三江源国家公园植被覆盖时空变化及其气候驱动因素

基于2000-2019年MODIS NDVI数据,结合气象数据,利用二分像元法、斜率分析法和偏相关分析等方法,分析三江源国家公园近20年植被覆盖时空变化特征及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）三江源国家公园植被覆盖面积占公园面积的85.38%,平均覆盖度为42.70%,植被覆盖由西北向东南逐渐增加。西部长江源园区以中低覆盖度植被为主,东部黄河源园区以中高覆盖度植被为主,南部澜沧江源园区以高覆盖度植被为主。（2）2000-2019年三江源国家公园植被覆盖面积和覆盖度均呈增加趋势,植被覆盖面积以227.55 km2·a-1显著增加（P<0.01）,覆盖度增加幅度不明显,其中长江源园区植被覆盖面积和覆盖度均显著增加,黄河源园区植被覆盖面积基本不变,植被覆盖度显著增加,澜沧江源园区植被覆盖面积显著增加,但植被覆盖度基本保持不变。（3）近20年三江源国家公园植被覆盖空间上呈稳定增加趋势,植被覆盖保持不变的区域面积占比31.27%,增加的区域占比56.08%,减少的区域占比12.65%,长江源东部零星地区退化的高寒草甸出现轻度减少,长江源园区西北部地区、黄河源园区北部植被覆盖度增加幅度较...     

陕西省植被指数动态变化特征研究

选用1982—2003年GIMMSNDVI数据集和陕西气温、降水、相对湿度资料,分析全省植被指数变化特征及其与气候因子相关性,揭示陕西植被对全球变暖的响应。结果表明:1982—2003年陕西植被覆盖总体缓慢增加,幅度为0.002/10 a,春季明显上升。陕北长城沿线及延安北部植被覆盖显著增加;关中部分地区植被由低覆盖度转为中覆盖度;秦岭东部、陕南巴山地区植被由中覆盖度转为高覆盖度;安康盆地高覆盖度植被显著增加。气温、降水和相对湿度均对植被有影响,并存在滞后效应,气温升高和相对湿度增大是植被生长期提前和延长的主要影响因素。     

中国东部季风区植被物候季节变化对气候响应的大尺度特征:多年平均结果

利用1982～1993年NOAA/NASA Pathfinder AVHRR陆地数据集中的规一化植被指数(NDVI)数据集,对中国东部植被季节生长的阶段性进行了划分.在此基础上,对植被季节生长对气候响应的多年平均状况进行了分析,发现在多年平均意义上,(1)中国东部植被生长在各生长阶段都同步响应于温度的季节变化;(2)在多数时段,中国东部植被生长与降水的季节变化存在显著相关关系,植被生长滞后于降水变化,滞后时间为20～30天.通过本文的研究,在中国东部季风区,有关植被季节生长对气候响应大尺度特征的多年平均状况的定性认识得到定量化的表达,为改进陆面过程描述、提高对中国东部区域气候的长期模拟能力提供了一定的依据.     

我国南水北调东线地区陆地植被NPP变化特征

基于EOS/MODIS（TERRA）卫星遥感资料,讨论中国南水北调东线地区陆地植被年均净初级生产力（NPP）的变化特征。结果表明,2000-2004年该地区的陆地植被年均NPP的变化范围为0～1494 g/(m2·a),5 a平均值为395.06 g/(m2·a)。对不同植被的年均NPP分析表明,常绿阔叶林的NPP最大,草地最小。气温是影响该地区陆地植被NPP变化的主要因素,未来南水北调东线地区地表水资源的减少不会对陆地植被的生长产生明显影响。     

西南地区植被变化与气温及降水关系的初步分析

利用卫星遥感植被归一化指数（NDVI）资料和西南地区96个实测台站的月平均气温以及降水资料,初步分析了西南地区植被变化与气温及降水的关系。结果表明：近20年来西南地区植被覆盖状况较好,其中夏季植被覆盖最好,冬季植被分布空间差异最大;西南地区植被整体呈增加趋势,同时也存在较明显的季节和区域差异：春季西南大部分地区植被以增加为主,夏季、秋季全区以减少为主,冬季则以增加为主且存在明显的东西反向特征,东部减少西部增加。时滞互相关分析表明：西南地区11～2月份的植被对超前其1～2个月的气温以及夏季的植被对春季气温的敏感性比较大,3～4月的植被生长对上年夏季的降水敏感性比较大;同期时,1～3月植被和气温为正相关关系,6～9月的植被生长和降水为明显的负相关关系;在植被超前气候的条件下,1～2月的植被和滞后1～2个月的气温呈正相关关系,与滞后1个月的降水有明显的负相关关系。     

辽宁省植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据集计算辽宁省2001—2019年植被覆盖度,并结合MODIS土地覆盖产品和辽宁省61个气象观测站气温、降水资料,重点探讨辽宁省5种主要植被类型的植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)辽宁省多年平均植被覆盖度为0.48,且呈现"东高西低"的空间分布特征。近19 a来,辽宁省绝大部分地区植被覆盖度呈上升趋势,整体上每10 a增加0.036;主要植被类型作物、草原、落叶阔叶林、多树草原和稀树草原的植被覆盖度均呈显著上升趋势,其中草原增加速率最大,作物增加速率最小。(2)作物的植被覆盖度在暖温带半干旱区与降水存在正相关,与气温存在负相关,而在暖温带半湿润区则与降水和气温均呈现正相关;草原的植被覆盖度对降水响应比气温强烈,而落叶阔叶林、多树草原和稀树草原对气温较为敏感。(3)主要植被类型的植被覆盖度对气温、降水的时滞响应不同。作物和草原在生长季内对上一月降水有时滞响应,而落叶阔叶林、多树草原和稀树草原在生长季末期对上一月气温、降水有时滞响应。     

中国雨季的气候学特征

利用中国740站气候平均逐候降雨量对中国的主雨季进行定义,并对雨季（包括主雨季,春雨和秋雨）的气候学特征进行了讨论。结果表明:全国主雨季最早爆发于华南中部,最晚结束于华西地区。主雨季能持续4到14候不等,雨量占年总降水的30%～60%。主雨季在中国东部为季风雨季,自南向北推进;在西部受西风带影响,北方略早于南方, 且局地性强。中国雨季具有明显的区域性和阶段性特征。中国气候的夏季降水时间序列主要反映了季节循环特征, 但气候季节内振荡（CISO）对东部雨季的持续和推进具有明显的调制作用,其中长江中下游及其以南地区以30～60天周期为主。     

基于高分数据的边境示范村建设和生态环境监测——以玉麦乡为例

选取高分1号和2号卫星数据,利用ENVI和ArcGIS软件对西藏山南市隆子县玉麦乡的建设规模和生态环境进行研究,结果表明：2015～2019年,玉麦乡建筑物面积和道路长度增加了0.25km²和1.18km;冬季积雪覆盖面积减少80.17km2和1.18km;冬季积雪覆盖面积减少80.17km²;2019年相较于2015年,东部地区植被相对较好,中、高覆盖度植被面积分别增加了79.00km2;2019年相较于2015年,东部地区植被相对较好,中、高覆盖度植被面积分别增加了79.00km²和147.52km2和147.52km²。     

植被归一化植被指数对气候因子的空间敏感性

基于全球土地利用类型和覆盖度,利用生长季多年平均（1982～2015年）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）和气候平均态（气温、降水量）数据,讨论了全球植被格局与气候因子之间的关系,建立了两者之间的多元回归模型,并分析了植被对气温和降水气候态敏感性的特征。植被与气候因子在气候梯度上存在明显的对应关系,回归模型可较好拟合气候态NDVI的全球分布格局,拟合与观测NDVI的相关系数达0.90。其中,常绿阔叶林、混交林、常绿针叶林、落叶阔叶林、农田和木本稀树草原空间分布的拟合能力较好（r>0.8）。不同土地覆盖类型的NDVI对气温、降水气候态的空间敏感性特征不同。整体而言,植被对气温和降水的敏感性呈现反相关关系（r=-0.6）。不同土地覆盖类型对气温表现出正/负敏感性,寒带灌木对气温的敏感性最强,而农作物、草原、裸地对气温负敏感性较大;植被对降水的敏感性均表现出正敏感性,其中落叶针叶林、草原和稀树草原对降水的空间敏感性较强。     

6 kaBP中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力的模拟

利用植被与大气相互作用模式（AVIM）模拟了全新世中期（6 kaBP）及现代中国陆地植被净初级生产力（NPP）的大小与分布特征,计算了以上两个时期我国陆地植被NPP的碳总量。结果表明：全新世中期以来气候的变化是影响我国陆地植被NPP变化的主要原因,6 kaBP时期NPP平均值为409 g/（m2·a）, NPP碳总量为3.89 Pg/a,分别比现在高15%和19%。全新世中期至今,我国陆地植被NPP的变化特征与对应时期中国土壤碳储量的变化趋势具有很好的一致性,这表明了利用生态模式模拟长时间尺度下我国陆地植被NPP的变化特征是可行的。     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the Mid-Holocene

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested with an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate responses of the mid-Holocene climate to different factors over China. Model simulations of the mid-Holocene climate change, especially the precipitation change, are in good agreement with the geologic records. Model results show that relative to the present day (PD) climate, the temperature over China increased in the mid-Holocene, and the increase in summer is more than that in winter. The summer monsoon strengthened over the eastern China north of 30°N, and the winter monsoon weakened over the whole eastern China; the precipitation increased over the west part of China, North China, and Northeast China, and decreased over the south part of China.The sensitive experiments indicate that changes in the global climate (large-scale circulation background),vegetation, earth orbital parameter, and CO2 concentration led to the mid-Holocene climate change relative to the PD climate, and changes in precipitation, temperature and wind fields were mainly affected by change of the large-scale circulation background, especially with its effect on precipitation exceeding 50%. Changes in vegetation resulted in increasing of temperature in both winter and summer over China, especially over eastern China; furthermore, its effect on precipitation in North China accounts for 25% of the total change.Change in the orbital parameter produced the larger seasonal variation of solar radiation in the mid-Holocene than the PD, which resulted in declining of temperature in winter and increasing in summer; and also had an important effect on precipitation with an effect equivalent to vegetation in Northeast China and North China. During the mid-Holocene, CO2 content was only 280×10-6, which reduced temperature in a very small magnitude. Therefore, factors affecting the mid-Holocene climate change over China from strong to weak are large-scale circulation pattern, vegetation, earth orbital parameter, and CO2 concentration.     

Spatiotemporal Variations of Cloud Amount over the Yangtze River Delta, China

Based on the NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmospheres Extended(PATMOS-x) monthly mean cloud amount data, variations of annual and seasonal mean cloud amount over the Yangtze River Delta(YRD), China were examined for the period 1982–2006 by using a linear regression analysis. Both total and high-level cloud amounts peak in June and reach minimum in December, mid-level clouds have a peak during winter months and reach a minimum in summer, and lowlevel clouds vary weakly throughout the year with a weak maximum from August to October. For the annual mean cloud amount, a slightly decreasing tendency(–0.6% sky cover per decade) of total cloud amount is observed during the studying period, which is mainly due to the reduction of annual mean high-level cloud amount(–2.2% sky cover per decade). Mid-level clouds occur least(approximately 15% sky cover) and remain invariant, while the low-level cloud amount shows a significant increase during spring(1.5% sky cover per decade) and summer(3.0% sky cover per decade). Further analysis has revealed that the increased low-level clouds during the summer season are mainly impacted by the local environment. For example,compared to the low-level cloud amounts over the adjacent rural areas(e.g., cropland, large water body, and mountain areas covered by forest), those over and around urban agglomerations rise more dramatically.     

基于卫星遥感的长江三角洲地表热环境人口暴露空间特征

研究城市地表热环境变化的时空演变规律对防灾减灾具有重要意义。本研究以卫星遥感的夜间灯光,植被指数,高程和坡度为自变量构建了适用于人口空间分布估算的随机森林模型,结合卫星遥感反演的地表温度数据,以2016年夏季为例,研究了1km分辨率的长江三角洲地区夏季地表热环境人口暴露分布特征。研究表明:(1)利用随机模型对长江三角洲2016年人口进行1000m格网空间化分布模拟,变量解释度达到80%,人口空间化结果接近实际。(2)人口密度高值区和夏季大部分月份内的地表热环境高温区和人口暴露高和极高风险区总体有较好的对应。6月皖北地区高温区面积增大导致地表热环境的人口暴露风险较高等级的面积比例高于其他月份。(3)在月和季节平均尺度上,地表高温热环境暴露极高和高风险区域面积极少,处于沿海地区、长江下游沿线以及各县区的中心城市;中等暴露风险区域主要分布在东部及中心城市周边地区;低暴露风险区分布在东北部内陆地区和东北部人口数量相对较少地区。     

珠江三角洲区域大气输送和扩散的季节特征

根据1985—2004年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用HYSPLIT扩散模式和虚拟源方法,模拟分析了珠江三角洲大气污染物的空间和时间分布状况,初步讨论了珠江三角洲大气输送和扩散的季节特征,及其长期变化趋势。结果表明:珠江三角洲大气的输送和扩散有明显的季节变化特征,春、夏季大气污染物汇聚区位于珠江三角洲的西北侧,秋、冬季位于偏西侧;春、夏季的汇聚区明显强于秋、冬季。春、夏季大气分别向珠江三角洲西北和偏北方向的山区输送和扩散,而秋、冬季则沿着较为平坦的粤西海岸,向西南偏西方向输送和扩散。秋、冬季大气污染物的滞留时间明显比春、夏季短。1985—2004年大气输送和扩散能力存在年际差异,其中以2004年的输送和扩散能力最弱、1996年最强。     

Numerical simulation of the impact of vegetation index on the interannual variation of summer precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

Two sets of numerical experiments using the coupled National Center for Environmental Prediction General Circulation Model （NCEP/GCM T42L18） and the Simplified Simple Biosphere land surface scheme （SSiB） were carried out to investigate the climate impacts of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） and leaf area index （LAI） on East Asia summer precipitation, especially in the Yellow River Basin （YRB）. One set employed prescribed FVC and LAI which have no interannual variations based on the climatology of vegetation distribution; the other with FVC and LAI derived from satellite observations of the International Satellite Land Surface Climate Project （ISLSCP） for 1987 and 1988. The simulations of the two experiments were compared to study the influence of FVC, LAI on summer precipitation interannual variation in the YRB. Compared with observations and the NCEP reanalysis data, the experiment that included both the effects of satellite-derived vegetation indexes and sea surface temperature （SST） produced better seasonal and interannual precipitation variations than the experiment with SST but no interannual variations in FVC and LAI, indicating that better representations of the vegetation index and its interannual variation may be important for climate prediction. The difference between 1987 and 1988 indicated that with the increase of FVC and LAI, especially around the YRB, surface albedo decreased, net surface radiation increased, and consequently local evaporation and precipitation intensified. Further more, surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature and its diurnal variation decreased around the YRB in response to more vegetation. The decrease of surface-emitting longwave radiation due to the cooler surface outweighed the decrease of surface solar radiation income with more cloud coverage, thus maintaining the positive anomaly of net surface radiation. Further study indicated that moisture flux variations associated with changes in the general circulation also contributed to the precipitation interannual variation.     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.II: In uence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed signi cantly. These changes have signi cant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to di erent mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sealand distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters.     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.Ⅱ: Influence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed significantly. These changes have significant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to different mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sea-land distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETATION COVER, ROUGHNESS AND ALBEDO DISTRIBUTION OVER CHINA*

To build land surface dataset for climate model,with application of remote sensing technique as well as the Geographic Information System(GIS),the data of surface type,roughness and albedo over China in 1997 were retrieved,resolutions being 10 km×10 km.Based on these data,an analysis is conducted on the geographic distributions and seasonal variations of surface vegetation cover and roughness as well as albedo over China.Results show that surface vegetation cover is mainly located to the south of Yangtze River,in Southwest and Northeast China andsparse vegetation cover is in the Northwest.The variation of land surface cover affects the variations of land surface roughness and albedo.High albedo occurred in the north of Xinjiang Autonomous Region,the north of Northeast China and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in winter,in correspondence with the location of snow cover.For most part of China,surface roughness decreases and albedo increases in winter,while the roughness increases and the albedo decreases in summer,which could mainly result from land surface cover(snow cover and vegetation cover)and soil moisture changes.This shows that the geographic distribution and seasonal variation of the albedo are almost opposite to those of the roughness,in agreement with theoretical results.Temporally,the amplitude of surface roughness change is quite small in comparison with the roughness itself.     

中国东部降水的极端特性及其气候特征分析

基于1960—2017年观测数据分析了中国东部降水极端特性的地区差异、季节和气候学特征及变化格局,探讨了与全球变化和区域气候变率的关联性。结果表明,极端性降水的演化与降水均值或总量的气候型态、降水集中性和持续性密切关联,尤其雨带迁移和雨型演替是影响极端性降水地区差异与时空演变的根本因素。气候变化背景下,中国东部极端性降水强度和频次变化存在较好的协同一致性,近60年来在长江以南,强度加大的地区极端性降水亦趋于频发。同时,两者季节特征和地区差异明显。春季东北地区及华北北部极端性降水强度和频次均有明显增加。近60年来夏季极端性降水强度和频次的趋势变化在长江以南均以增加为主,以北以下降为主。秋季极端性降水强度和频次在华北地区亦呈增加趋势。冬季华南和江南地区极端性降水强度和频次趋势变化均以增加为主。华北地区及以北和内蒙古的西部冬季极端性降水强度增加显著,但频次变化不明显。而东北地区北部冬季极端性降水在强度减小的情形下,其频次仍趋显著增加。特别是中国降水主要集中在夏季,自1980年代以来中国东部夏季多雨带南移,雨型以北方型和中间型占优,转换为以长江型和华南型为主,多雨带的极端性降水群发性强,影响指数显著增加。此外,太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)暖位相及ENSO暖事件期间,长江以北夏季极端性降水的影响指数会显著降低。而东亚夏季风的减弱则有利于长江中下游等地区夏季极端性降水的频发和群发,极端性降水强度加大,其影响的危险性趋于增强。      

黑河实验区地表植被指数的区域分布及季节变化

利用具有较高空间分辨率的Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ ＴＭ卫星资料估算了黑河实验区夏季和近冬季地表标准化差值植被指数ＮＤＶＩ,分析了ＮＤＶＩ的区域分布特征和季节变化。结果表明,由于该实验区下垫面的复杂性,ＮＤＶＩ表现出明显的空间和季节变化,ＮＤＶＩ的图像能够很好地反映出地表植被的分布状况。