Simulation of time series of storms and weather windows based on wind conditions data

Stated is an approach to the simulation of time series of storms and weather windows using the data on their frequency. Using the results of wind reanalysis for the Norwegian, Barents, and White seas for 1975–2002, the statistical relationships are obtained between the frequency of storms and the mean values of the number of storms and their continuous duration, as well as between the distribution functions of the number of storms and their continuous duration and the mean values. Based on the revealed regularities, the simulation model is constructed enabling to generate the time series of storms and weather channels. The model is verified by means of computing the residuals between the specified and simulated frequency of storm conditions for the set of 100 monthly series, as well as by means of comparing the results of the computation of weather channels based on the reanalysis and simulation data.     

一次新生脉冲风暴分析

本文利用多普勒天气雷达、地面自动站等高时空分辨率观测资料和NCEP1×1°再分析资料,对2017年7月28日南充市区由脉冲风暴引起的局地强对流天气的背景、环境条件、雷达特征、大风成因等进行了研究和探讨。结果表明:(1)此次强对流天气过程以受西太平洋副热带高压控制为背景,有异常强的对流不稳定能量和十分充足的水汽;边界层切变线与弱冷空气回流进入盆地东北部及下垫面加热不均匀导致的强温度梯度是风暴新生的触发机制;在弱垂直风切变的环境条件下,使得过程中雷暴具有脉冲风暴特征。(2)此次过程有多个脉冲风暴的活动,造成南充城区大风的脉冲风暴主要有两个,1号风暴单体在强的温度梯度触发后,快速向上向下发展,成熟崩塌时以下击暴流的形式形成强的地面辐散气流,造成高坪站大风;强的下沉气流到达地面形成冷中心,冷中心与前方的暖中心形成强的温度梯度即冷池密度流,冷池密度流产生强的气压梯度力风,再叠加单体下层辐散气流造成了华凤镇的极端大风。      

Catastrophic winter storms: An escalating problem

Winter storms are a major weather problem in the USA and their losses have been rapidly increasing. A total of 202 catastrophic winter storms, each causing more than $1 million in damages, occurred during 1949–2003, and their losses totaled $35.2 billion (2003 dollars). Catastrophic winter storms occurred in most parts of the contiguous USA, but were concentrated in the eastern half of the nation where 88% of all storm losses occurred. They were most frequent in the Northeast climate district (95 storms), and were least frequent in the West district (14 catastrophic storms). The annual average number of storms is 3.7 with a 1-year high of 9 storms, and 1 year had no storms. Temporal distributions of storms and their losses exhibited considerable spatial variability across the nation. For example, when storms were very frequent in the Northeast, they were infrequent elsewhere, a result of spatial differences in storm-producing synoptic weather conditions over time. The time distribution of the nation’s 202 storms during 1949–2003 had a sizable downward trend, whereas the nation’s storm losses had a major upward trend for the 55-year period. This increase over time in losses, given the decrease in storm incidences, was a result of significant temporal increases in storm sizes and storm intensities. Increases in storm intensities were small in the northern sections of the nation, but doubled across the southern two-thirds of the nation, reflecting a climatic shift in conditions producing intense winter storms.     

Evaluation of Weather Catastrophe Data for Use in Climate Change Investigations

A 1950–1994 data set of major weather losses developed by the property insurance industry was examined to assess its potential utility in climate change research and use in assessing the relevance of recent extreme losses in the United States. A process for adjusting these historical storm losses to ever-changing factors including dollar values, amount of insurance coverage per area, and the sensitivity of society to damaging storms was developed by the industry. Analysis of the temporal frequency and losses of these adjusted weather catastrophes revealed differences according to the amount of loss. Temporal changes since 1975 in the catastrophes causing $35 to $100 million in loss were strongly related to changes in U.S. population, whereas catastrophes that created insured losses greater than $100 million appear related to both shifting weather conditions and to regional population changes. This evaluation revealed that the industry's catastrophe adjustment technique did not adequately allow for changes in various demographic and social factors affecting damage; however, results suggest use of population values for normalizing the adjusted catastrophe database to allow meaningful studies of their temporal variability.     

雅安一次极端强降水的超级单体风暴特征及成因分析

2020年8月10日-11日雅安市出现了一次区域大暴雨天气过程,其中芦山县出现了特大暴雨,此次特大暴雨天气过程,持续时间长,最大累积降水量、最大小时雨强较大,均突破了历史极值,具有较强的极端性。通过分析雷达回波可知,此次极端强降水由强降水超级单体风暴的稳定少动造成,本文根据雅安市365个区域自动站雨量数据、micaps实况资料、雷达以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等资料,分析其产生的原因：（1）行星尺度和天气尺度系统稳定少动,低层夜间低层急流发展,输送暖湿平流,有利于对流不稳定层结的建立,为强降水超级单体风暴的发生提供了有利的环流条件。（2）地面到低层的假相当位温异常偏高,有利于对流不稳定的进一步发展,在强对流风暴附近还存在中尺度的假相当位温的密集区,锋区的动力强迫生成的次级环流有利于低层不稳定能量和水汽向高层输送,同时也触发不稳定能量的释放,产生较强的上升运动。（3）强的垂直风切变以及大的对流有效位能有利于强降水超级单体风暴的发生和维持其有组织的程度。（4）水汽条件异常也是此次强降水超级单体风暴的重要原因。（5）极端的高能高湿的大气状态下,边界层的中尺度辐合线是触发此次强降水超级单体风暴的直接原因,并且受地形的阻挡作用,强降水超级单体稳定少动,造成了此次极端强降水的发生。     

On the Key Dynamical Processes Supporting the 21.7 Zhengzhou Record-breaking Hourly Rainfall in China

An extremely heavy rainfall event occurred in Zhengzhou, China, on 20 July 2021 and produced an hourly rainfall rate of 201.9 mm, which broke the station record for mainland China. Based on radar observations and a convection-permitting simulation using the WRF-ARW model, this paper investigates the multiscale processes, especially those at the mesoscale,that support the extreme observed hourly rainfall. Results show that the extreme rainfall occurred in an environment characteristic of warm-sec...     

A climatic study of severe storms over Bulgaria produced by Mediterranean cyclones in 1990−2001 period

Over south-eastern Europe, severe weather events are often associated with Mediterranean cyclones. This paper presents a climatic study of severe storms over Bulgaria produced by synoptic-scale Mediterranean cyclones, which are the main high-impact weather systems for the region during the winter season. The study is based on a synoptically oriented data set that contains systematic information about the pronounced Mediterranean cyclones including their life and trajectories over the Mediterranean area and the severe storms over Bulgaria produced by them. The definition of a severe storm is a storm in which the wind speed and precipitation exceed thresholds of 15 m/s and 30 mm/24 h, respectively. The observed severe storms were split into two groups by the number of districts where they have caused damages. During the last years a trend of decreasing numbers of initiating synoptic-scale Mediterranean cyclones has been observed. However, the number of those producing a high-impact weather phenomenon over Bulgaria has increased. In these high-impact cases, the observed paths of the cyclones are connected to the specific circulation conditions over the region. In the most severe cases, almost 80% of the cyclones move through the southernmost parts of Balkan Peninsula and for a large portion of them, this motion is associated with a blocking regime in the mid-level mass field.The development of such Mediterranean cyclone cases has been studied and results are presented here. The results illustrate the synoptic-scale mechanisms for intensification of a feeding flow of Mediterranean air towards the area affected by extremely severe weather.     

桂林市2019年“3.21”极端大风与“4.24”致灾冰雹过程特征对比分析

利用常规、非常规观测及NCEP再分析资料,对比分析广西壮族自治区桂林市中γ系统造成的极端大风和中β 系统造成的致灾冰雹过程。(1)高低空急流耦合为强对流天气提供有利背景条件,锋面及辐合线为触发系统。大风过程锋面、冰雹过程高空槽动力作用更强。(2) 均具有强的上干冷下暖湿不稳定层结、强下沉动能、CAPE及中低层垂直风切变,大风过程中层干层更显著,冰雹过程CAPE更大。(3) 冷池出流与环境风垂直切变维持平衡使上升速度区呈垂直状态,利于飑线发展。变压风与冷池共同影响使风暴发展并向变压低中心移动,大风过程冷池前沿与变压低中心在广西临桂迭加,表明强风暴造成的下击暴流与低层中气旋迭加导致极端大风。(4) 大风、冰雹均由镶嵌在飑线系统中的超级单体风暴造成,超级单体强回波中心达65 dBZ,具有弱回波区、三体散射。大风过程强风暴借助冷锋热力边界的斜压性形成低层中气旋,低层钩状回波更明显,并有明显的MARC及强回波核心下降特征;冰雹过程强回波质心高,VIL达55~65 kg/m2,并有跃升现象。(5) 均有中等强度中气旋。大风过程中气旋比冰雹过程低,半径明显减小。大风过程中气旋与龙卷涡旋特征同时出现,对极端大风有预警作用。      

阵风锋的雷达探测和研究

本文应用北京地区和美国Oklahoma地区天气雷达观测资料比较了两类阵风锋。快速运动的阵风锋常与猛烈发展的强风暴相伴随，它的出现，风暴将持续猛烈地发展。运动缓慢近于静止的阵风锋则常出现在风暴的减弱阶段，它的出现加速了风暴的消亡。阵风锋的形成与风暴中的下沉气流有关，两类不同的阵风锋反映了下沉气流与环境的不同作用。文中还对阵风锋形成雷达回波的原因进行了探索，认为阵风锋锋区的湍流对电磁波的散射是形成雷达回波的可能机制。应用多普勒天气雷达和高塔的探测资料，对阵风锋回波的强度进行了理论估算，估算值与雷达实测值比较一致。     

2000年4月5～7日浑善达克沙地沙尘暴天气过程分析

利用内蒙古浑善达克沙地11个代表站的观测资料以及NCEP再分析资料，对2000年4月5－7日发生在我国华北地区的扬沙、沙尘暴天气过程进行 气象要素分析、环流特征分析以及物理量诊断分析，力图为今后沙尘暴的预报研究提供一定的科学依据。     

一次超级单体分裂过程的雷达回波特征分析

2007年7月9日16—20时（北京时）在河北南部非常罕见地观测到了多个超级单体风暴在相近地点连续生成及分裂的过程。利用石家庄新乐SA型多普勒天气雷达资料、地面自动站及常规天气资料,对超级单体分裂过程及环境条件做了分析。表明这次的多个超级单体风暴是在强的对流有效位能和垂直风切变的环境条件下发生的。由于垂直风切变矢量方向随高度逆时针旋转,因此,分裂后左移的反气旋风暴得到加强,发展成为具有深厚中反气旋的左移超级单体风暴,而右移的气旋性风暴受到抑制,与理论研究结果一致。但也有不同之处,沿着地面高湿区内热力边界偏暖一侧移动的气旋性风暴没有受到明显抑制,有利的地面环境条件抵消了气旋性风暴受抑制的程度,使气旋性风暴能够持续更长的时间。该强烈发展的带有明显中反气旋的超级单体风暴具有低层钩状回波和入流缺口、中高层有界弱回波区及位于有界弱回波区之上的高层具有反射率因子核心和强烈风暴顶辐散,与经典的气旋式右移超级单体风暴的回波特征非常类似,除了是反气旋涡旋外,其回波特征与气旋式超级单体近似成镜像。风暴分裂是在单体形成不久的发展初期开始的。分裂先从中高层开始,然后迅速向下延伸。分裂后相对于0—6 km风切变矢量,左侧的单体为反气旋左移风暴,右侧的为气旋性右移风暴。     

模式探空的评估分析及其在强对流天气预报中的应用研究

分析华南地区强对流天气高发季节(4～5月)的模式探空与实际观测的比较结果.从模式探空的直接评估分析中发现,地面和较高层次的预报要素误差比较大,而中间层次误差比较小,在比较多个观测站和实时预报误差分析的基础上初步探讨其可能的原因.在不稳定度指数评估分析中发现,仅考虑中间层次要素的不稳定度指数性能比较稳定,而考虑地面要素的一些不稳定度指数则有可能比较敏感,在用地面观测订正后其质量有很大的提高.在强对流天气个例的应用研究中,认为逐时预报的模式探空有非常好的应用价值,以订正的对流有效位能指数为例进行了一些分析,表     

突发性强对流天气快速识别预警改进方法

传统多普勒天气雷达强对流灾害性天气监测采用固定阈值判别法给出强风暴的冰雹闪电灾害预警结果,该方法不适用于不同经纬度、季节和复杂地形条件下的强对流天气识别预警。本文利用循环递归的区域生长法对TITAN算法进行改进,从而快速识别三维强风暴单体及其雷达特征物理量;使用多普勒天气雷达和TRMM星载气象雷达的历史观测数据反演河北石家庄地区春夏两季复杂地形条件下的强风暴灾害性天气Logistics多元线性回归概率预警模型。对发生在河北石家庄夏季的一次强飑线天气和发生在春季的一次超级多单体风暴天气进行冰雹闪电灾害性天气识别预警实验,并与传统算法进行误差对比分析。实验结果表明:与传统算法对比,该方法对强风暴天气识别预警的定位精度较高,并且其漏报率和虚报率较低,有助于快速识别预警强对流灾害性天气。      

Increased probability of fire during late Holocene droughts in northern New England

A 101 year time-series of storm losses in the Netherlands is developed from the near-surface wind speed records at five Dutch stations. Station metadata combined with results from statistical tests were used to homogenise the data and retain the temporal variability driven solely by changes in climate processes. The wind speed data were transformed into storm damage using a model measuring loss impacts upon society. The resulting windstorm loss time-series for the Netherlands contains some interesting features. Annual losses are stable over the whole period and have a dominant cycle with a period of about 50 years. The Netherlands is currently experiencing the minimum aggregate storm damage of the past 100 years, though only slightly lower than a quiet period of 50 years ago. Both of these minima are driven primarily by lowered rates of occurrence of damaging storms. However, further analysis reveals the present-day minimum has different characteristics from the previous lull: currently, the frequency of stronger storms is slightly above the previous minimum whereas the frequency of weaker storms is uniquely low. A seasonal analysis provides more information: there is a dearth of damaging storms in the earlier half of the storm season in the present day; since this period contains generally weaker storms, this seasonality is also manifested as a lack of weaker storms. These results suggest a different mix of climate forcing mechanisms in modern times compared to 50 years ago, in the earlier half of the storm season.     

一次引发华北和北京沙尘(暴)天气起沙机制的数值模拟研究

在对气象背景场进行诊断分析的基础上,集中对一次沙尘(暴)天气的起沙机制进行了数值模拟.具体做法是先将澳大利亚新南威尔士大学(UNSW)邵亚平博士发展的具有清晰物理概念的起沙数值模式(非参数化方案),与PSU/NCAR的中尺度气象预报模式MM5进行耦合.使用该模式系统,根据陆面状况和大气条件,定量模拟出沙尘(暴)起沙的过程.对2000年4月6～7日发生在华北和北京的一次沙尘暴过程的数值试验结果表明,该模式对沙尘天气的起沙过程有较好的模拟能力.     

Tropospheric warming and changes in weather variability over the Northern Hemisphere during the period 1967–1991

Summary The relationship between global circulation, temperature distribution and weather variability as a mechanism of meridional heat exchange over the northern hemisphere has been examined for the period 1967–1991 using analysis data from the German Weather Service. From geopotential heights five parameters, relating to different climatic features, were computed. The data were filtered using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to omit the random noise. The time series of amplitudes for the Principal Patterns were investigated with respect to their linear trends and extreme events.The period 1967–1991 is characterised by a transition from a relatively cool period-beginning in the early 1960s-to a warmer one. The strongest warming took place at different latitudes in the Atlantic and the Pacific section, respectively. Due to the warming the meridional temperature gradient and the geostrophic zonal wind intensified. Strengthened baroclinic conditions reinforced the activities on the synoptic scale and the meridional eddy heat flux. The results corroborate the hypothesis that the enlarged synoptic activity is responsible for the accumulated occurrences of extreme midlatitude storms over the Atlantic and Europe within the last few years and, therefore, that the observation of more frequent deep cyclones is neither random nor due to improved observation techniques.With 6 Figures     

Synchronization of Radar Observations with Multi-Scale Storm Tracking

The 3-D radar reflectivity data has become increasingly important for use in data assimilation towards convective scale numerical weather prediction as well as next generation precipitation estimation. Typically, reflectivity data from multiple radars are objectively analyzed and mosaiced onto a regional 3-D Cartesian grid prior to being assimilated into the models. One of the scientific issues associated with the mosaic of multi-radar observations is the synchronization of all the observations. Since radar data is usually rapidly updated (～every 5--10 min), it is common in current multi-radar mosaic techniques to combine multiple radar' observations within a time window by assuming that the storms are steady within the window. The assumption holds well for slow evolving precipitation systems, but for fast evolving convective storms, this assumption may be violated and the mosaic of radar observations at different times may result in inaccurate storm structure depictions. This study investigates the impact of synchronization on storm structures in multiple radar data analyses using a multi-scale storm tracking algorithm.     

宁夏一次短时暴雨天气的跟踪预报分析

用卫星云图、雷达对2008年8月7日强对流天气产生的暴雨过程跟踪观测资料,结合自动站地面降水实况和WRF模式风场资料进行短时预报分析.结果表明:扩散东移冷空气和副热带高压边缘偏南暖湿气流的共同影响下,大气层结不稳定发生强烈的强对流天气;利用卫星云图,新一代天气雷达基本反射率强度图、0.5°仰角基本速度图和风廓线产品跟踪监测,综合分析预报短时暴雨天气是有效的方法.     

珠江三角洲地区由海风锋触发形成的强对流天气过程分析

使用自动气象站、雷达回波、卫星云图、常规天气图、探空和风廓线仪等有关观测资料, 普查了1998年7月上旬珠江三角洲地区8次由海风锋触发形成的强对流天气过程, 并对其中7月3日过程进行了综合分析, 归纳出该类强对流天气过程的一些活动特征和规律。     

USE OF A STOCHASTIC WEATHER GENERATOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS

Climate change scenarios with a high spatial and temporal resolution are required in the evaluation of the effects of climate change on agricultural potential and agricultural risk. Such scenarios should reproduce changes in mean weather characteristics as well as incorporate the changes in climate variability indicated by the global climate model (GCM) used. Recent work on the sensitivity of crop models and climatic extremes has clearly demonstrated that changes in variability can have more profound effects on crop yield and on the probability of extreme weather events than simple changes in the mean values. The construction of climate change scenarios based on spatial regression downscaling and on the use of a local stochastic weather generator is described. Regression downscaling translated the coarse resolution GCM grid-box predictions of climate change to site-specific values. These values were then used to perturb the parameters of the stochastic weather generator in order to simulate site-specific daily weather data. This approach permits the incorporation of changes in the mean and variability of climate in a consistent and computationally inexpensive way. The stochastic weather generator used in this study, LARS-WG, has been validated across Europe and has been shown to perform well in the simulation of different weather statistics, including those climatic extremes relevant to agriculture. The importance of downscaling and the incorporation of climate variability are demonstrated at two European sites where climate change scenarios were constructed using the UK Met. Office high resolution GCM equilibrium and transient experiments.