人工与自动观测静风的差异分析与应用

利用2000—2010年全国2195个国家站人工观测转为自动观测时期各站2年的资料,对2 min风向、风速进行对比分析,统计了人工与自动观测静风的差异,研究了引起差异的原因,并探索了年静风频率的应用方法。结果表明:全国人工观测的平均年静风频率为26.3%,自动观测为10.0%,平均风速越大,年静风频率越低,自动与人工观测的差异越小。湖北省平行观测期第一、第二年人工观测的平均年静风频率分别为29.1%、28.8%,自动观测较人工观测分别少18.1%和1 2.4%。造成该差异的主要原因是人工观测风速时,采取四舍五入保留整数位的方式,当风速0.5 m·s~(-1)时记录为静风,而自动观测风速≤0.2 m·s~(-1)时记录为静风。评估湖北省平行观测期第二年自动与人工观测年静风频率差异,将自动观测静风按人工观测方式处理后平均年静风频率为22.8%,与平行观测期第二年人工观测的对比差为-6.0%,较订正前(-12.4%)有明显减少。     

密云气象站探测环境对风观测影响的定量评估

利用密云、上甸子气象站逐时风资料,分析了两站20年风速变化特征。在此基础上,采用CFD模式研究了密云站周边障碍物对观测场风速的定量影响。(1) 2004年后密云站探测环境对观测场风速造成了严重影响,2004—2013年年平均风速较1994—2003年的平均风速减小了27.2%,主导风级下降。(2) 8个方位4种风速条件的64组算例CFD模拟显示,模拟结果能较好地体现密云站风速衰减的现象,其中,在SW、W、NW方向模拟衰减量较观测资料分析的衰减量大,说明该方向探测环境在前后阶段是逐渐变化的。S、SE、N方向模拟结果与观测资料分析较为一致,说明前后两个阶段的变化确实是由周围建筑物变化引起的。E和NE方向虽建筑物影响不明显,但树木的存在是导致密云站风速降低的主要原因,风速衰减率可达20%左右。     

百里风区代表站大风资料的连续性及其特征分析

选取新疆百里风区代表站51495旧站址(七角井国家基本气象站)1956—1998年和新站址(十三间房国家基本气象站)1999—2016年逐月大风日数、平均风速、最多风向,以及迁站前后对比观测和平行观测等资料进行分析,采用线性回归、相关分析、均一性检验等方法,分析资料的连续性及大风的年、季、月变化特征及趋势。结果表明:迁站后资料序列呈现出不连续性,未通过t检验,资料无法连续使用。十三间房站在迁站前年大风日数呈显著的波动上升趋势,倾向率为6.74 d·(10 a)~(-1),其中夏季增加最明显;年平均风速呈微弱的减小趋势,倾向率为-0.01 m·s~(-1)·(10 a)~(-1),秋季下降最显著;年主导风向以北风(N)和静风为主。迁站后年大风日数呈显著减少趋势,递减率为-6.72 d·(10 a)~(-1),其中春季减小最明显;年平均风速减小趋势较迁站前明显,倾向率为-0.31 m·s~(-1)·(10 a)~(-1),除了冬季其它三季下降趋势基本相似;年和各季主导风向发生频率基本一致,以偏北风(N、NNW、NNE)为主。     

1961—2004年黑龙江省近地层风速变化趋势分析

利用1961—2004年地面风速资料,分析了黑龙江省近地层风速变化趋势特征,并对比了国家气象站与农垦气象站风速变化的异同,最后探讨了黑龙江省近地层风速对气候变暖、人类活动的响应。结果表明:(1)近44年来,除极少数测站外,黑龙江省大部分地区年和四季风速呈现显著减小趋势;春季平均风速减小最大,为1.74 m·s~(-1);冬季次之,为1.40 m·s~(-1);秋季较小,为1.33 m·s~(-1);夏季最小,为0.99 m·s~(-1)。(2)国家气象站与农垦气象站风速均呈现减小趋势,但农垦气象站减小幅度小于国家气象站,这可能与1978年以来黑龙江省城市化进程加快有关。(3)黑龙江省近地层风速的减小与气候变暖和人类对土地利用方式的改变有一定关系。     

关于是否漏记大风现象的判据的讨论

本文选用了本省六个台站的日最大风速≥10.0m·s~(-1)及日瞬时极大风速≥17.0m·s~(-1)的资料进行了统计,分析了日最大风速与日瞬时极大风速的相关关系,提出了当日最大风速≥14.0m·s~(-1)时,即有可能产生瞬时风≥17.0m·s~(-1)的大风现象。     

不同季节天气条件下风廓线雷达测风精度分析

采用建瓯风廓线雷达(CFL-06)观测资料,分析不同季节天气条件下风廓线雷达的测风精度,同时还选取了永安风廓线雷达(CFL-03)数据进行了对比分析。结果表明,四个季节在探测高度低于4 km时,获得的对称波束水平风分量差值的平均值很小,且小于0.5m·s~(-1),标准差值也比较一致,且小于10 m·s~(-1),探测精度均较好。当探测高度超过4 km后,春、冬两季对称波束水平风分量差值的平均值和标准差值开始增大,在7.1 km高度平均值和标准差值达到最大,分别为9 m·s~(-1)和28 m·s~(-1),夏、秋两季探测精度高于春、冬两季的。在探测高度低于4 km时,不同季节4种方法计算的垂直速度基本一致,以春季大气最为均匀,其次是冬季的,夏、秋两季的最差。在探测高度超过5 km后,春、冬两季4种方法计算的垂直速度偏差增加较快,最大分别为0.9 m·s~(-1)和1.0 m·s~(-1),夏季4种方法计算的垂直速度偏差较小。夏、冬季水平风向和风速测量精度优于春、秋两季的,秋季测量精度最低,水平风速标准差值在0.0～1.5 m·s~(-1)和水平风向标准差值在0～15°范围内所占比例分别只有51.6%和54.0%。总的来说,风向和风速测量精度普遍不高,需要进一步改进算法,减少计算误差,提高探测性能。     

基于名单控制方法的探空测风数据质量分析

提出一种基于观测数据获取率、获取准时率、质量控制正确率和模式一致率的综合名单控制方法,使用2019年全国120个探空站测风数据对该方法进行验证,并对观测数据质量进行分析。结果显示:名单控制可以有效检查出观测数据存在问题的站点,名单站点观测数据相对于模式数据存在明显的系统性偏差,偏差和均方根误差相对于全国平均值都显著偏大。探空测风数据质量较好,四季风向、风速观测数据和模式数据较为一致,偏差分别在±1°和±1.5 m·s~(-1)内;秋季风向一致性较好;夏季和冬季风速一致性低于春季和秋季;风向一致性春季和夏季随气压减小先减小后增大,秋季和冬季则相反;风速一致性随气压减小基本呈三峰型变化。     

武汉青山长江公路大桥设计的风参数研究

利用黄陂气象站、武汉青山长江公路大桥桥位处新建的测风塔和湖北省农展中心自动气象站风资料,采用极值I型分布法对武汉青山长江公路大桥设计的风参数进行研究,结果表明:(1)桥位区10 m高度年最大、极大风速为分别为17.0 m·s~(-1)、20.9 m·s~(-1),年均大风日数为5.8 d,年最多风向为NNE;(2)气象站100 a重现期10 m高度10 min平均年最大风速(基本风速)为25.6 m·s~(-1),桥位处100 a重现期10 m高度10 min平均年最大风速(设计风速)为29.0 m·s~(-1);(3)风速较大时水平动量的垂直湍流通量较风速小时大、湍流参数较风速小时小、湍流谱密度值较风速小时增大1～2个量级;极大风速发生时1 h内的风攻角为0°～3°。     

三沙市永兴岛低空风的变化

该文利用2003年3月—2011年12月三沙市高空气象探测站L波段雷达探空资料,分析了三沙低空风的变化特征。结果表明:三沙2006年3月—2011年12月高空气象探测站所测地面—1 500 m不同高度的风向变化大致相同,各层风中主要盛行NE、ENE、SSW风;静风出现最少,其次是NW、WNW、NNW风向;春季地面—1 500 m高度的风向分布为双峰形状,主要集中在NE-ENE、SSE-SSW,夏季、秋季、冬季地面—1 500 m高度的风向分布为单峰形状,夏季风向主要集中在SWSW,秋季风向主要集中在NE-E,冬季风向主要集中在NNE-ENE;地面—1 500 m的各层风中,地面平均风速最小,500 m低空平均风速最大;地面—500 m高度的风从夏季至冬季都逐渐增大,1 000~1 500 m从春季至秋季增大,冬季反而减小;地面—1 500 m平均风速11—12月份最大,3—4月份风速最小。     

吉林地面和高空风速变化特征及成因分析

利用1975-2012年吉林50个地面气象站观测资料和3个探空站测风资料,对地面和0.5~40km高空风速的时空变化特征进行了分析,并分析了高、低空风速变化的原因。结果表明:吉林地面(10 m)年和四季平均风速均呈现中西部和东部近海区较大、东南部地区较小的空间分布特征;近38年吉林地面年平均风速平均每10年减少0.21 m·s~(-1),高于全国平均和大部分区域平均,大风区或大风季节的风速减小幅度最大;在1975-2012年期间,吉林高空风速随高度增加呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,对流层和平流层下层的夏季平均风速趋于减小,冬季平均风速趋于增加,而且冬季风速增加对年平均风速增加的贡献最大。大气环流系统对吉林地面和高空风速均有影响,城市化的发展、观测环境的改变减小了地面风速。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.