2008年北京一次春季层状云探测分析

利用云和降水探测设备（DMT-PMS）对一次层状云降水过程进行了探测。分析发现CAS（云及气溶胶粒子探头）在该弱降水云中测得的云粒子平均浓度大于FSSP在其他地区层状云中所测平均值,CIP（二维云粒子图像探头）与2D-C及2D-GA2所测冰晶粒子平均浓度接近,PIP（二维降水粒子探头）与2D-P所测降水粒子平均浓度相当。观测发现云区雪晶浓度与冰晶浓度呈正相关关系,在冰晶浓度〈10^4个／m^3时,雪晶、冰晶浓度之比与冰晶浓度为负相关关系;在冰晶浓度〉10^4个/m^3的时刻,雪晶、冰晶浓度之比不因冰晶浓度变化而变化。温度为-10～-12℃的云区云水条件丰富,有较多的冰晶在该层孕育;降水粒子在温度-7～-10℃的云区生长。温度为-5～-7℃的云区云水不丰富,降水粒子蒸发变小;温度为-4～-5℃的云区仅有少量的降水粒子。     

吉林省一次层状云降水宏微观特征的观测研究

利用长春2004年7月5日一次降水过程的飞机观测资料,结合天气图、卫星云图及雷达回波等资料,综合分析了本次热带气旋影响下降水过程中云系的宏微观特征.研究表明,降水性层状云微观垂直结构配置可以分为4个发展层:云顶附近是核化和凝华增长区;-4～-7 ℃为云滴和冰粒子活跃增长层;0～-4 ℃为固态粒子聚合及云滴蒸发层;0 ℃层以下是雨滴碰并增长和云滴凝结增长区.2D-P观测的粒子的平均直径、最大直径、峰值直径的峰值集中在融化层附近,与融化层回波亮带对应.用同一种形式的密度分布函数N(r)=mrfexp(-ar br2-cr3)来拟合暖层小云滴、大云滴和雨滴的谱分布,拟合结果与观测的谱分布吻合较好,拟合出的平均直径、均方根直径、数浓度以及含水量与观测值也较接近,相对误差小.     

1963年4-6月吉林地区降水性层状冷云中的冰晶与雪晶

1963年4—6月,在吉林地区15次降水性层状冷云的飞行中,用铝箔取样器观测了云中的冰晶与雪晶,共取得432份样品资料。本文将利用这些资料,研究降水性层状冷云中冰晶与雪晶的一般特征。其结论有:(1)云中冰晶(直径为1.1—0.3毫米)的平均浓度为26.2个升~(-1),雪晶(平均直径为1毫米)的平均浓度为0.18个升~(-1);(2)浓度频率的分布较集中,大多集中出现于平均值的一倍以内;(3)云中冰晶与雪晶的平均状况与云顶温度及高度密切相关,云顶温度愈低,高度愈高,云中冰晶与雪晶的平均浓度愈大;(4)云中不同温度或不同高度处的冰晶与雪晶状况是不同的。     

河套低压降水性层状云的云雨特征

1963—1978年,使用飞机,对河套低压的降水性层状云作了21架次的云雾物理探测,结合天气分析与统计计算发现: 1.系统各部位层状云云状不一,对应云层的宏观特征及降水强度也有差别。 2.系统的平均冰质点浓度在 10~(-2)个/升—10~2个/升之间,其各部位浓度、浓度的垂直分布及晶形出现频数都不一样。液态含水量在 0—0.77克/米~3之间,平均为 0.122克/米~3,各部位液态含水量虽有差别,但都是正温层较大,负温层较小,到-10℃层以上已很少见液态水存在。 3.系统层状云的降水强度和系统部位、云厚、正温层厚度、云底温度以及平均液态水含量相关较好,而和云顶温度、冰云厚度及冰质点平均浓度相关不好,可用—多元迴归方程来拟合     

河套低压降水性层状元的云雨特征

1963—1978年,使用飞机,对河套低压的降水性层状云作了21架次的云雾物理探测,结合天气分析与统计计算发现: 1.系统各部位层状云云状不一,对应云层的宏观特征及降水强度也有差别。 2.系统的平均冰质点浓度在 10~(-2)个/升—10~2个/升之间,其各部位浓度、浓度的垂直分布及晶形出现频数都不一样。液态含水量在 0—0.77克/米~3之间,平均为 0.122克/米~3,各部位液态含水量虽有差别,但都是正温层较大,负温层较小,到-10℃层以上已很少见液态水存在。 3.系统层状云的降水强度和系统部位、云厚、正温层厚度、云底温度以及平均液态水含量相关较好,而和云顶温度、冰云厚度及冰质点平均浓度相关不好,可用—多元迴归方程来拟合     

不同天气系统层状云微物理特征个例分析

利用PMS粒子测量系统和机载温湿仪观测获取的吉林省2007年5月15日高空槽和5月28日冷涡天气下降水云垂直探测资料,对比分析了两次不同天气系统下形成降水过程中云系的宏微观结构特征。结果发现,高空槽影响下的As云中云滴数浓度最大值比冷涡影响的As-Sc云系高一倍;液态水含量方面,高空槽系统下As云中在0℃附近取得最大值,冷涡系统下As-Sc云系中,最大值出现在上层As云中-4.8℃左右处。高空槽系统影响下的As云中,FSSP-100、2D-C和2D-P探测到的粒子数浓度、含水量和平均直径随高度呈不均匀性分布;而冷涡影响的As-Sc云中,FSSP-100测得As云中粒子平均直径远大于Sc,2D-C和2D-P探测到的上层As云中粒子浓度和液态含水量分布相对均匀,而下层Sc中粒子浓度、液态含水量值和平均直径都很小,这是由于云层之间存在干层,使As云中的部分大云滴和雨滴在下降过程中迅速蒸发,不利于降水形成。不同高度层FSSP-100测得的粒子平均谱分布均差异较大。对云中可播性进行研究,结果发现高空槽影响的As云中可播区均为强可播区,冷涡系统影响的As-Sc云中可播区的1/2为强可播区。     

河南春季一次层状冷云的微物理结构特征分析

利用2007年3月3日PMS粒子测量系统对河南层状云的探测资料,分析了云的微物理结构特征。结果表明,云垂直和水平分布不均匀特性很明显。在云的中上部,FSSP-100测量的小云粒子(云滴、冰晶)最大浓度为125个·cm~(-1),平均值为21.3个·cm~(-1),平均直径多在6～20μm。2D-C观测大云粒子(50d≤300μm)随高度上升浓度增多,浓度值变化在5.24～192个·L~(-1),平均直径为211μm。此层云中过冷液态水含量变化在0.035～0.118 g·m~(-3),随高度增加过冷液态水含量减少。在云的底部区域,观测到两个逆温层顶的下方分别存在有云水含量的峰值。由不同高度云粒子谱分析表明,在4046～4600 m高度层,粒子谱型有负指数型、单峰型、双峰型和多峰型;0℃层以下融化带内的粒子谱型多为负指数型;云的底部粒子谱型以负指数型和单峰型为主。     

东北冷涡中尺度云系降水机制研究 I: 观测分析

利用机载云粒子测量系统等仪器对2003年7月8日冷涡云系的积层混合云探测的资料,分析冷涡云系中的微物理结构、微物理过程和降水形成机制.结果表明:在4km以上高度,2-DC粒子浓度随高度快速增加,而粒子平均直径逐渐减小,粒子在下落过程中获得了增长.积层混合云中对流云在垂直方向上出现明显的分层的微物理结构:4.6km以上高度只存在针状冰晶;4.5～3.5 km高度,存在过冷水和冰相粒子.过冷水含量较高,冰相粒子除针状冰晶外,还有少量冰雪晶聚合体或霰粒子,其中在紧靠0℃层之上的3.5km高度,主要存在冰雪晶聚合体或霰粒子.在紧靠0℃层之下,粒子为椭球形,还有一些未完全融化的冰晶,再降低200 m高度,粒子完全是球形,这里完全是雨滴.降水粒子主要是雨水.云系液态水含量十分丰富,过冷水含量最大值可达3.3 g/m3,云体上部也达到2.0 g/m3.云垂直方向上微物理结构分析表明,云中冰晶除了通过冰核核化形成外,可能还存在冰晶的繁生过程.冰晶产生后通过聚并进一步长大,撞冻过冷水也是冰雪晶增长的方式之一.在云的暖区降水粒子为雨滴,其中至少有一部分是由冰相粒子(冰晶聚合体或霰粒子)融化形成.因此冷云过程参与了降水形成过程.     

1995和1996年春季北京地区大气冰核浓度的观测与研究

利用毕格型混合云室于1995和1996-春季在北京西郊观测了4种温度条件下的大气冰核浓度.分析了冰核浓度逐日变化特点,与1963-的观测(方法相同)结果进行了对比分析.发现30 a来,冰核浓度平均约增加了15倍.根据严重污染天气条件下能见度与冰核浓度的相关分析,推测人类活动作为冰核源的权重,冰核浓度增加.分析发现大气中高活性冰核在大气中的滞留时间明显小于低活性冰核.结合冰核活性与粒子尺度的相关,分析推测了大气冰核浓度随高度递减的特点,推测高活性冰核随高度递减更快.分析中参考了世界各地的观测结果,并对不同观测方法观测的结果进行了分析对比,对其中一些地区差异和特点进行了探讨.冰晶浓度与云中气溶胶粒子浓度的相关分析表明,两者有较好的正相关关系.高冰晶浓度常对应有较窄的粒子谱和较小的浓度峰值直径.利用飞机观测的云中雪粒子浓度与冰粒子浓度资料分析结果表明两者有正相关;初步分析表明,大气冰核浓度除对冰云微结构和云中降水过程有重要影响外;还可能对云的辐射特征产生影响,从而影响大气气候过?＃     

一次东北冷涡中对流云带的宏微物理结构探测研究

利用2003年7月8日的东北冷涡中对流云带的飞机穿云观测资料，结合雷达、卫星云图及天气图等资料，详细分析了此次冷涡对流云带的宏观特征、微物理结构，并对降水形成机制进行初步探讨。此次东北冷涡对流云系具有明显的带状水平回波结构，中等强度，垂直尺度小（小于6 km），云过冷液态水含量丰富，最大可达3.3 g/m3，云的上部过冷水含量也达到2.0 g/m3。对流云带的上部存在冰粒子高浓度区，最大值为1062 L-1，出现在5242 m（-6.8℃） 处，这些冰粒子在高过冷水含量区的快速长大对降水产生起到重要作用。云滴直径与云滴浓度在0℃层附近呈现负相关性；通过分析解释了上升气流强的区域有更小的云滴粒子和冰晶粒子的原因，上升气流的作用造成了0℃层以下粒子浓度的积累。在弱上升气流区，2-DC观测的粒子浓度，高浓度区对应小粒子多，低浓度区对应大粒子多。并初步探讨了冷涡对流云带可能存在冰晶繁生过程。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.