玉米冠层对降水的截留模型构建

降水资源是农作物的主要水分来源,农作物通过吸收土壤中的水分维持正常的生长发育,但由于未考虑农作物冠层对降水截留作用,在水资源评估和农田水分平衡研究中往往高估降水作用。该文通过2018年玉米生长季在辽宁锦州农业气象试验站开展的降水模拟试验系统分析了玉米冠层对降水的截留效应,结果表明:在降水量一定条件下,玉米冠层截留量与叶面积指数的二次多项式拟合相关最佳;在叶面积指数一定条件下,玉米冠层截留量与降水量的幂函数拟合相关最佳。综合叶面积指数和降水量分析表明:玉米冠层截留量与叶面积指数平方及降水量对数函数拟合呈正相关。根据我国玉米传统种植方式,高产玉米的叶面积指数最大一般为5~6,因此,对一次降水的最大截留量通常约为1.5~2.3 mm,当叶面积指数小于1时,对降水的截留可忽略不计。     

中国东部不同区域城市化对降水变化影响的对比研究

城市化气候效应已经成为区域气候变化中不可忽略的人为因子。根据人口总量、人口密度和MODIS LC三种不同的分类方法划分了城市站和乡村站,利用逐日降水资料探讨了我国东部长江三角洲、珠江三角洲及京津唐等三大城市群的发展对降水变化特征的可能影响,主要得到以下结论:不同区域城市化发展对降水变化的影响存在差异;1960—2009年间,长三角和珠三角城市群城市化均有使降水变化趋势增加的作用,而京津唐城市群城市化作用不明显。不同城市化发展阶段对降水变化影响也存在差异;城市化发展慢速期(1960—1979年),城乡间降水变化趋势差异不明显,城、乡间降水变化趋势差异对城、乡站分类方法很敏感;而城市化发展快速期(1980—2009年),三大城市群的城市化发展都有使降水增加的作用,且不受城、乡站分类方法的影响。      

云降水物理与人工影响天气研究进展(2008～2012年)

本文回顾和总结了近5年(2008～2012年)云降水物理与人工影响天气主要研究进展,并讨论了目前存在的主要问题和亟待解决的关键科学问题.内容涉及可分辨云数值模式及模拟研究、云降水的观测与遥感反演研究、气溶胶对云降水的影响及人工影响天气相关的数值模式、观测试验研究等.提高对云降水形成过程、时空结构与演变机理的深入认识,对揭示大气水循环、气候变化过程,提高天气精细化预报、大气云水资源开发利用及气象防灾减灾的能力,具有十分重要的作用.     

西北中部半干旱区兴隆山森林岛降水机理的数值模拟

通过WRF V2.1.2模式数值模拟试验并结合长期观测数据,研究了中国西北半干旱区长期存在和维持的森林山区(兴隆山区,103.84°E、35.86°N)的降水特征及其与周边地区的降水差异,并探讨了造成这种差异的主要原因。结果表明,兴隆山区与周边地区的降水差异主要表现在夏、秋季。在夏、秋季兴隆山区受东南湿润气流的影响,获得较多的水汽输入和较稳定的水汽来源,而山地地形则有利于截留东南气流携带的水汽并形成降水;兴隆山区及其周边地区局地的蒸散差异对二者之间降水差异的贡献不大。另外,兴隆山区土壤堆积覆盖的石质山构造和森林下垫面也有利于降水的截留和贮存以及植被的生长。因此,有利于水汽输入的大尺度环流形势、地形对空中水汽的截留以及特殊的地质因素是兴隆山山区孤立森林岛在半干旱区长期存在和维持的原因。     

近30年来中国气温、降水和水分盈亏的趋势及其变化

解析气候变化的主要特征可为认识气候变化如何影响生态系统过程提供基础数据,也可为气候变化应对提供科技支撑。近几十年来,中国区域内的气温快速升高,对生态系统造成了极大的影响。但关于温度和降水时间变化趋势是否存在转折以及区域上是否存在差异的研究还较少。并且过去几十年的气温和降水变化已引起了水分盈亏的显著改变,而关于我国水分盈亏变化趋势的研究仍显不足,充分了解不同地区水分盈亏的变化,可以帮助我们更好地理解该地区的干湿变化,提升水资源的管理和利用效率。本文基于中国2479个气象站点的观测数据,利用分段回归方法分析了1981～2015年间年平均温度、年降水量以及水分盈亏的时间变化趋势及其转折点的时空格局,主要结果如下：（1）1981～2015年全国平均温度显著增加,且具有明显的阶段变化特征和地区差异：1991～1995年云南、东北北部温度变化发生转折,云南1991年之后开始显著增温。东北南部、华北大部分地区温度发生转折的时间为1996～2000年,南部沿海地区温度发生转折的时间为2001～2005年,转折点之前温度显著增加,转折点之后温度增加停滞。（2）1981～2015年中国降水量的时间变化趋势...     

水分不足地区降水资源供需平衡模式

在自然界与人类系统水分平衡概念的基础上，提出了作降水评价的供需平衡模式。该模式对全面发挥由降水所形成的各种主要水资源成分的潜力是有用的。用此模式作了个例试验，并提出在水分不足地区缓解水分欠缺的途径。     

九华山与周边区域的降水分布差异分析

本文基于1980—2010年30年观测资料及山区不同高度的自动站数据,运用天气学理论和数理统计的分析方法,研究九华山区与周边丘陵区域降水的分布差异及其成因。结果表明:不同区域(地形)的降水时空分布很不均匀,九华山年降水量比丘陵区域多34.1%,且主要降水集中在5—9月。造成山区与周边丘陵区域降水的明显差异主要是两地的局地水汽输送条件和垂直运动条件存在明显的差别,它们对降水效应主要为:海拔200 m的山体对降水产生影响,且降水量随海拔的升高而增大,并以海拔在400~900 m对降水的增强作用最为显著;山区地形对降水的增雨作用较为明显,地形对降水的平均贡献率为37.6%,并有强度越大的降水,其增强作用越明显的特点。分析不同区域降水分布差异及成因对于降水区域预报和水资源研究应用有着重要的参考作用。     

气溶胶对陆生植物生长的影响研究进展

陆生植物生长过程受太阳辐射、热量、水分、土壤等多重因素的影响,气溶胶粒子通过对太阳辐射的散射和吸收,并作为云凝结核和冰核,改变云的物理特性及生命期对上述环境因子产生影响,进而影响植物的生长。气溶胶的直接影响主要表现为气溶胶覆盖植物叶片,影响植物的呼吸作用、气孔导度及对阳光的利用率等;间接影响主要表现在气溶胶可降低入射太阳辐射量并降低光合作用及净初级生产力,但同时又会增加散射辐射量,增加植物可利用光合有效辐射,产生相互矛盾的结果;气溶胶还通过影响降水和气温,进一步影响植物对光、水、热的利用等方面。气溶胶对植物的生长影响以间接影响为主,直接影响较少。其次,各种大气气溶胶对植物的伤害作用超过大气气溶胶对植物生长促进作用。在人为气溶胶中,硫酸盐、黑碳及粉尘对植物生长以抑制作用为主,而氮化物中氮沉降既可以促进植物生长,含氮气溶胶形成的酸雨及光化学烟雾又会抑制植物生长。自然气溶胶中,火山气溶胶对植物生长产生的影响差异较大,沙尘总体对植物产生不利影响,而生物气溶胶及宇宙尘埃的影响研究还较少。     

六盘山地区一次低槽低涡云系结构及其降水机制的数值模拟研究

六盘山是西北重要的水源涵养林基地,干旱少雨制约了该地区农业和经济发展。作为该地区人工增雨技术研究的基础,本文利用WRF模式对2018年8月21日发生在宁夏南部六盘山区的一次降水天气过程进行了数值模拟。根据模拟结果结合实测资料,分析了造成此次强降水过程的有利环流形势场,重点讨论了山区降水云系的微物理结构以及降水形成机制。结果表明:降水是在高空槽配合低涡的动力场作用下形成的,受六盘山地形的阻挡作用,低层低涡系统移速落后于高空槽;垂直方向上云系呈现“催化—供给”的分层结构,但在云系不同部位,各层水凝物配置不同,导致冷暖云过程对降水的贡献差异;六盘山东部迎风坡降水强于西坡。霰粒子融化和云水碰并是地面降水的主要来源;碰冻过冷雨水是霰增长的主要过程。迎风坡云水层深厚,含水量高,一方面促进过冷层中霰粒子的碰冻增长过程,一方面为雨滴碰并增长提供充沛的云水条件,即同时增强了冷暖云降水过程。地形对云的发展和降水的形成有明显影响,当降低地形高度后,云水量减少,暖云过程减弱,同时也影响了霰粒子的增长过程。     

海陀山冬季降水天气分型及冬奥预报应用

基于2019—2021年1月1日至3月15日北京冬奥会延庆赛区（以下简称海陀山）降水观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对期间34次降水过程进行天气分型,并对各天气型下不同海拔的降水实况特征开展统计分析。研究结果表明：冬季海陀山降水根据天气系统及地形影响可分为偏北气流型、偏东气流型、低涡低槽型、回流低涡低槽型四种天气型。不同天气型下海陀山地形高度以下主要气流方向和强度、水汽垂直分布等条件,以及与地形相互作用使得不同海拔之间降水量、持续时间等呈现显著差异。偏北气流型受500 hPa槽后整层强偏北气流控制,形成越山气流,降水集中在高海拔地区;偏东气流型受低层偏东气流影响,降水集中在低海拔地区,以上两种天气型无天气尺度系统配合,由地形强迫作用主导,降水量不大、持续时间相对较短。低涡低槽型受高空东移低涡低槽作用,配合低层西南气流,高海拔降水量更多,同时该型也是海陀山冬季最主要的降水天气型;回流低涡低槽型受高空东移低涡低槽影响,配合降水前东风回流对低层增湿并起到冷垫作用,低海拔降水量更多,以上两种天气型均存在天气尺度系统,并叠加海陀山地形作用,降水量显著且持续时间长,会对赛事运行造成较大影响。上述特征统计结果在2022年北京冬奥会期间一次强降雪预报服务中得到验证和应用,证明上述结果可以在冬季海陀山复杂地形降水预报中发挥作用。     

Sensitivity of a coupled climate model to canopy interception capacity

The canopy interception capacity is a small but key part of the surface hydrology, which affects the amount of water intercepted by vegetation and therefore the partitioning of evaporation and transpiration. However, little research with climate models has been done to understand the effects of a range of possible canopy interception capacity parameter values. This is in part due to the assumption that it does not significantly affect climate. Near global evapotranspiration products now make evaluation of canopy interception capacity parameterisations possible. We use a range of canopy water interception capacity values from the literature to investigate the effect on climate within the climate model HadCM3. We find that the global mean temperature is affected by up to ?0.64 K globally and ?1.9 K regionally. These temperature impacts are predominantly due to changes in the evaporative fraction and top of atmosphere albedo. In the tropics, the variations in evapotranspiration affect precipitation, significantly enhancing rainfall. Comparing the model output to measurements, we find that the default canopy interception capacity parameterisation overestimates canopy interception loss (i.e. canopy evaporation) and underestimates transpiration. Overall, decreasing canopy interception capacity improves the evapotranspiration partitioning in HadCM3, though the measurement literature more strongly supports an increase. The high sensitivity of climate to the parameterisation of canopy interception capacity is partially due to the high number of light rain-days in the climate model that means that interception is overestimated. This work highlights the hitherto underestimated importance of canopy interception capacity in climate model hydroclimatology and the need to acknowledge the role of precipitation representation limitations in determining parameterisations.     

Improving the vegetation dynamic simulation in a land surface model by using a statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme

Canopy interception of incident precipitation, as a critical component of a forest＇s water budget, can affect the amount of water available to the soil, and ultimately vegetation distribution and function. In this paper, a statistical-dynamic approach based on leaf area index and statistical canopy interception is used to parameterize the canopy interception process. The statistical-dynamic canopy interception scheme is implemented into the Community Land Model with dynamic global vegetation model （CLM-DGVM） to improve its dynamic vegetation simulation. The simulation for continental China by the land surface model with the new canopy interception scheme shows that the new one reasonably represents the precipitation intercepted by the canopy. Moreover, the new scheme enhances the water availability in the root zone for vegetation growth, especially in the densely vegetated and semi-arid areas, and improves the model＇s performance of potential vegetation simulation.     

Global and regional coupled climate sensitivity to the parameterization of rainfall interception

A coupled land?Catmosphere model is used to explore the impact of seven commonly used canopy rainfall interception schemes on the simulated climate. Multiple 30-year simulations are conducted for each of the seven methods and results are analyzed in terms of the mean climatology and the probability density functions (PDFs) of key variables based on daily data. Results show that the method used for canopy interception strongly affects how rainfall is partitioned between canopy evaporation and throughfall. However, the impact on total evaporation is much smaller, and the impact on rainfall and air temperature is negligible. Similarly, the PDFs of canopy evaporation and transpiration for six selected regions are strongly affected by the method used for canopy interception, but the impact on total evaporation, temperature and precipitation is negligible. Our results show that the parameterization of rainfall interception is important to the surface hydrometeorology, but the seven interception parameterizations examined here do not cause a statistically significant impact on the climate of the coupled model. We suggest that broad scale climatological differences between coupled climate models are not likely the result of how interception is parameterized. This conclusion is inconsistent with inferences derived from earlier uncoupled simulations, or simulations using very simplified climate models.     

Impact of sub-grid variability of precipitation and canopy water storage on hydrological processes in a coupled land–atmosphere model

The impact of sub-grid variability of precipitation and canopy water storage is investigated by applying a new canopy interception scheme into the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) coupled with the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3). Including such sub-grid variability alters the partitioning of net radiation between sensible heat flux and latent heat flux on land surface, which leads to changes in precipitation through various pathways/mechanisms. The areas with most substantial changes are Amazonia and Central Africa where convective rain is dominant and vegetation is very dense. In these areas, precipitation during December–January–February is increased by up to 2 mm/day. This increase is due to the enhanced large-scale circulation and atmospheric instability caused by including the sub-grid variability. Cloud feedback plays an important role in modifying the large-scale circulation and atmospheric instability. Turning off cloud feedback mitigates the changes in surface convergence and boundary layer height caused by inclusion of sub-grid variability of precipitation and water storage canopy, which moderate the effect on precipitation.     

影响植被内部辐射状况的冠层结构特征研究

植被冠层结构特征是影响植被内部辐射状况的重要因子之一,对于植被群体的光合特性来说,冠层结构特性影响了光合有效辐射的截获、吸收和透射。本文着重分析了冠层结构的数量特征（如叶面积指数）和冠层几何结构特征,综合考虑叶倾角、叶方位角和Ｇ函数等群体几何特征,以便直接用于遥感光合植被生物量机理估测模型的建立。     

CLM4.5冠层截留方案的敏感性试验与改进

为探究陆气系统对于冠层截留过程敏的感性,研究基于NCAR CAM-CLM陆气耦合模式探讨了截留参数对于全球陆地蒸发、降水、径流及气温的可能影响,揭示了冠层截留与植被光合作用之间的潜在联系。通过GLEAMv3.0a陆面蒸散发数据评估了CLM4.5冠层截留方案,并指出该方案高估了低茎叶面积指数植被的冠层蒸发,而低估了高茎叶面积指数植被的冠层蒸发。在CLM4.5中引入冠层截留偏差校正方案则可在一定程度上提高了全球林区冠层蒸发和陆面蒸散发的模拟能力。     

植被冠层截留对地表水分和能量平衡影响的数值模拟

利用NCAR_CLM4.0模式,通过有无植被冠层截留的试验对比分析,讨论了植被冠层截留对全球陆面水分和能量平衡产生的潜在影响.结果表明:就全球水分平衡而言,不考虑植被冠层截留时,全球平均土壤总含水量、表面径流和次表面径流增加,蒸散发减少.空间分布特征表明,低纬地区各水分平衡分量全年维持较高的差值分布,并随季节变化沿赤道南北振荡;北半球中高纬高值区有春季扩张、夏季极盛、秋冬季撤退的趋势.冠层截留消失后冠层蒸发的消失是蒸散发减弱的主要原因.对于能量平衡而言,不考虑冠层截留时,全球感热通量增加,冠层感热的增加明显大于地面感热的减少;潜热减少.此外,不同植被类型对不考虑冠层截留后产生的响应存在明显差异.     

An annual cycle of vegetation in a GCM. Part II: global impacts on climate and hydrology

The Met Office Hadley Centre Unified Model (HadAM3) with the tiled version of the Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES2) land surface scheme is used to assess the impact of a comprehensive imposed vegetation annual cycle on global climate and hydrology. Two 25-year numerical experiments are completed: the first with structural vegetation characteristics (Leaf Area Index, LAI, canopy height, canopy water capacity, canopy heat capacity, albedo) held at annual mean values, the second with realistic seasonally varying vegetation characteristics. It is found that the seasonalities of latent heat flux and surface temperature are widely affected. The difference in latent heat flux between experiments is proportional to the difference in LAI. Summer growing season surface temperatures are between 1 and 4 K lower in the phenology experiment over a majority of grid points with a significant vegetation annual cycle. During winter, midlatitude surface temperatures are also cooler due to brighter surface albedo over low LAI surfaces whereas during the dry season in the tropics, characterized by dormant vegetation, surface temperatures are slightly warmer due to reduced transpiration. Precipitation is not as systematically affected as surface temperature by a vegetation annual cycle, but enhanced growing season precipitation rates are seen in regions where the latent heat flux (evaporation) difference is large. Differences between experiments in evapotranspiration, soil moisture storage, the timing of soil thaw, and canopy interception generate regional perturbations to surface and sub-surface runoff annual cycles in the model.     

Deposition of trace substances via cloud interception on a coniferous forest at Kleiner Feldberg

A resistance model to calculate the deposition of cloud droplets on a coniferous forest and some improved parameterizations of the indispensable input parameters are described. The deposition model is adapted to the coniferous forest at the Kleiner Feldberg site and verified by the data of a drip water monitoring station below the forest canopy. The measurements of liqud water content, wind speed and trace substance compounds in cloud water of the Ground-based Cloud Experiment (GCE) at Kleiner Feldberg in 1990 are used to calculate the cloud water deposition fluxes and the deposition of trace substances via cloud water interception. The calculated deposition of trace substances via cloud water interceptions is three to six times higher than via rain during the experiment. On a long term data basis the yearly amount of cloud water deposition is 180 mm year^–1 at Kleiner Feldberg site (840 m a.s.l.) while the precipitation amount is 1030 mm year^–1. Due to higher trace substance concentrations in cloud water compared to rain the ionic deposition via cloud water interception and via precipitation were assessed to be of comparable magnitude.