南海夏季风与台山汛期降水的关系

通过对台山汛期雨量和南海夏季风爆发迟早及强弱与台山汛期旱涝之间的可能关系进行分析，初步探讨南海夏季风对台山汛期旱涝、开汛日的影响。     

1951—2018年汕头汛期暴雨变化趋势及与ENSO的关系

根据汕头气象站1951—2018年汛期逐日雨量资料,采用滤波、线性倾向计算、趋势系数计算、相关分析等方法,分析该站汛期暴雨的变化趋势及与ENSO事件的关系。结果表明:汕头市近68年来的前汛期暴雨日数没有显著的上升或下降趋势,后汛期自20世纪90年代以后有轻微下降趋势;前汛期雨量有波动下降趋势;前、后汛期最大日雨量变化呈波动下降趋势;后汛期最大日雨量在La Nina时期呈减少趋势。     

近52年广东开汛期特征及与前汛期降水的关系分析

利用广东省86个气象台站近52年(1962—2013年)逐日降水量资料,统计了逐年各台站及全省开汛期(rain season onset date/RSOD),并对广东省开汛特征及其与前汛期降水的关系进行了分析。分析结果表明:(1)广东省开汛期多集中在3月下旬至4月中旬,最早和最迟开汛期相差94 d;(2)广东省东南大部、北部大部较中部大部和西南部开汛早,雷州半岛开汛最迟;(3)广东省开汛可分为突发型开汛和渐进型开汛两种类型;(4)广东省开汛期年(代)际变化特征明显,存在15～16 a的年代际振荡周期,1986年为年代振荡周期变化的转折点,前后分别存在8 a和5～6 a的年代振荡周期;(5)各台站开汛期与3月下旬及4月降水相关性最好,与5、6月及前汛期降水的相关性差;(6)广东开汛异常偏早(晚)年,其前冬500 hPa高度场存在明显差异。     

2009年云浮市首场暴雨过程形势场分析

2009年3月5～6日,受高空槽和冷空气共同影响,云浮市出现暴雨,局部大暴雨降水,全市旱情解除,提前近一个月开汛。本文从着重云浮市近年来开汛日的变化特征入手,对这场降水发生时前期的气候特征,以及其发生时的环流特征,利用常规观测资料、NCEP1°*1°再分析资料等资料进行分析,并从短期气候预测的角度研究我市开汛期首场暴雨发生的气候背景,以加强汛期的天气趋势预报的准确率。     

福建春季开汛时间变化特征及其与后期降水量关系

选择候雨量指标定义了福建春季开汛时间,并利用1960～2008年福建25站的降水资料,建立了福建春季开汛时间序列,使用相关、功率谱等气候统计方法对其近49a来的变化特征进行了分析,还研究了其与后期降水量的关系.结果表明:上世纪70年代后期是福建春季开汛时间由偏迟向偏早转变的过渡期,而90年代初期以后,它又呈推迟趋势;福建春季开汛时间与福建中北部春季降水量、内陆的春夏季降水量以及3月、6月降水量相关较好.     

以什么为标准确定每年的汛期?

编辑同志:每年的夏季一到,便进入了汛期,我们不知道“汛期”主要是以什么为标准,其时间有多长?请您给解释一下?延安卜清七月十日卜清同志:“汛期”一般是指一年中雨汛和水汛的高潮时期。雨汛,主要是指暴雨,气象上把12小时降雨量≥30毫米,24小时≥50毫米的降雨统称为暴雨。当24小时降雨量≥100毫米时为大暴雨,≥200毫米时为特大暴雨。因为这样的降雨来势猛,持续时间短,雨量集     

华南前汛期开始日期异常与大气环流和海温变化的关系

利用1961—2012年美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料、NOAA海温资料,CMAP降水资料和华南261个测站降水观测资料,首先分析华南前汛期开始日期(以下简称华南开汛)异常的气候特征,然后采用相关分析、合成分析的方法研究华南开汛异常与3—4月大气环流以及海温变化的关系。结果表明,近52 a来华南开汛具有显著的年际变化特征,但变化趋势不明显。开汛最早出现在1983年3月1日,最晚出现在1963年6月1日,1961—2012年华南平均开汛日期是4月6日。华南开汛主要出现在3—4月,占92.3%。华南开汛与3—4月华南降水相关最显著,开汛偏早(晚),对应华南3—4月降水偏多(少)。华南开汛偏早年,在3—4月,对流层高层副热带西风急流偏强,中层西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西、低层南支槽偏强,华南上空西南气流偏强;华南开汛偏晚年则相反。华南开汛与3—4月中国南海及周边地区海温显著相关,海温偏低(高)对应华南开汛偏晚(早)。华南开汛偏晚年的海温和大气环流异常比早年显著。     

华南前汛期起止日期的确定及降水年际变化特征分析

利用国家气候中心提供的华南地区74测站1957—2001年的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对华南前汛期雨季开始期与结束期的定义标准作了改进;研究了华南前汛期降水雨量、雨日的年际变化特征以及变化趋势的空间分布特征;用小波分析法分析华南前汛期降水的周期分布特征。分析结果发现：45年来前汛期开始期总体上呈现偏早趋势,而结束期具有偏晚的趋势,两者的年际变化十分显著;45年来华南全区总雨量、雨日呈正趋势变化,且两者的空间分布特征非常相似。华南前汛期内雨量、雨日总体上呈现增长趋势并且具有明显的年际变化特征,存在准2年、3～5年、6～8年的振荡周期。     

沙澧河上游关键区汛期强降水面雨量对洪峰的影响

根据河南省气候中心提供的1980-2000年6月1日至8月31日沙澧河流域上游关键区所选取测站逐日20时-20时降水实测资料,建立了面雨量库,并利用统计方法分析了沙澧河上游关键区面雨量气候特征以及面雨量与洪水的关系,结果表明:沙澧河上游关键区面雨量年际变化非常大,且年面雨量趋势是增加的。沙澧河流域上游关键区汛期逐月月平均面雨量以7月最多,其次是8月,6月最少,并且6月和7月月平均面雨量有增加的趋势,而8月则有减少的趋势。强降水面雨量预报对于预测洪峰有很好的指示意义。     

琼中近48a雨量气候变化特征诊断分析

利用线性倾向估计、Yamamoto等方法诊断分析琼中1960~2008近48a的雨量变化特征。结果表明:琼中的年、汛期雨量虽然有减少趋势,冬春降雨量虽然趋于上升,但趋势都不明显;琼中年雨量、汛期雨量没有出现过突变。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...