纬向切变线暴雨落区的精细化分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对纬向切变线的暴雨落区进行精细化分析。结果表明:虽然低层切变线的位置对暴雨落区很重要,但不是判断暴雨落区的唯一依据。影响系统的空间结构及冷暖空气的相互作用对暴雨落区的精细化预报至关重要。当东北地区有冷空气入侵,山东省为一致东北风时,除了与切变线对应的暴雨区,还有因锋面抬升作用造成的地面东北风中的暴雨区;而当东北地区为暖低压,850 hPa冷中心盘踞山东省时,切变线南侧西南暖湿气流强盛,此时暴雨区位于切变线南侧和地面静止锋之间的鲁南地区;风场辐合中心往往和高湿舌对应,高湿舌前部和风场辐合中心附近是暴雨落区。     

低空冷式切变线引发区域性大暴雨成因分析

应用常规资料、自动站雨量资料、卫星云图及雷达资料,对2009年5月9-10日发生在鲁西北和鲁中北部的一次区域性大暴雨进行分析。分析发现,低层冷式切变线是引发大暴雨的主要系统,暴雨主要产生在低空冷式切变线右侧、西南低涡的东北象限以及低空急流的左前方,也是高低空急流耦合区。副高西侧的西南急流建立起从南海到华北中部的水汽通道,为大暴雨的发生发展提供暖湿空气和能量,使得低涡辐合加强,是低层切变线长时间停滞的必要条件。地面锋面气旋则是暴雨开始的启动机制,锋后东北冷空气与西南暖湿空气在山东上空交汇,促使对流发展和不稳定能量释放产生暴雨。在低层辐合、高层弱辐散的情况下,暴雨区低涡的涡动作用使得水汽块运动加强。多个对流单体合并形成的中尺度对流系统(MCS)经过大暴雨区,雷达回波表现为层状云为主的混合回波带,说明对流并不旺盛。     

西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨的异同特征分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料,通过对2007年四川盆地盛夏3次西南低涡与不同系统相互作用时形成四川盆地暴雨过程的环流特征、影响系统以及风暴相对螺旋度、湿位涡、水汽通量等物理量场特征进行对比分析,找出西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨过程中各物理量的异同点。分析表明,西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的共同点是：暴雨发生在西南低涡中心附近,西南低涡暴雨区内存在着稳定的上升气流和水汽辐合,伴有明显的能量释放特征,西南低涡暴雨都是发生在对流层中层螺旋度大值区,强降水一般出现在对流层低层MPV1〈0同时MPV2≥0的范围内,都具有“低层正涡度辐合,高层负涡度辐散”的典型暴雨动力结构。西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的不同点是：在西南低涡与高原低涡形成暴雨机制中高空急流的作用十分重要,在西南低涡与切变线形成暴雨机制中低空急流的动力作用十分明显,而深厚的西南低涡暴雨高低空急流作用不是十分重要。在西南低涡与切变线或深厚的西南低涡形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用明显,对流层高层MPV1正值区叠加在低层MPV1负值中心上,而与高原低涡相配合形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用不明显,不具有MPV1下负上正的结构。深厚的西南低涡暴雨是非移动的,而西南低涡与高原低涡或切变线形成的暴雨是移动性的。     

西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨的异同特征分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料,通过对2007年四川盆地盛夏3次西南低涡与不同系统相互作用时形成四川盆地暴雨过程的环流特征、影响系统以及风暴相对螺旋度、湿位涡、水汽通量等物理量场特征进行对比分析,找出西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨过程中各物理量的异同点。分析表明,西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的共同点是:暴雨发生在西南低涡中心附近,西南低涡暴雨区内存在着稳定的上升气流和水汽辐合,伴有明显的能量释放特征,西南低涡暴雨都是发生在对流层中层螺旋度大值区,强降水一般出现在对流层低层MPV1<0同时MPV2≧0的范围内,都具有“低层正涡度辐合,高层负涡度辐散”的典型暴雨动力结构。西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的不同点是:在西南低涡与高原低涡形成暴雨机制中高空急流的作用十分重要,在西南低涡与切变线形成暴雨机制中低空急流的动力作用十分明显,而深厚的西南低涡暴雨高低空急流作用不是十分重要。在西南低涡与切变线或深厚的西南低涡形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用明显,对流层高层MPV1正值区叠加在低层MPV1负值中心上,而与高原低涡相配合形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用不明显,不具有MPV1下负上正的结构。深厚的西南低涡暴雨是非移动的,而西南低涡与高原低涡或切变线形成的暴雨是移动性的。      

河北盛夏2次大暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规天气资料、NCEP再分析资料、地面区域站和多普勒天气雷达资料对比分析了2012年7月21~22日罕见特大暴雨和2011年7月24日大暴雨的天气形势、水汽条件、动力条件以及中尺度影响系统。分析发现:这2次暴雨过程都是低槽冷锋类暴雨过程,中尺度影响系统也基本相同,降水效率相当,但降水极值和暴雨范围相差很大;充足的水汽输送、强的动力条件和高降水效率是2012年7月21~22日极端降水的原因之一,河北中部长达6 h列车效应是这次极端降水的关键原因;低层θse锋区和切变线南侧急流的有利配置是造成河北中部列车效应的关键原因,是低槽冷锋类暴雨强降水持续时间和能否出现极端降水的预报着眼点之一;锋面前侧的地面中尺度辐合线是主要中尺度影响系统,强降水落区沿地面中尺度辐合线分布,根据地面中尺度辐合线的演变预报暴雨的落区比依据低层低涡东南象限预报暴雨落区更精确。     

急流切变线暴雨的诊断分析

一、前言 通常,梅雨雨带位于低空700hPa江淮切变线及地面静止锋之间,如果切变线上有西南涡东移,在长江中下游地区往往有锋面气旋生成并伴有暴雨。此时雨带和暴雨区可用切交线和地面锋加以确定。当地面锋很弱     

2011年福建省雨季首场暴雨过程分析

利用常规资料和NCEP每6h一次的全球再分析资料(水平分辨率为1°×1°),对2011年福建省雨季首场暴雨过程进行分析.结果表明:福建处于中层的南支槽前西南气流和西风槽后西北气流的交汇区、高空急流入口区的南侧辐散区、低层切变及地面锋面附近辐合区,有利于强降雨过程产生.强降水期间,福建省处在高能区,且大气不稳定和水汽输送条件充沛.本次过程,福建省水平运动锋生较强,强锋生带有利于低层辐合.强降水区和水平运动锋生场相对应.湿位涡的子项即经向涡度和相当位温经向梯度的相互作用项负值中心及强负值区与锋面降水也有较好的对应关系.     

几类区域性暴雨雷达回波模型

以2007-2008年湖北省暴雨过程为研究对象,按区域性暴雨过程的定义,通过分析地面雨量资料筛选出32次区域性暴雨过程.在对比分析多普勒天气雷达反射率因子回波形态、结构、暴雨落区以及主要影响天气系统的基础上,概括了湖北省区域性暴雨雷达回波模型.结果表明:典型区域性暴雨雷达回波形态有逗点状暴雨回波、涡旋状暴雨回波、涡带结合型暴雨回波和带状暴雨回波等4类,它们分别与锋面上中尺度气旋波扰动、川东低涡系统的发展、低涡发展与梅雨锋结合和气旋波上准静止锋面切变线的形成等紧密相关.     

准静止锋背景下的贵州两次暴雨天气过程对比分析

该文利用常规探空资料、地面观测资料及NCEP1.0°×1.0°再分析资料,对2014年6月9日08时—10日08时(简称9日,下同)和6月26日08时—27日08时(简称26日,下同)贵州出现的两次暴雨过程进行对比分析,结果表明:①两次暴雨均集中分布在20时准静止锋附近及其偏南一侧,跨越纬度约1°,其分布与环流垂直结构有较好的对应关系。②9日暴雨落区主要集中在贵州西南部,呈团状分布,降水时段比较集中;26日暴雨落区位于贵州南部一线,呈不连续的带状分布,降水时段偏长;9日08时准静止锋位于滇东,26日08时准静止锋位于贵州东北部,结合两次暴雨落区与准静止锋位置变化,暴雨落区与滇黔准静止锋摆动有极大的关系。③9日暴雨的水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾西南气流;26日暴雨的水汽受孟加拉湾偏西气流和副高外围西南气流共同作用。9日暴雨位于反气旋底后部东南气流与偏西气流交汇处,26日暴雨发生在低涡前部偏西南气流与偏南气流的交汇处。④9日暴雨垂直上升运动大值中心位于贵州西南部,26日暴雨垂直上升运动大值中心分别位于贵州西南部和东南部,暴雨落区与垂直上升运动大值中心有较好的对应关系;9日暴雨在贵州西南部上空存在低层辐合—中高层辐散—高层辐合的配置,26日暴雨在贵州东南部上空存在低层辐合—中高层辐散—高层辐合的配置,高、低空抽吸作用对暴雨发生提供了有利条件。     

近30a山东首场暴雨的气候特征及环流形势

利用1985~2014年山东122个国家气象观测站降水资料及1999~2014年天气图资料,统计分析近30 a山东首场暴雨的气候特征,归纳分析了山东首场暴雨的影响系统及环流形势。结果表明:山东首场暴雨多发生在4~5月,以局地暴雨为主,大范围暴雨次之。降水具有明显的日变化特征,夜间和清晨大、白天小。鲁西南和半岛地区是首场暴雨的易发区,但2区域的暴雨分布特征截然不同:首场暴雨在半岛地区出现频次较高,但最大日雨量和小时雨量并不大;鲁西南地区出现频次高,且最大日雨量和小时雨量也大。山东首场暴雨的影响系统有温带气旋和低涡切变线2类。温带气旋影响下以局地暴雨和大范围暴雨为主,低涡切变线影响下以区域暴雨为主。其中,半岛和鲁南地区较易受江淮气旋影响产生暴雨,鲁西北和鲁中地区则受低涡切变线影响较多。地面气旋位置是预报气旋类暴雨落区的重要指标,暴雨多出现在地面气旋倒槽顶端;850 h Pa形势场是预报低涡切变线类暴雨落区的重要指标,暴雨多出现在850 h Pa低涡切变线与地面倒槽顶端东南气流(暖区)中。气旋影响下的首场暴雨,其动力和水汽条件占主导,而低涡切变线影响下的热力条件是导致暴雨的主要因素。西南暖湿气流带来的充足水汽是首场暴雨发生的必要条件,冷空气侵入或冷暖空气交汇是暴雨形成的重要原因。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.