山东省S波段与C波段天气雷达回波强度的对比分析

山东省济南市的S波段天气雷达与泰山山顶处的C波段雷达相距67 km。为了定量分析两部雷达扫描观测的回波强度在不同个例中的差异程度,从2007—2010年两部雷达观测中选出10次有明显回波的个例,对3个高度的CAPPI及相同观测区域的格点化回波强度资料进行对比分析。结果表明:10次个例的整体对比中,两部雷达在3个高度(2、3、4 km)的CAPPI回波强度资料的概率密度有较好的相似性;两部雷达回波强度均值随着选取高度增加而增大,每个高度上S波段均值较C波段大2 dBz左右。其中,6次降雨个例3 km的CAPPI资料对比中,一次平均强度小于30 dBz的降水过程,且强回波所占比例较小,C波段雷达衰减小,两部雷达测量回波强度一致性最好;其余5次过程中,S波段雷达测量的平均回波强度值均在30 dBz以上,且强回波所占比例较多,C波段由于衰减等原因,两部雷达的测量存在不同程度的差异。     

新疆C波段多普勒雷达地物回波识别方法应用研究

地物回波直接影响雷达定量探测降水物质以及雷达资料同化的应用，基于回波纹理变化以及径向速度参数开展新疆C波段多普勒雷达地物回波识别方法应用研究。通过雷达探测范围内第一层至第三层仰角地形遮挡与FY-2H总云量信息，对不同天气条件下新疆伊宁、喀什两部雷达低层仰角的地物回波识别方法效果进行定性分析，结果表明：晴空天气条件下，该方法不仅能够有效识别雷达站附近的地物回波，同时对因地形遮挡引起的地物回波也能进行有效识别；在降水天气条件下，能够有效识别地物回波且未对降水回波造成误判；高分辨率的地形数据以及卫星产品对雷达地物回波的识别有一定指导意义，可作为判定因子进一步改进雷达质控方法。     

Ka波段毫米波云雷达对青藏高原东南缘降水回波的分析

利用丽江站新建的Ka波段毫米波云雷达获得的高时间分辨率的垂直观测资料,结合同址的地面自动气象站和雨滴谱的分钟数据、常规探空数据和附近C波段天气雷达的强度回波,分析了两次降水过程前后云雷达反射率因子Z、径向速度Vr、速度谱宽Sw的垂直变化规律。分析表明：在发生弱降水时,云雷达Z在垂直方向的变化不明显;但Vr、Sw值在0℃层稍低位置有一个明显的分界层（融化层）,粒子通过融化层后Vr、Sw都是快速变大,这个变化主要是粒子的相态由固态变成液态引发的,可以通过Vr、Sw突变值的位置来识别0℃层亮带的高度。从C波段天气雷达回波强度、剖面图及云雷达位置的时间-高度图看,对毛毛雨和小雨的回波,强度和高度差异比较明显,毛毛雨比小雨回波高度低、强度弱,与云雷达相比C波段雷达对高一些的云观测不到,对距离较远的弱降水回波无法观测到;由于相同粒子对不同波长电磁波的散射不一样,造成两种雷达垂直方向观测到的Z变化不同。对比弱降水回波,云雷达在强降水时：Z出现缺口;Vr在0℃层以上有较大的正值（弱降水的Vr都是负值）;在0℃层以上Sw变得更大（弱降水时Sw在0℃层以上值较小,在0℃层以下较大）。在强降水时,从C波段雷达回波强度时间-高度图看,垂直方向回波强度变化明显,在同一时刻回波强度由地面向空中的变化是逐渐减小的;不同时间同一高度层强度也有变化,云雷达雨衰缺口时段回波明显强于其他时段。在个例分析中,发生分钟降水量在0.3mm以下强度的降水,云雷达可以观测到完整的云信息;发生分钟降水量在0.5mm以上强度的降水,云雷达会有严重的雨衰,无法观测到完整的云信息。     

C波段多普勒天气雷达地物识别方法

地物回波对雷达数据应用会造成负面影响,是影响定量降水估测等产品精度的重要因素,识别并剔除地物回波是雷达基数据质量控制的一个重要内容。该文在现有S波段雷达地物识别方法的基础上,使用长治、哈尔滨两部CINRAD/CC雷达2011年观测数据,对C波段雷达地物回波特征进行分析,改进识别参量的隶属函数,建立适合C波段多普勒天气雷达的地物识别方法 (MCC方法),并对该方法进行效果检验。结果表明:S波段及C波段雷达地物回波与回波强度有关的参量分布较为相近,与降水回波的参量分布有明显区别;S波段雷达地物识别方法中与回波强度有关的参量可用于C波段雷达地物的识别,与速度有关的参量中仅中值速度可用于C波段雷达。通过统计分析与个例分析,相对于现有S波段雷达识别方法,MCC方法可显著提高C波段雷达地物回波的识别正确率,并可减少层状云降水回波的误判。     

对一次切变线大暴雨的多普勒雷达回波特征的分析

利用荆州市气象局可移动式C波段多普勒天气雷达回波强度场资料和速度场资料，对2002年7月22～23日发生在荆州市的一次切变线大暴雨的天气形势、多普勒雷达回波特征进行了初步分析。结果表明：利用多普勒雷达回波的强度场和速度场资料不仅能较好地判断暴雨的发生、发展，还能较好地分析暴雨形式下的空间风场结构，为暴雨的预报提供极为有利的依据。     

强对流天气雷达回波强度相关性对比分析

为了提高山区复杂地形条件下局地强对流天气监测预警能力,有效减小天气雷达之间对降水目标物回波的测量误差,选取贵阳、毕节、遵义三部多普勒天气雷达同步观测体扫资料,以贵阳多普勒天气雷达站为基准,对比分析了强对流天气的雷达回波强度的变化特征。初步分析结果表明:贵阳与遵义、毕节雷达之间观测的回波强度具有一致性的波动特征,且存在较大的相关性;贵阳雷达观测的回波强度总体低于毕节、遵义雷达观测数据结果;两部雷达之间回波强度差异主要是由云和降水对雷达波的衰减所产生。     

山西省多普勒雷达非降水回波应用研究

本文研究了多普勒天气雷达速度图上非降水回波（不包括地物回波）的空间结构，并对太原雷达站业务运行以来多普勒天气雷达观测到的“非降水回波”的速度特征进行了深入、系统的分析。发现由大气湍流和云滴后向散射所致的非降水回波，虽然强度很弱，但其速度回波却代表了环境风的三维结构，对临近预报有5h～7h的提前量，为临近预报提供了一种新的有效手段。     

X波段移动全相参多普勒雷达应用及与C波段新一代天气雷达对比

本文根据2010年8月10日12:00至8月12日12:00在呼兰地区连续48h观测得到的移动X波段全相参多普勒天气雷达的数据,讨论了该移动雷达在两个方面的应用情况:一是根据移动雷达观测150km范围内得到的回波进行全方位跟踪、识别;二是对该移动雷达观测结果在强度场、速度场以及回波高度、回波位置与距离30km的C波段3...     

W波段和Ka波段云雷达探测回波对比分析

通过分析W波段和Ka波段云雷达同时探测回波的差异,验证了W波段云雷达初样机的探测性能。结果表明：1）W波段云雷达初样机工作稳定,两个波段雷达都可以探测云层、云的边界、云厚等宏观参数,也可以反映出云的精细结构及云内微物理参数的变化,回波强、速度小、谱宽大的冰晶云含有上升气流及较多过冷水。2）增强模式的W波段云雷达在近地面探测雾、霾的能力比Ka波段云雷达强;两部云雷达对云层较薄的云探测能力基本相当,对多层云、云层较厚、含水量较多的云及降水的探测,由于强衰减的作用,W波段雷达所测云厚度小、云顶低、回波强度小,并且非瑞利散射也会造成W波段雷达的回波强度降低。     

多普勒雷达非降水回波在临近预报中的应用研究

本文研究了多普勒天气雷达速度图上非降水回波(不包括地物回波)的空间结构,并对太原雷达站两年多以来的多普勒天气雷达观测到的“非降水回波”的速度特征进行了深入、系统的分析。发现非降水回波的强度虽然很弱,但其速度回波显示出冷暖平流和大尺度风向、风速辐合(散)相结合的特征。统计结果表明,56次降水过程中,有52次降水发生前的非降水回波具有辐合特征,且非降水回波辐合特征的出现较本站降水发生均具有一定的提前量,为临近预报提供了一种新思路。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...