槽有利于冷空气南下和高空急流的建立。El Ni?o状态下,副高强度偏强,位置偏西、偏南,有利于暖湿气流向广西输送。南亚高压过渡层与副高对峙,有利于冷暖空气在广西交汇。(2) 影响天气系统有高空槽、切变线、冷锋、低空急流、季风槽及低涡等多天气系统。降雨分为锋前暖区、锋面、高空槽加强、季风槽与低涡等四个阶段。(3) 中尺度特征为锋前暴雨发生在MCC云团形成到减弱期,雷达强回波呈弓型,对流性强;锋面暴雨发生在MCC减弱后云带,雷达强回波为弓型向直线型转换,对流性减弱;高空槽加强暴雨为直线型云系和雷达回波增强;季风槽与低涡暴雨为增强的涡旋型云系和雷达强回波。(4) 暴雨发生在总体地势为云贵高原下坡和地面喇叭口地形辐合的桂西北、海陆分布差异的沿海及山脉迎风坡的桂东南。可见,长时间持续性暴雨过程是一个多尺度和多天气系统相互作用的结果,暴雨发生在有利的大尺度环流背景和天气系统配置下的中小尺度系统频繁发生处,地形助推暴雨作用明显。深刻理解持续性暴雨发生的尺度特征可提高该类天气预报能力。      

Growth and Decay of an Extra-Tropical Cyclone’s PV-Tower

Summary The surface low of a mature extra-tropical cyclone is often surmounted by a troposphere-spanning column of anomalously high potential vorticity (PV). In this study the growth and decay of such a PV-tower is traced for one major North Atlantic frontal-wave cyclone using the ECMWF analysis fields and adopting both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks. A tower’s structure and composition relates intimately to the strength, scale and structure of the associated surface cyclone. It is shown that the tower comprised a vertical superposition of three elements: (?) a quasi-seclusion of stratospheric air extruded from an upper-level trough, (ℬ) a mid-tropospheric layer of intermingled air from diverse sources, but with a substantial component originating from the system’s cold front, and (?) a low-tropospheric layer of diabatically-induced PV that was linked to and originated from flow along a bent-back warm front. An examination of the tower’s growth and decay helps identify the factors influencing the onset and rapidity of the cyclogenesis. There was first an in-phase development of a surface baroclinic wave with the precursor of element (?), and also the emergence of element (ℬ) in the form of a low-level elongated band of PV aligned along the cold front. Thereafter a short period of rapid growth was marked by the appearance of a low-level band of PV along the warm front (element ?), and it co-spiraled with and beneath the upper-level stratospheric intrusion (element ?). Demise of the tower followed a loss of amplitude of its central portion and a loss of coherency aloft. Evidence of the modulating as opposed to the dominating influence of diabatic processes upon the cyclone’s structure and strength is derived from consideration of: the tower’s durable and ephemeral potential vorticity, the PV production along the warm front, and sets of model simulations of the event that selectively suppress diabatic PV production. Received July 9, 1999 Revised December 2, 1999     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea

The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.     

Classifying knowledge on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability in Europe for informing adaptation research and decision-making: A conceptual meta-analysis

Knowledge on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability is fragmented, because it is found in disparate case studies which use inconsistent terminology and focus on distinct aspects relevant to adaptation. While large-scale syntheses such as the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provide a high level overview and are useful for international decision-making, there is a need for systematic and flexible access to this research-based knowledge in order to aid future adaptation research and decision-making. Against this background, we present a ‘conceptual’ meta-analysis, a novel approach to meta-analyse studies on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability in Europe. The meta-analysis results in a classification scheme for relating the diverse studies. This scheme consists of (i) a classification of studies according to the type of adaptation-relevant results they produce and (ii) a hierarchical classification of the regional and thematic context of studies. The implementation of this scheme, for example in the form of a database, overcomes some of the identified gaps of current adaptation knowledge representation. We furthermore present a quantitative analysis of the classified studies that exemplifies how the developed classification scheme can be applied to get a systematic and quantitative overview of the knowledge they contain. Thus, the conceptual meta-analysis and the classification scheme represent a first step towards a systematisation of knowledge on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability and may be seen as a useful complement to qualitative literature reviews.     

The surface of vulnerability: An analytical framework for examining environmental change

This paper introduces an analytical framework for evaluating the vulnerability of people and places to environmental and social forces. The framework represents the relative vulnerability of a variable of concern (e.g. such as agricultural yield) to a set of disturbing forces (e.g. climate change, market fluctuations) by a position on a three-dimensional analytical surface, where vulnerability is defined as a function of sensitivity, exposure, and the state relative to a threshold of damage. The surface is presented as a tool to help identify relative vulnerability in order to prioritize actions and assess the vulnerability implications of management and policy decisions.